Biology

polysaccharide

a carbohydrate (e.g. starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together

Carbohydrates like glycogen and cellulose are polymers. What is a polymer?

a chain of similar building blocks called subunits, or monomers

phosphlipid

a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by a glycerol molecule.

maltose

a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α bond - produced by the breakdown of starch

cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.

ribosome

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.

endoplasmic reticulum

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis

starch

a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage.

nucleolus

a region found within the cell nucleus that is concerned with producing and assembling the cell's ribosomes. Following assembly, ribosomes are transported to the cell cytoplasm where they serve as the sites for protein synthesis.

glycogen

a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.

hydrogen bond

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

lysosome

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

hydrolysis

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.

To prove that starch is made up of building blocks called sugar you could treat it with amylase, then test with _____ solution

benedicts

Which of the following tests is best suited for the detection of fat and oils?

brown paper

benedict reagent

chemical reagent and complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. It is often used in place of Fehling's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars.

saturated fats

have all single carbon-to-carbon bonds.

Which reagent is used to detect the presence of starch?

iodine

buiret reagent

is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of peptide bonds.

triglyceride

made up of a three-carbon glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains attached to it.

Catalase activity can be determined by

measuring the formation of oxygen gas

emulsifier

molecules with a polar end and a nonpolar end that can be used to disperse lipids into polar liquids such as water.

Increasing the concentration of enzyme at the beginning of an experiment will result in _____ substrate interacting with the enzyme.

more

unsaturated fats

one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds between carbons.

cholesterol

organic molecule. It is a sterol, a type of lipid. Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs.Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes. It is a yellowish crystalline solid.

Which of the following a great source of carbohydrates?

potatoes

The primary function of an enzyme or any biological catalyst is to

reduce the energy of activation and increase the rate of a reaction.

cytoplasm

responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. It stores the molecules required for cellular processes and is also responsible for giving the cell its shape.

Amylase is an enzyme that cuts ________ into smaller molecules

starch

RNA

uracil cytosine adenine guanine

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Changing the pH will have the following effects on a catalase-controlled reaction

Increasing or decreasing the pH above or below the optimum level will decrease the activity.

Glucose and starch are both carbohydrates. Why does glucose produce a negative result when testing using iodine?

Iodine only tests for polysaccharides, and glucose is a monosaccharide.

Temperature, pH, and ionic concentrations play an important role in the proper functioning of enzymes. True or False

true