Biology Questions (NOT MINE)

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The process that converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP but no carbon dioxide, is called A. pyruvate oxidation B. glycolysis C. the citric acid cycle D. the respiratory chain E. gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is an example of passive transport? A. facilitated diffusion B. sodium-potassium pump C. phagocytosis D. exocytosis E. pinocytosis

Which of the following is the driving force for facilitated diffusion? A. concentration gradient B. ATP hydrolysis C. ADP hydrolysis D. phosphorylation E. GTP-GDP exchange

Which of the following pairs of phase and event does not match? A. Prophase: duplication of centrosome B. Metaphase: formation of equatorial plate C. Telophase: formation of nuclear envelopes D. Interphase: replication of DNA E. Anaphase: separation of chromatids

Which of the following processes does not involve the uptake of materials into the cell? A. exocytosis B. pinocytosis C. endocytosis D. receptor-mediated endocytosis E. phagocytosis

Each species has a unique ______ based on where it lives, what it eats, and how it interacts with other species. A. biogeography B. species richness C. niche D. productivity levels E. cascade

Which of the following types of interactions is beneficial to one partner and detrimental to the other partner? A. competition B. amensalism C. commensalism D. mutualism E. parasitism

silent mutations

have no effect on the final amino acid sequence of a protein due to the redundancy of the genetic code.

In the mitochondria, the energy from "food" molecules (such as glucose) that are partially broken down in the cytosol are converted to: (a) ATP (b) CTP (c) GTP (d) TTP (e) UTP

(a) ATP

Which of the following is produced during the citric acid cycle? (a) FAD (b) pyruvate (c) reduced H carriers (d) lactic acid (e) water

(a) FAD

Mature nerve cells, which are incapable of cell division are most likely in: (a) G1 (b) S phase (c) G2 (d) mitosis (e) meiosis

(a) G1

How does a nucleus in G2 differ from a nucleus in G1? (a) The G2 nucleus has twice the amount of DNA as the G1 nucleus. (b) DNA synthesis occurs only in the G1 phase. (c) Inactive cells are arrested only in G2 phase. (d) During G2, the cell prepares for S phase. (e) All of the above.

(a) The G2 nucleus has twice the amount of DNA as the G1 nucleus.

The members of a homologous pair of chromosomes: (a) are identical in size and appearance (b) contain identical genetic information (c) separate to opposite poses of the cell during mitosis (d) are found only in haploid cells (e) are present only after the S phase

(a) are identical in size and appearance

One explanation for the inhibiting function of ascorbic acid could be its similarity, in terms of size and shape, to catechol, the substrate of the browning reaction. If this explanation is correct, then this is most likely an example of _______ inhibition. (a) competitive (b) indirect (c) noncompetitive (d) allosteric (e) feedback

(a) competitive

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is (a) double-stranded (b) single-stranded (c) circular (d) complex inverted (e) conservative

(a) double-stranded

Segregation of alleles occurs: (a) during gamete formation (b) at fertilization (c) during mitosis (d) during the random combination of gametes to produce the F2 generation (e) only in monohybrid crosses

(a) during gamete formation

When exposed to extreme heat, the human body relies on _______ to absorb excess heat and maintain normal body temperature. (a) evaporation (b) condensation (c) respiration (d) transpiration (e) all of the above

(a) evaporation

Which of the following processes does NOT involve the uptake of materials into the cell? (a) exocytosis (b) pinocytosis (c) endocytosis (d) receptor-mediated endocytosis (e) phagocytosis

(a) exocytosis

Two complementary nucleotides are connected by a(n) _________ bond. (a) hydrogen (b) ionic (c) peptide (d) phosphodiester (e) covalent

(a) hydrogen

At the end of the first meiotic division, each chromosome consists of: (a) chiasmata (b) a homologous chromosome pair (c) four copies of each DNA molecule (d) two chromatids (e) a pair of polar microtubules

(d) two chromatids

In a biological membrane, the phospholipids are arranged with the fatty acid chains facing the interior of the membrane. As a result, the interior of the membrane is: (a) hydrophobic (b) hydrophilic (c) charged (d) polar (e) filled with water

(a) hydrophobic

The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by its: (a) interactions among R groups (b) right-handed coil (c) hydrogen bonding (d) branching (e) glycosidic linkages

(a) interactions among R groups

A prokaryotic cell does NOT have a ____ or a ____. (a) nucleus; membrane-bound organelles (b) nucleus; DNA (c) nucleus; ribosomes (d) nucleus; membranes (e) cell wall; membranes

(a) nucleus; membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria typically have _____, whereas eukaryotes have _____. (a) one chromosome that is usually circular; many chromosomes that are linear (b) several chromosomes that are circular; many chromosomes that are linear (c) one chromosome that is linear; many chromosomes that are circular (d) two chromosomes that are usually circular; eight chromosomes that are linear (e) none of the above

(a) one chromosome that is usually circular; many chromosomes that are linear

Genetic recombination occurs during: (a) prophase of meiosis I (b) the interphase preceding meiosis II (c) the mitotic telophase (d) fertilization (e) the formation of somatic cells

(a) prohpase of meiosis I

All cellular membranes: (a) regulate which materials can cross the membrane (b) support the cell and determine its shape (c) produce energy for the cell (d) produce proteins for the cell (e) move the cell

(a) regulate which materials can cross the membrane

Sweating is a useful cooling device for humans because water: (a) takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state (b) has little cohesion strength (c) has little hydrogen bonding (d) is an outstanding solvent (e) ionizes readily

(a) takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state

In the photosynthetic formation of ATP, the enzyme ATP synthase couples the synthesis of ATP to: (a) the diffusion of protons (b) the reduction of NADP+ (c) the excitation of chlorophyll (d) the reduction of chlorophyll (e) CO2 fixation

(a) the diffusion of protons

The component of aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per mole of glucose is: (a) the electron transport chain (b) the citric acid cycle (c) glycolysis (d) lactic acid fermentation (e) alcoholic fermentation

(a) the electron transport chain

Osmosis is: (a) the movement of water across membranes (b) the active transport of water across membranes (c) undirectional diffusion of water across membranes (d) unaffected by solute concentrations inside cells (e) a process that requires energy

(a) the movement of water across membranes

Very few chromosome abnormalities (trisomies and monosomies) are observed in the human population because: (a) they are usually lethal and often cause spontaneous abortion of the embryo (b) they are lethal in early childhood (c) meiosis distributed chromosomes to daughter cells with great precision (d) individuals with these abnormalities are hard to distinguish from the general population (e) the human meiotic spindle is self-correcting

(a) they are usually lethal and often cause spontaneous abortion of the embryo

Which of the following is the driving force for active transport? (a) concentration gradient (b) ATP hydrolysis (c) ADP hydrolysis (d) Phosphorylation (e) GTP-GDP exchange

(b) ATP hydrolysis

Chromatin is a series of entangled threads composed of: (a) microtubules (b) DNA and protein (c) fibrous proteins (d) cytoskeleton (e) membranes

(b) DNA and protein

Cells that do NOT divide are usually arrested in: (a) S (b) G1 (c) G2 (d) M (e) prophase

(b) G1

A pea plant with red flowers is test crossed, and one-half of the resulting progeny have red flowers, while the other half has white flowers. Therefore the genotype of the test-crossed parent was: (a) RR (b) Rr (c) rr (d) either RR or Rr (e) this cannot be answered without more information

(b) Rr

The "backbone" of a nucleic acid molecule is made of: (a) nitrogen bases (b) alternating sugars and phosphate groups (c) purines (d) pyrimidines (e) nucleosides

(b) alternating sugars and phosphate groups

During meiosis, the sister chromatids separate during: (a) anaphase I (b) anaphase II (c) the S phase (d) synapsis (e) telophase II

(b) anaphase II

Cells in the intestinal epithelium divide continuously so that cells lost form the surface of the intestinal lining are replaced. A microscopic examination of the live cells would show that most of them: (a) are in meiosis (b) are in mitosis (c) are in interphase (d) have condensed chromatin (e) both b and d

(b) are in mitosis OR (c) are in interphase

Leucine and valine have R groups (side chains) consisting entirely of C and H (hydrocarbon); therefore, the side chains: (a) are hydrophilic (b) are nonpolar (c) have sulfur atoms in their side chains (d) are electrically charged (e) form only left-hand isomers

(b) are nonpolar

A haploid cell is a cell: (a) in which the genes are arranged haphazardly (b) containing only one copy of each chromosome (c) that has resulted from the process of mitosis (d) with twice the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell (e) none of the above

(b) containing only on copy of each chromosome

All zygotes are: (a) multicellular (b) diploid (c) animals (d) clones (e) gametes

(b) diploid

In any system, some of the energy is unusable for work. The unusable energy is a measure of the disorder of the system and is referred to as: (a) free energy (b) entropy (c) enthalpy (d) thermodynamics (e) equilibrium

(b) entropy

Suppose studies indicate that ascorbic acid is not similar to catechol in size and shape but that the pH of the ascorbic acid solution alters the protein folding of catecholase. If this is true, then this inhibition is most likely an example of: (a) competitive inhibition (b) enzyme denaturation (c) noncompetitive inhibition (d) allosteric regulation (e) feedback inhibition

(b) enzyme denaturation

The portion of a phospholipid that contains the phosphorous group has one or more electric charges because it acts as a hydrogen donor making this region: (a) hydrophobic (b) hydrophilic (c) nonpolar (d) unsaturated (e) saturated

(b) hydrophilic

Active transport usually moves molecules: (a) in the same direction as diffusion moves them (b) in a direction opposite to the one in which diffusion moves them (c) in a direction that tends to bring about equilibrium (d) toward higher pH (e) from inside to outside the cell

(b) in a direction opposite to the one in which diffusion moves them

Enzymes are biological catalysts that function by: (a) increasing free energy in a system (b) lowering activation energy of a reaction (c) lowering entropy in a system (d) increasing temperature near a reaction (e) altering the equilibrium of the reaction

(b) lowering activation energy of a reaction

The number of chromosomes is reduced to half during: (a) anaphase of mitosis and meiosis (b) meiosis I (c) meiosis II (d) fertilization (e) interphase

(b) meiosis I

A beta pleated sheet organization in a polypeptide chain is an example of _______ structure. (a) primary (b) secondary (c) tertiary (d) quaternary (e) coiled

(b) secondary

DNA carries genetic information in its: (a) helical form (b) sequence of bases (c) tertiary structure (d) sequence of amino acids (e) phosphate groups

(b) sequence of bases

In facilitated diffusion, (a) molecules may be transported against their concentration gradient (b) specific integral membrane proteins mediate transport (c) the rate of transport is independent of the concentration of the molecule transported (d) ATP is used (e) endocytosis is involved

(b) specific integral membrane proteins mediate transport

Which of the following is NOT part of sexual reproduction? (a) the segregation of homologous chromosomes during gamete formation (b) the fusion of sister chromatids during fertilization (c) the fusion of haploid cells to form a diploid zygote (d) the reduction in chromosome number during meiosis (e) the production of genetically distinct gametes during meiosis

(b) the fusion of sister chromatids during fertilization

The shape of a folded protein is determined by: (a) its tertiary structure (b) the sequence of its amino acids (c) whether the peptide bonds have alpha or beta linkages (d) the number of peptide bonds (e) the base-pairing rules

(b) the sequence of its amino acids

Diploid cells of the fruit fly Drosophila have 10 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does as Drosophila gamete have? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 10 (e) 20

Ribosomes are made up of: (a) DNA and RNA (b) DNA and proteins (c) RNA and proteins (d) proteins (e) DNA

How would the surface area-to-volume ratio of eight 1-mm cubes compare to the surface area-to-volume ratio of one 2-mm cube? (a) They would be equal (b)The 2-mm cube would have a greater surface area-to-volume ratio (c) The 1-mm cubes would have a greater surface area-to-volume ratio (d) The 2-mm cube would have a greater surface area; the 1-mm cubes would have a greater volume (e) Cannot determine with the information provided.

How does the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid during fermentation allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen? (a) Water is formed during this reaction. (b) This reaction is a kinase reaction. (c) This reaction is coupled to the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ (d) This reaction is coupled to the formation of ATP. (e) This reaction is coupled to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.

A nucleotide contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and: (a) a lipid (b) an acid (c) a nitrogen-containing base (d) an amino acid (e) a glycerol

The R group of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The R group of the amino acid alanin is -CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a tertiary protein aqueous solution? (a) serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the protein (b) both serine and alanine would be on the interior of the protein (c) alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the protein (d) both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the protein (e) both serine and alanine would be in the interior and the exterior of the protein

Metabolism is (a) the consumption of energy (b) the release of energy (c) all chemical transformations and other work done in a cell or organism (d) the production of heat by chemical reactions (e) the exchange of nutrients and waste products with the environment

Molecules that are both attracted to water and repel water are called: (a) hydrophilic (b) hydrophobic (c) amphipathic (d) amphoric (e) glycosidic

In condensation reactions, the atoms that make up a water molecule are derived from: (a) oxygen (b) only one of the reactants (c) both of the reactants (d) carbohydrates (e) enzymes

The function of NAD+ is to: (a) cause the release of energy to adjacent cells when energy is needed in aerobic (b) hasten the release of energy when the cell has been deprived of oxygen (c) carry hydrogen atoms and free energy from compounds being oxidized, and to give hydrogen atoms and free energy to compounds being reduced (d) block the release of energy to adjacent cells (e) none of the above

(c) carry hydrogen atoms and free energy from compounds being oxidized, and to give hydrogen atoms and free energy to compounds being reduces

Which of the following represents a correct ordering of the levels of complexity at which life is studied, from most simple to most complex? (a) community, population, organism, organ, tissue, cell (b) cell, organ, tissue, organism, population, community (c) cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community (d) cell, tissue, organ, population, organism, community (e) tissue, organ, cell, population, organism, community

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane into the intermembranous space, the result is the: (a) formation of ATP (b) reduction of NAD+ (c) creation of a proton gradient (d) restoration of the NA+-K+ balance across the membrane (e) reduction of glucose to lactic acid

The genotype of an organism that expresses a dominant trait can be determined by: (a) crossing the organism with a homozygous dominant organism (b) crossing the organism with a heterozygous dominant organism (c) crossing the organism with a homozygous recessive organism (d) observing the phenotype of the progeny from any cross (e) observing the genotype of the progeny from any cross

According to the chemoismotic theory, the energy for the synthesis of ATP as electrons flow down the respiratory chain is provided DIRECTLY by the: (a) hydrolysis of GTP (b) reduction of NAD+ (c) diffusion of protons (d) reduction of FAD (e) hydrolysis of ATP

The monomers that make up polymeric carbohydrates like starch are called: (a) nucleotides (b) trisaccharides (c) monosaccharides (d) nucleosides (e) fatty acids

Which of the following events occurs as part of the electron transport chain? (a) release of CO2 (b) reduction of CO2 (c) oxidation of FADH and NADH (d) reduction of NAD+ (e) both a and b

What would happen if a suspension of red blood cells in an isotomic NaCl solution was suddenly diluted with pure water by a factor of 10? (a) Nothing would happen (b) the cells would lose water and shrink (c) the cells would swell and lyse (burst) (d) the cells would take up water, but the cell wall would prevent bursting (e) the cells would pump water out of the cell

Starch and glycogen, which are both polysaccharides, differ in their functions in that starch is ______, whereas glycogen _________. (a) the main component for plant structural support; is an energy source for animals (b) a structural material found in plants and animals; forms external skeletons in animals (c) the principle energy storage compound of plants; is the main energy storage of animals (d) a temporary compound used to store glucose; is a highly stable compound that stores complex lipids (e) the main energy storage of animals; is a temporary compound used to store glucose

You would NOT expect to find RNA in which of the following structures? (a) nucleus (b) mitochondrion (c) vacuole (d) ribosome (e) prokaryotic cell

Which of the following traits or functions are the same in muscle cells and gut cells? (a) cell function (b) local cell environment (c) expressed genes (d) genome (e) proteins formed

(d) Genome

The role of oxygen gas in our cells is to: (a) catalyze reactions in glycolysis (b) produce CO2 (c) form ATP (d) accept electrons from the respiratory chain (e) react with glucose to split water

(d) accept electrons from the respiratory chains

A bacterial cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells by a process known as: (a) nondisjunction (b) mitosis (c) meiosis (d) binary fission (e) fertilization

(d) binary fission

In order to survive, cells must: (a) obtain and process energy (b) convert genetic information into proteins (c) replicate (d) both a and b (e) all of the above

(d) both a and b

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is true? (a) it contains pores for the passage of large molecules (b) it is composed of two membranes (c) it contains ribosomes on the inner surface (d) both a and b (e) all of the above

(d) both a and b

Sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through: (a) the exchange of genetic information between male and female gametes during meiosis I (b) the random separation of homologous chromosomes (c) the union of male and female gametes (d) crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization (e) random assortment of male and female chromosomes

(d) crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization

A typical eukaryotic ell cycle consists of: (a) mitosis and meiosis (b) G1, the S phase, and G2 (c) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (d) interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis (e) meiosis and fertilization

(d) interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

The cytoskeleton consists of: (a) cilia, flagella, and microfilaments (b) cilia, microtubules, and microfilaments (c) internal cell walls (d) microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments (e) calcified microtubules

(d) microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

The DNA of prokaryotic cells is found in the: (a) plasma membrane (b) nucleus (c) ribosome (d) nucleoid region (e) mitochondria

(d) nucleoid region

Which of the following is represented by the phylogenic tree? (a) there are three groups of Eukarya (b) protists and bacteria have no common ancestor (c) plants and fungi have a more recent common ancestor than plants and animals do (d) plants, fungi, and animals are descendants of different microbial eukaryotic ancestors (e) archaea is the evolutionary ancient group

(d) plants, fungi, and animals are descendants of different microbial eukaryotic ancestors

Chloroplasts are the structures in which: (a) chemical energy is stored in the form of ATP (b) cell division is controlled (c) genetic information is used to make proteins (d) sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy (e) new organelles

(d) sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy

During cyclic electron transport, the energy to produce ATP is provided by: (a) heat (b) NADPH (c) ground-state chlorophyll (d) the electron transport chain of Photosystem II (e) the Calvin cycle

(d) the electron transport chain of Photosystem II

Which of the following statements about condensation reactions is FALSE? (a) protein synthesis results from them (b) polysaccharide synthesis results from them (c) they involve covalent bonds (d) they consume water as a reactant (e) different condensation reactions produce different kinds of macromolecules

(d) they consume water as a reactant

In the simple Mendelian monohybrid cross, true-breeding tall plants are crossed with short plants, and the F1 plants, which are all tall, are allowed to self-pollinate. What fraction of the F2 generation are both tall and heterozygous? (a) 1/8 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/3 (d) 2/3 (e) 1/2

(e) 1/2

The energy to move chromosomes during mitosis is provided by: (a) centrioles (b) DNA polymerization (c) migration of the centrosomes (d) formation of the cell plate (e) ATP

(e) ATP

The light reactions of photosynthesis provides the Calvin cycle with: (a) protons and electrons (b) CO2 and glucose (c) water and photons (d) light and chlorophyll (e) ATP and NADPH

(e) ATP and NADPH

The Calvin cycle uses ____ to produce glucose. (a) CO2 (b) ATP (c) NADPH (d) rubisco (e) All of the above.

(e) All of the above.

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, electrons from ____ replenish chlorophyll molecules that have given up electrons. (a) CO2 (b) water (c) NADPH + H+ (d) O2 gad (e) None of the above

(e) None of the above

Photosynthesis and respiration have which of the following in common? (a) In eukaryotes, both processes reside in specialized rganelles. (b) ATP synthesis in both processes relies on the chemiosmotic mechanism. (c) Both involve electron transport (d) both require light (e) a, b, and c

(e) a, b, and c

A phylogenetic tree: (a) shows evolutionary relationships (b) relies on evidence from fossils, metabolic processes, and molecular analyses of genomes (c) helps us understand the history and relationships of living organisms (d) shows the order in which populations split and evolved into new species (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

Mendel's dihybrid crosses: (a) resulted in four different phenotypes (b) involved to different traits (c) led to the formation of the law of independent assortment (d) involved the law of segregation (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

The plasma membrane of a cell: (a) separates the cell from its environment (b) regulates what goes into and out of the cell (c) helps maintain a constant internal environment (d) communicates with adjacent cells (e) all of the above

(e) all of the above

In addition to the bilayer lipids and proteins, membranes may contain _______ in the form of ____ and _____. (a) nucleic acids; DNA; RNA (b) carbohydrates; cellulose; starch (c) triglycerides; fats; oils (d) nucleotides; ATP; GTP (e) carbohydrates; glycoprotiens; glycolipids

(e) carbohydrates; glycoproteins; glycolipids

The basic structural and physiological unit of all living organisms is the: (a) aggregate (b) organelle (c) organism (d) membrane (e) cell

(e) cell

Amino acids can be classified by the: (a) number of monosaccharides they contain (b) number of carbon-carbon double bonds in their fatty acids (c) number of peptide bonds they can form (d) number of disulfide bridges they can form (e) characteristics of their side chains/ R groups

(e) characteristics of their side chains/R groups

Plants are ________ organisms that are _______ of oxygen production. (a) eukaryotic unicellular; capable (b) eukaryotic multicellular; incapable (c) prokaryotic multicellular; capable (d) prokaryotic unicellular; capable (e) eukaryotic multicellular; capable

(e) eukaryotic multicellular; capable

The amino acids of the protein keratin are arranged in an alpha helix. This secondary structure is stabilized by: (a) covalent bonds (b) peptide bonds (c) glycosidic linkages (d) polar bonds (e) hydrogen bonds

(e) hydrogen bonds

Glycolysis: (a) takes place in the mitochondrion (b) produces no ATP (c) has no connection with the respiratory chain (d) is the same thing as fermentation (e) reduces two molecules of NAD+ for every glucose molecule processed

(e) reduces two molecules of NAD+ for every glucose molecule processed

Which of the following statements about the nucleus in animal cells is false? A. The nucleus occupies the largest volume of the cell. B. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. C. The nucleus is the site of protein synthesis. D. DNA in the nucleus combines with proteins. E. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus.

. The nucleus is the site of protein synthesis.

Caffeine A. is structurally related to GDP. B. binds to a receptor in the brain. C. causes signal transduction by itself. D. is a signal. E. a depressant.

. binds to a receptor in the brain

A researcher inserts a DNA segment at the BamHI recognition site within a plasmid; this site is located within the tetracycline resistance gene. This plasmid also has a gene for ampicillin resistance. Following DNA transformation, the researcher must differentiate the bacteria that have taken up the recombinant DNA from those that have taken up either the DNA segment only or have taken up intact plasmids. In order to do so, the researcher should select the bacteria that A. will grow on ampicillin but are sensitive to tetracycline B. are sensitive to both antibiotics C. are resistant to both antibiotics D. will grow on tetracycline but are sensitive to ampicillin E. grow only on an enriched medium

After DNA replication, each chromosome has _____ molecule(s) of DNA called ____ that after separation are known as _____ chromosomes. A. two; sister chromatids; daughter B. four; sister chromatids; daughter C. two; daughter chromatids; sister D. four; sister chromosomes; daughter E. two; daughter chromosomes; sister

At the end of DNA replication, two DNA molecules are produced, each one consisting of a parental DNA strand and a new DNA strand. This process is known as A. semiconservative replication B. conservative replication C. dispersive replication D. fission E. the transforming principle

Bacteria typically have _____, whereas eukaryotes have ______. A. one chromosome that is usually circular; many chromosomes that are linear B. several chromosomes that are circular; many chromosomes that are linear C. one chromosome that is linear; many chromosomes that are circular D. two chromosomes that are usually circular; eight chromosomes that are linear E. None of the above

Cells are placed in a solution of glucose in which the concentration of glucose is gradually increased. At first, the rate at which glucose enters the cells is found to increase as the concentration of the glucose solution is increased. But when the glucose concentration of the solution is increased above 10 M, the rate no longer increases. Which of the following is likely the mechanism for glucose transport into these cells? A. facilitated diffusion via carrier protein B. facilitated diffusion via channel protein C. pinocytosis D. secondary active transport E. hydrolysis

Compared with fermentation, the aerobic pathways of glucose metabolism produce A. more ATP B. pyruvate C. fewer protons for pumping in the mitochondria D. less CO2 E. more oxidized coenzymes

During initiation, the sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds most tightly is the A. promoter B. poly C center C. enhancer D. operator site E. minor groove

During the formation of a peptide linkage, a(n) ____ is formed. A. molecule of water B. disulfide bridge C. hydrophobic bond D. hydrophilic bond E. ionic bond

How does a nucleus in G2 differ from a nucleus in G1? A. The G2 nucleus has twice the amount of DNA as the G1 nucleus. B. DNA synthesis occurs only in G1 phase. C. Inactive cells are arrested only in G2 phase. D. During G2, the cell prepares for S phase. E. All of the above.

If a red blood cel with an internal salt concentration of about 0.85 percent is placed in a saline solution that is 4 percent, the A. cell will lose water and shrivel B. cell will gain water and burst C. turgor pressure in the cell will increase greatly D. turgor pressure in the cell will decrease greatly E. cell will remain unchanged

If the allele for tall (T) plants is incompletely dominant over the allele for short (t) plants, the offspring resulting from a cross between two Tt plants will likely be A. 1/4 tall, 1/2 intermediate height, 1/4 short B. 1/2 tall, 1/4 intermediate height, 1/4 short C. 1/4 tall, 1/4 intermediate height, 1/2 short D. all tall E. all intermediate height

In Yellowstone National Park, elk population densities have been controlled using A. wolves B. decomposers C. leaves D. mountain lions E. grass

In Yellowstone National Park, removal of wolves caused ripple effects across trophic levels result in A. a trophic cascade B. succession C. ecological transition D. gross primary productivity E. net primary productivity

In a biological membrane, the phospholipids are arranged with the fatty acid chains facing the interior of the membrane. As a result, the interior of the membrane is A. hydrophobic B. hydrophilic C. charged D. polar E. filled with water

In a repressible operon, the repressor molecule A. must first be activated by a co-repressor B. can repress the transcription of the operon on its own C. is a molecule made from the operon D. binds to the mRNA E. must first be made negative to control the operon

In a trophic level, primary producers A. receiver their energy level from the sun B. decompose waste products C. receiver their energy from minerals in the soil D. receive their energy by consuming animals E. receiver their energy by consuming plants

In biological membranes, the phospholipids are arranged in a _____, with the _____. A. bilayer; fatty acids pointing toward each other B. bilayer; fatty acids facing outwards C. single layer; fatty acids facing the interior of the cell D. single layer; phosphorus-containing region facing the interior of the cell E. bilayer; phosphorus groups in the interior f the membrane

In both photosynthesis and respiration, protons are pumped across a membrane during A. electron transport B. photolysis C. CO₂ fixation D. reduction of O₂ E. glycolysis

In eukaryotes, the first amino acid in a growing polypeptide chain is always ____ because the only codon for this amino acid is also the ____ codon. A. methionine, start B. tryptophan, stop C. alanine, start D. alanine, stop E. tryptophan, start

In photosynthetic formation of ATP, the enzyme ATP synthase couples the synthesis of ATP to A. the diffusion of protons B. the reduction of NADP+ C. the excitation of chlorophyll D. the reduction of chlorophyll E. CO₂ fixation

Mendel concluded that each pea has two units for each character, and each gamete contains one unit. Mendel's "unit" is now referred to as a(n) A. gene B. character C. locus D. transcription factor E. None of the above

Nucleic acids and proteins are both polymers made of a certain set of monomers. ____ are to nucleotides as side chains are to amino acids. A. nitrogenous bases B. phosphate ions C. ribose/deoxyribose D. nucleosides E. hydroxyl groups

Plants are green because A. chlorophylls absorb blue and orange-red wavelengths of light and reflect green and light B. chloroplasts transmit green light C. energized chlorophyll a emits green light D. plants do not possess green pigment E. chlorophylls absorb green light

Segregation of alleles occurs A. during gamete fertilization B. at fertilization C. during mitosis D. during the random combinations of gametes to produce the G2 generation E. only in monohybrid crosses

Suppose that there is a mutation in the lac operon that prevents the repressor from binding to the operator. In the absence of lactose, the genes of the operon will be ____. In the presence of lactose, the genes will be ____. A. on, on B. on, off C. off, on D. off, off E. None of the above; in both cases the presence or absence of the co-repressor would dictate whether the genes are on or off.

The TATA box is a(n) A. sequence found i the promoter region of many genes B. general transcription factor C. enhancer consensus sequence D. activator sequence necessary for proper translation E. None of the aboe

The component of aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per mole of glucose is A. the electron transport chain B. the citric acid cycle C. glycolysis D. lactic acid fermentation E. alcoholic fermentation

The electron transport chain contains four large protein complexes. These proteins A. are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion B. change in a similar way when reduced C. regulate the passage of water through the respiratory chain D. oxidize NADH E. complete oxidation of pyruvate to acetate

The expression of the lac structural genes is _____ when lactose is absent from the culture medium and is _____ when lactose is added because lactose binds to the _____ and inactivates it. A. low, high, lac repressor B. high, low, lac operon C. low, high, lac promoter D. high, low, lac operator E. low, high, lac operator

The four large protein complexes in the electron transport chain A. transport electrons B. ensure the production of water and oxygen C. regulate the passage of water through the chain D. oxidize NADH E. None of the above

The gradual process of environmental change and species replacement is called A. succession B. zonation C. area affect D. predation E. commensalism

The hydrogen ion gradient is maintained by A. electron transport and proton pumping B. the splitting of water C. the ionization of glucose D. ATP synthase E. acetyl CoA

Which of the following statements about genetic drift as an evolutionary factor is true? A. It is more significant in a population with small numbers than in a population with large numbers. B. It is responsible for selection mutations. C. It is connected to the movements of alleles between populations of a single species. D. Its strength is proportional to the size of a population: the larger the population, the greater the force E. both A and B

An external stimulus causes a specific intracellular response. Which is the most likely order in which signal transducers would work? A. G protein; cAMP; protein kinase B. protein kinase; cAMP; G protein C. cAMP; protein kinase; G protein D. protein kinase; G protein; cAMP E. cAMP; G protein; protein kinase

A. G protein; cAMP; protein kinase

Where would the leucine side chain most likely be found in a protein dissolved in water? A. In the interior of the protein in contact with nonpolar side chains B. In the interior of the protein in contact with polar side chains C. On the exterior of the protein D. In the interior of the protein in contact with water E. Either on the interior or exterior of the protein

A. In the interior of the protein in contact with nonpolar side chains

Which one of the following organelles is thought to have arisen from an endosymbiotic relationship with a prokaryote? A. Mitochondria B. Nuclei C. Golgi apparatus D. Lysosomes E. Peroxisomes

A. Mitochondria

Which one of the processes listed below is not carried out by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A. Protein synthesis B. Modification of proteins C. Chemical modification of foreign molecules, including drugs D. Lipid biosynthesis E. Steroid biosynthesis

A. Protein synthesis

A yeast is cultured in the presence of radioactive phosphate and the following biological molecules are purified. Which molecule should be most radioactive? A. RNA B. Amino acids C. An oligosaccharide D. Fats E. Proteins

A. RNA

Plant cells do not have lysosomes. Which of the following structures likely fulfills the function of lysosomes in plant cell? A. Vacuole B. Peroxisome C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus E. Chloroplast

A. Vacuole

Replication, transcription, and translation A. all refer to the synthesis of macromolecules. B. refer to RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and protein synthesis, respectively. C. require the synthesis of polysaccharides. D. would be expected to be exergonic reactions. E. all use nucleotides as building blocks.

A. all refer to the synthesis of macromolecules.

Nucleotides A. are the monomers of DNA and RNA. B. are normally present in polysaccharides. C. do not play essential roles in energy transduction. D. do not contain a sugar. E. contain sulfur.

A. are the monomers of DNA and RNA.

Fatty acids are A. carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon tails. B. linked to glycerol in fats by phosphodiester bonds. C. always saturated. D. large polymers of monosaccharides. E. generally present in water soluble proteins.

A. carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon tails.

second messengers derived from a phospholipid membrane lipid A. include inositol trisphospate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). B. inhibit protein kinases. C. close Ca2+ channels. D. are formed from phosphatidyl choline. E. are formed from a phospholipid in the endoplasmic reticulum.

A. include inositol trisphospate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

Ras A. is a G protein. B. is always active in normal cells. C. is a protein kinase. D. is a receptor. E. is active in the nucleus.

A. is a G protein

The phosphorylation of proteins by ATP A. is catalyzed by enzymes known as "protein kinases." B. always stimulates the activity of an enzyme. C. is catalyzed by adenyl cyclase. D. always takes place in the cytoplasm. E. is catalyzed by G proteins.

A. is catalyzed by enzymes known as "protein kinases."

There are several hypotheses considered for the pathway to life. The "metabolism (chemical changes) first" pathway has an advantage over the "replicator first" hypothesis in that A. it can explain why polymers of nucleic acids are not detected in the prebiotic model systems. B. it avoids the problem that DNA is not self-catalytic. C. RNA does not have to possess catalytic activity. D. metabolism could not provide the energy needed for RNA synthesis. E. RNA synthesis is a spontaneous reaction.

A. it can explain why polymers of nucleic acids are not detected in the prebiotic model systems.

The concept that life may arise spontaneously from nonliving substances is called _______ and was disproved by the experiments of _______ and _______. A. spontaneous generation; Redi; Pasteur B. vital force; Redi; Pasteur C. spontaneous generation; Franklin; Pasteur D. vital force; Curie; Pasteur E. spontaneous generation; Redi; Curie

A. spontaneous generation; Redi; Pasteur

15. The main function of cellulose is A. to provide mechanical strength to plant cell walls. B. as a storage compound for energy in plant cells. C. as a storage compound for energy in animal cells. D. as a component of biological membranes. E. to store genetic information.

A. to provide mechanical strength to plant cell walls.

Frame-shift mutations

Almost always leads to a nonfunctional protein because the insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs leads to the whole reading frame being out of register.

A haploid cell is a cell A. in which the genes are arranged haphazardly B. containing only one copy of each chromosome C. that has resulted from the process of mitosis D. with twice the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell E. None of the above.

A pea plant with red flowers is test crossed, and one-half of the resulting progeny have red flowers, while the other half has white flowers. Therefore, the genotype of the test-crossed parent was A. RR B. Rr C. rr D. either RR or rr E. This cannot be answered without more information.

A small population of sawflies that was once connected to a larger one but is now isolated is no longer experiencing A. enhanced genetic drift B. gene flow C. reproductive isolation D. natural selection E. genotypic equilibrium

An engineered DNA molecule that contains sequences from cattle and sequences form bacteria would be considered to be _____ DNA. A. transgenic B. recombinant C. electroporated D. genomic E. None of the above

At a certain locus of the human genome, 200 different alleles exist in the population. Each person has at most ___ allele(s). A. 1 B. 2 C. 100 D. 200 E. 400

Cells that do not divide are usually arrested in A. S B. G1 C. G2 D. M E. prophase

DNA is _____ charged due to the presence of a _____ group. A. negatively, methyl B. negatively, phosphate C. negatively, carbon D. positively, methyl E. positively, phosphate

During the fermentation of one molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is _____ molecule(s). A. one B. two C. three D. six E. eight

Enzymes are biological catalysts that function by A. increasing free energy in a system B. lowering activation energy of a reaction C. lowering entropy in a system D. increasing temperature near a reaction E. altering the equilibrium of the reaction

Humans have 46 chromosomes and ______ autosomes. A. 23 pairs of B. 22 pairs of C. 1 pair of D. 45 E. 16

If a population with two alleles is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the frequency of one allele is 0.7, what is the heterozygote frequency? A. 0.7 B. 0.42 C. 0.3 D. 0.21 E. Insufficient information is given to answer the question

If a shallow pan is filled with water, a drop of red ink is placed in one end of the pan, and a drop of green ink is placed in the other end, which of the following will be true at equilibrium? A. The red ink will be uniformly distributed in one half of the pan, and the green ink will be uniformly distributed in the other half of the pan. B. The red and green inks will be uniformly distributed throughout the pan. C. Each ink will move down its concentration gradient. D. The concentration of each ink will be higher at one end of the pan than at the other end. E. No predictions can be made without knowing the molecular weights of the pigment molecules.

In a sickle-cell disease, one amino acid is substituted for another. This type of mutation is referred to as a _____ mutation. A. nonsense B. missense C. frame-shift D. temperature sensitive E. silent

In a species of tortoise, foot size (big or small) is controlled by one gene, while shell shape (round or lumpy) is controlled by another gene. Suppose that a big-footed lumpy-shelled tortoise mates with a small-footed round-shelled tortoise. Eight offspring result: four big-footed round-shelled tortoises. (Assume that the parents are not necessarily homozygous for each allele.) Which statement about the inheritance of the shell shape in tortoises is most likely to be correct, given your genetic analysis of the tortoise family? A. Lumpy is dominant to round. B. Round is dominant to lumpy. C. Round and lumpy are codominant. D. Both A and C E. This cannot be answered without more information.

In eukaryotes, exons are A. spliced out of the original transcript B. spliced together from the original transcript C. spliced to introns to form the final transcript D. usually much larger than introns E. larger than the original coding region

In noncyclic photophosphorylation, electrons from _____ replenish chlorophyll molecules that have given up electrons. A. CO₂ B. water C. NADPH + H protons D. O₂ gas E. None of the above

One component of species diversity is the number of species in a community, which is also known as A. species evenness B. species richness C. net primary productivity D. trophic interactions E. gross primary productivity

Recombinant DNA technology requires not only getting the DNA into the cell, but also getting it to replicate appropriately. In this process, the specificity of which of the following enzymes can present a challenge? A. DNA ligase B. DNA polymerase C. RNA polymerase D. reverse transcriptase E. replicase

Single-celled animals, such as amoebas, engulf entire cells for food. This manner of "eating" is called A. exocytosis B. endocytosis C. facilitative transport D. active transport E. osmosis

Solution X is hypotonic relative to solution X has a solute concentration that is _____ solution Y. A. greater than that of B. lower than that of C. the same as that of D. All of the above E. None of the above

Termination of transcription involves a A. stop codon B. terminator sequence C. termiproteator D. hairline slip E. series of As

The NADPH required for the reduction of 3PG to G3P comes from A. the dark reactions B. the light reactions C. the synthesis of ATP D. the Calvin cycle E. oxidative phosphorylation

The advantage of controlled experiments is that A. the hypothesis is proven right B. all variables are held constant except for one C. patterns can be predicted D. a massive amount of data can be synthesized E. Both a and c

The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. What would be the effect of incubating isolated mitochondria in a solution of DNP? A. Oxygen would no longer be reduced to water. B. No ATP would be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain. C. Mitochondria would show a burst of increased ATP synthesis. D. Glycolysis would stop. E. Mitochondria would switch from glycolysis to fermentation.

The enzyme DNA ligase is required continuously during DNA replication because A. fragments of the leading strand must be joined together B. fragments of the lagging strand must be joined together C. the parental strands must be joined back together D. 3' deoxynucleoside triphosphates must be converted to 5' deoxynucleoside triphosphates E. the complex of proteins that work together at the replication fork must be prevented from falling apart

The molecules that function to replicate DNA in the cell are A. DNA nucleoside triphosphates B. DNA polymerases C. nucleoside polymerases D. DNAses E. ribonucleases

When a molecule loses hydrogen atoms (as opposed to hydrogen ions), it becomes A. reduced B. oxidized C. redoxed D. hydrogenated E. hydrolyzed

When restriction enzymes make cuts with ____ ends, the DNA sequences can form ____ bonds with complementary sequences. A. sticky, covalent B. sticky, hydrogen C. blunt, ionic D. blunt, hydrogen E. blunt, covalent

Which correctly illustrates the second law of thermodynamics? A. The total amount of energy in our universe todays is the same as the total amount of energy in our universe yesterday. B. As water flows through a hydroelectric dam, only some of the water's potential energy is converted to electrical energy; other energy is released as heat. C. As children grow, their bodies contain more totaly energy and a greater capacity to do work. D. Plants can transform energy from the sun into chemical energy. E. The earth has existed for billions of years because energy can be constantly reused and transformed into new ordered forms.

Which of the following best describes differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene regulation? A. Groups of eukaryotic genes are likely to be regulated together, whereas each prokaryotic gene is usually related separately. B. Groups of prokaryotic genes are likely to be regulated together, whereas each eukaryotic gene is usually related separately. C. Bacteria have more classes of RNA polymerase than eukaryotes do. D. Prokaryotes lack global gene regulation. E. None of the above

Which of the following best describes natural selection? A. chance variations in traits B. the differential survival and reproduction of individuals C. the processes that lead individuals to resemble their parents D. the potential for all species to increase rapidly in number E. the immutability of species

Which of the following is the driving force for active transport? A. concentration gradient B. ATP hydrolysis C. ADP hydrolysis D. phosphorylation E. GTP-GDP exchange

Which of the following molecules is most involved in the transfer of genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? A. DNA B. mRNA C. tRNA D. proteins E. lipids

Which of the following represents an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? A. Enzyme + Product → Enzyme + Substrate B. Enzyme + Substrate → Enzyme + Product C. Enzyme + Substrate → Product D. Enzyme + Substrate → Enzyme E. Product + Substrate → Enzyme

Which of the following statements about duplications and translocation is true? A. Translocations involve the loss of a chromosomal segment, whereas duplications involve the addition of an entire chromosome. B. Duplications involve the breaking and swapping of DNA segments on homologous chromosomes, whereas translocations are reciprocal exchanges on non homologous chromosomes. C. Translocations involve the breaking and insertion of DNA segments in reverse order, whereas duplications are the breaking of DNA at different points on the chromosome. D. Duplications lead to duplications of the chromosome, whereas translocations involve the swapping of chromosome segments. E. Translocations result in the loss of chromosomal segments, whereas duplications result in significant additions to non homologous chromosomes.

10. Which of the following amino acids would, when incorporated into a polypeptide chain (not at the N or C terminus), make the charge of the polypeptide more positive? A. Alanine B. Arginine C. Aspartate D. Serine E. Cysteine

B. Arginine

Which of the following physiological functions is not usually served by proteins? A. Catalysis B. Energy reserve C. Structural support D. Defense E. Hormone binding

B. Energy reserve

Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane of eukaryotes? A. Perceiving chemical signals B. Making ATP C. Adhering to other cells D. Ion homeostasis E. Selective uptake

B. Making ATP

Which of the following organelles were probably once independent prokaryote organisms? A. Mitochondria and lysosomes B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts C. Chloroplasts and Golgi apparatus D. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes E. Ribosomes and lysosomes

B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Which of the following statements related to protein structure is false? A. Chaperones may assist in folding proteins. B. Most of the interactions that stabilize folded proteins are covalent. C. α-Helical and β-sheets are common secondary structures in proteins. D. Proper folding is essential to the function of a protein. E. Some proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain.

B. Most of the interactions that stabilize folded proteins are covalent.

A phospholipid differs from a triglyceride in that phospholipids A. are not derivatives of glycerol. B. are amphipathic. C. do not have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. D. are used to store energy for the cell. E. do not contain fatty acids.

B. are amphipathic.

Lysosomes A. are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. B. are derived from the Golgi apparatus. C. contain enzymes that synthesize proteins. D. have a higher internal pH than the cytoplasm. E. are derived from the plasma membrane.

B. are derived from the Golgi apparatus.

Oils and fats A. form membranes. B. are triglycerides. C. all contain the same fatty acids. D. are good for you in large amounts. E. have peptide bonds.

B. are triglycerides.

Oils melt at a lower temperature than fats because A. oils and fats are not the same kind of molecule. B. fats contain more saturated fatty acids than oils. C. fats contain more unsaturated fatty acids than oils. D. oils are made by plants. E. fats are common in animals

B. fats contain more saturated fatty acids than oils.

Chemical signal transduction pathways A. use non-specific receptors. B. involve binding of the signal molecule to receptors. C. use receptors that are located only on the plasma membrane. D. always result in increased transcription of a gene. E. all use G proteins.

B. involve binding of the signal molecule to receptors.

The acetylcholine receptor is an example of a(n) _______ receptor, the insulin receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor, and the epinephrine receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor. A. G protein-linked; protein kinase; ion channel B. ion channel; protein kinase; G protein-linked C. ion channel; G protein-linked; protein kinase D. protein kinase: ion channel; G protein-linked E. protein kinase; G protein-linked; ion channel

B. ion channel; protein kinase; G protein-linked

Nitric oxide (NO) A. can be a second messenger. B. is a participant in some signal transduction pathways. C. directly relaxes smooth muscle. D. directly activates a Ca2+ channel in the endoplasmic reticulum. E. stimulates cAMP synthesis.

B. is a participant in some signal transduction pathways.

Gap junctions A. allow large molecules and ions to pass rapidly between cells. B. permit metabolic cooperation among linked cells. C. are formed by the peripheral membrane protein connexin. D. are present in many copies per cell. E. contain membrane lined bridges.

B. permit metabolic cooperation among linked cells.

The active responder in the EnvZ signal transduction system is _______ and it _______ the protein _______. A. OmpR; increases the synthesis of; OmpC B. phosphorylated OmpR; increases the synthesis of; OmpC C. OmpR; phosphorylates; OmpC D. phosphorylated OmpR; phosphorylates; OmpC E. OmpC: increases the synthesis of; OmpR

B. phosphorylated OmpR; increases the synthesis of; OmpC

Receptors resemble enzymes in that A. receptors and enzymes (most often) are polysaccharides. B. receptors and enzymes may be either integral membrane proteins or soluble proteins. C. receptor ligands, like enzyme substrates, are altered during signal transduction. D. receptors and enzymes are not specific for the molecules they bind. E. receptors generally have enzymatic activity.

B. receptors and enzymes may be either integral membrane proteins or soluble proteins.

"Protocells" made in the lab can A. reproduce by division. B. replicate a short nucleic acid chain. C. respire. D. carry out metabolic reactions. E. make ATP.

B. replicate a short nucleic acid chain.

Some proteins that are on the surface of mammalian cells contain carbohydrates. These proteins are synthesized by _______ and the sugars added in the _______. A. mitochondrial ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. the rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus C. cytoplasmic ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus; rough endoplasmic reticulum E. cytoplasmic ribosomes; plasma membrane

B. the rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus

A restriction enzyme cuts a 25,700 bp segment of DNA into three fragments. Fragment A is 5,800 bp and fragment B is 6,600 bp. How long is fragment C, and which of the fragments will move the farthest in an electrophoresis gel? A. 12,400 bp, fragment A B. 12,400 bp, fragment C C. 13,300 bp, fragment A D. 13,300 bp, fragment C E. 19,900 bp, fragment C

ATP is produced during the light reactions via A. CO₂ fixation B. chemiosmosis C. reduction of water D. glycolysis E. noncyclic electron flow from photosystem I

According to the chemiosmotic theory, the energy for the synthesis of ATP as electrons flow down the respiratory chain is provided directly by the A. hydrolysis of GTP B. reduction of NAD+ C. diffusion of protons D. reduction of FAD E. hydrolysis of ATP

All living organisms can be assigned to three separate A. species B. genus groups C. domains D. ancestors E. genomes

Bacteria engage in genetic transfers after a thin projection called a ______ extends from one cell to another. A. chromosome B. plasmid C. sex pilus D. highly packed linear strand of DNA E. chiasmata

Bacteria protect themselves from their own restriction enzymes by A. means of their blunt ends B. means of their sticky ends C. adding methyl groups at restriction sites D. means of DNA ligase E. transforming themselves

Choose the description that best describes the what happens between the processing of Okazaki fragments and the replication of the lagging strand. A. DNA ligase replaces the Okazaki fragments with DNA. B. DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages. C. A different DNA polymerase replaces the RNA primer with DNA. D. DNA polymerase replaces the Okazaki fragments with DNA. E. DNA polymerase synthesizes Okazaki fragments.

Classical albinism results from a recessive allele. Which of the following is the expected ratio for the progeny when a normal pigmented male with an albino father has children with an albino woman? A. 3/4 normal, 1/4 albino B. 3/4 albino, 1/4 normal C. 1/2 normal, 1/2 albino D. All normal E. All albino

DNA is cut at specific sites by means of A. DNA ligases B. transposons C. restriction enzymes D. DNA slicases E. DNA methylases

European settlers brought cattle to Australia. Why did this new cattle industry have problems? A. Native cattle would not interbreed with European cattle. B. European cattle brought diseases that infected native wildlife. C. Native dung beetles would not recycle wet cow manure. D. Native grasses could not support the dietary needs of the European cattle. E. Native predators decimated cattle herds.

How are inducible and repressible systems similar? A. Both systems control primarily catabolic pathways. B. In both systems, the final product of the pathway usually regulates transcription of the genes that will encode enzymes that produce it. C. In both systems, the regulatory molecules function by binding to the operator D. Blocking transcription is the default state for both systems E. None of the above

In a growing DNA strand, each monomer is added to which carbon of the deoxyribose? A. 1' B. 2' C. 3' D. 4' E. 5'

In a hypothetical population of sawflies, 20 percent of the population is homozygous for allele A and 45 percent is homozygous for allele a. Assuming that A and a are the only alleles at this locus, what percent of the population is heterozygous? A. 10 percent B. 20 percent C. 35 percent D. 45 percent E. Insufficient information is given to answer the question

In a species of tortoise, foot size (big or small) is controlled by one gene, while shell shape (round or lumpy) is controlled by another gene. Suppose that a big-footed lumpy-shelled tortoise mates with a small-footed round-shelled tortoise. Eight offspring result: four big-footed round-shelled tortoises. (Assume that the parents are not necessarily homozygous for each allele.) If big feet (B) in tortoises is dominant to small feet (b), which of the following is the genotype of the big-footed parent with respect to the foot gene? A. bb B. BB C. Bb D. Either bb or BB E. Either bb and Bb

In eukaryotes, a promoter is the region of A. a plasmid that binds the enzyme for replication B. the mRNA that binds to a ribosome C. DNA that binds RNA polymerase D. the mRNA that binds tRNAs E. None of the above

In the ABO blood groups in humans, A. A, B, and O are codominant B. A, B, and O are incompletely dominant C. A and B are codominant and are dominant to O D. O is incompletely dominant to A and B E. A is dominant to B and B is dominant to O

In the absence of substance of M, a hypothetical LM operon is turned off. If substance M is abundant, it can bind to the repressor, which permits the polymerase to begin transcribing the DNA. In this case, LM is a(n) _____ operon and M acts as a(n) _____. A. repressible, inducer B. repressible, transcription factor C. inducible, inducer D. inducible, co-repressor E. inducible, transcription factor

In the formation of a triglyceride, __ molecule(s) combine with __ molecule(s) to form a triglyceride plus __ molecule(s) of water. A. 1; 1; 1 B. 1; 3; 1 C. 1; 3; 3 D. 3; 3; 3 E. 3; 1; 3

Metsbolism is... A. the consumption of energy B. the release of energy C. all chemical transformations and other work done in a cell or organism D. the production of heat by chemical reactions E. the exchange of nutrients and waste products with the environment

Most ATP produced in our bodies is made A. by glycolysis B. in the citric acid cycle C. using ATP synthase D. from photosynthesis E. by burning fat

One characteristic of phospholipids that allows them to form a bilayer is their A. hydrophilic fatty acid tail B. hydrophobic head C. hydrophobic fatty acid tail D. hydrophilic glycogen acid tail E. All of the above

Plants give off O₂ because A. O₂ results from the incorporation of CO₂ into sugars B. they do no respire; they photosynthesize C. water is the initial electron donor, leaving O₂ as a photosynthetic by-product D. electrons moving down the electron chain bind to water, releasing O₂ E. O₂ is synthesized in the Calvin cycle

Put the following four steps of eukaryotic gene expression in order, from beginning to end 1. Pre-mRNA is processed to make mRNA 2. Ribosomes translate the mRNA message to make proteins 3. mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm 4. DNA is used as a template to make pre-mRNA A. 1, 4, 3, 2 B. 4, 3, 1, 2 C. 4, 1, 3, 2 D. 4, 1, 2, 3 E. 1, 2, 4, 3

Biological membranes are composed of A. nucleotides and nucleotides B. enzymes, electron acceptors, and electron donors C. fatty acids D. monosaccharides E. lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Starch and glycogen, which are both polysaccharides, differ in their functions in that starch is ____, whereas glycogen ____. A. the main component for plant structural support: is an energy source for animals B. a structure material found in plants and animals; forms external skeletons in animals C. the principle energy storage compound of plants: is the main energy storage of animals D. a temporary compound used to store glucose; is a highly stable compound that stores complex liquids E. the main energy storage of animals; is s temporary compound used to store glucose

The compounds in biological membranes that form a barrier to the movement of hydrophilic materials across the membrane are A. integral membrane proteins B. carbohydrates C. lipids D. nucleic acids E. peripheral membrane proteins

The energy necessary for making a DNA molecule comes directly from A. sugar B. ATP C. the release of extra phosphates from the nucleotides D. NADPH E. NADH

The formation of ethanol from pyruvate is an example of A. an exergonic reaction B. an extra source of energy as the result of glycolysis C. a fermentation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen D. cellular respiration E. None of the above

The mitotic spindle is composed of A. chromosomes B. chromatids C. microtubules D. chromatin E. centrosomes

The rate at which a substance diffuses is not affected by the A. diameter of the molecules or ions B. temperature of the solution C. color of the substance D. concentration gradient in the system E. Both a and b

The ultimate source of energy for ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is A. electron transport B. the electrochemical proton gradient C. light D. energized chlorophylls E. NADPH

Transcription factors are A. RNA sequences that bind to RNA polymerase B. DNA sequences that regulate transcription C. proteins that bind to the DNA promoter sequence D> polysaccharides that bind to the transcripts E. factors that bind to enhancers

What is the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA given this sequence: 5' AGC TTC GCT GAA GCT 3'? A. 5' TCG AAG CGA CTT CGA 5' B. 5' UCG AAG CGA CUU CGA 3' C. 3' TCG AAG CGA CTT CGA 5' D. 5' GGC TCG AAG TCG CTT 5' E. 3' AGC TTC GCT GAA GCT 5'

What was Darwin's explanation for the evolution of bright colors and other apparently useless (and potentially deleterious) but conspicuous characters in males of many species? A. stabilizing selection B. genetic drift C. sexual selection D. disruptive selection E. gene flow

When a severely dehydrated patient is brought to the hospital, an IV of normal saline is started immediately. Distilled water is not used because A. it would cause water to leave the cells of the patient and the cells would collapse B. nutrients are provided by the saline C. it would cause the patient's blood cells to swell and eventually burst D. normal saline is more economical E. the distilled water might be contaminated by bacteria

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane into the inter membrane space, the result is the A. formation of ATP B. reduction of NAD+ C. creation of a proton gradient D. restoration of the Na+K+ balance across the membrane E. reduction of glucose to lactic acid

Which of the following changes affects more than a single amino acid in a sequence? A. a silent mutation B. a missense mutation C. a frameshift mutation D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

Which of the following does not contribute to species composition changes over short periods of time? A. climate change B. colonization C. evolution D. extinction E. disturbance

Which of the following events occurs as part of the electron transport chain? A. release of CO₂ B. reduction of CO₂ C. oxidation of FADH and NADH D. reduction of NAD+ E. Both a and b

Which of the following evolutionary processes creates new genetic variation? A. natural selection B. genetic drift C. mutation D. both A and B E. both B and C

Which of the following initiates the Calvin cycle and results in the entire pathway being carried out under environmental conditions? A. 3GP is reduced to G3P using ATP and NADPH + H protons. B. RuBP is regenerated C. CO2 and RuBP join, forming 3GP D. G3P is converted into glucose and fructose E. Any of the above; since it is a cycle, it can start at any point

Which of the following processes increases the genetic diversity of offspring? A. mitosis B. cloning C. sexual reproduction D. cytokinesis E. fission

Which of the following represents a correct ordering of the levels of complexity at which life is studied, from most simple to most complex? A. Community, population, organism, organ, tissue, cell B. Cell, organ, tissue, organism, population, community C. Cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community D. Cell, tissue, organ, population, organism, community E. Tissue, organ, cell, population, organism, community

Which of the following statements about X chromosomes inactivation in females is false? A. The probability that a given X chromosome will become inactive is 50 percent. B. Inactivation of the X chromosome seems to involve methylation of cytosine on DNA. C. The Barr body is a clump of euchromatin representing the inactivated X chromosome. D. An abnormal male with the genotype XXY would have one Barr body.

White eyes is a recessive sex-linked trait in fruit flies. If a white-eyed female fruit fly is mated to a red-eyed male, their offspring should be A. 50 percent red-eyed and 50 percent white-eyed for both sexes B. all white-eyed for both sexes C. all white-eyed males and all red-eyed females D. all white-eyed females and all red-eyed males E. 50 percent red-eyed males, 50 percent white-eyed males, and all red-eyed females

Which of the following signal molecules would most likely have a cytoplasmic receptor? A. A highly charged small molecule B. A polypeptide C. A small nonpolar molecule D. A phospholipid E. A polynucleotid

C. A small nonpolar molecule

There are a number of functional groups in biological molecules. Which of the following statements about their presence in different classes of molecules is most accurate? A. Hydroxyl groups are only present in carbohydrates. B. Aldehyde groups are common in proteins. C. Amino groups may be found in modified carbohydrates as well as in proteins. D. Carboxyl groups are found only in small molecules. E. Sulfhydryl groups are common in fats.

C. Amino groups may be found in modified carbohydrates as well as in proteins.

A fat is most closely related to which of the molecules? A. A wax B. A phospholipid C. An oil D. Cholesterol E. A carotenoid

C. An oil

Which of the following organelles is involved in energy conversions? A. Lysosomes B. Vacuoles C. Chloroplasts D. Peroxisomes E. Nuclei

C. Chloroplasts

Nucleic acids are not found in which of the following structures? A. The nucleus B. Mitochondria C. Plant vacuoles D. Ribosomes E. Prokaryotic cells

C. Plant vacuoles

Nucleotides are composed of A. amino acids. B. nucleic acids. C. a phosphate, a sugar, and a base. D. a base and phosphate. E. fatty acids and a base.

C. a phosphate, a sugar, and a base.

The primary structure of proteins is the _______. The primary structure contains the information necessary for the formation of secondary structure, including the _______ and the _______. Secondary structure of proteins is stabilized by the formation of _______ bonds. A. amino acid sequence; β pleated sheet; α helix; disulfide B. α helix; amino acid sequence; β pleated sheet; hydrophobic C. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; hydrogen D. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; peptide E. β pleated sheet; α helix; amino acid sequence; hydrogen

C. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; hydrogen

Plasmodesmata A. are, like gap junctions, made of connexin. B. present in animal cells. C. can allow the passage of particles as large as viruses from cell to cell. D. have a pore diameter of 6 nm. E. are made from an endomembrane.

C. can allow the passage of particles as large as viruses from cell to cell.

The endomembrane system A. is present in prokaryotes. B. includes the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. C. includes the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. D. functions to make ATP. E. does not exist in plant cells.

C. includes the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum.

The "building blocks" of polysaccharides are _______ and the blocks are covalently linked together by _______ bonds. A. glycerol and fatty acids; ester B. amino acids; peptide C. monosaccharides; glycosidic D. monosaccharides; ester E. disaccharides; glycosidic

C. monosaccharides; glycosidic

The cytoskeleton A. includes flagella. B. is fully present in prokaryotes. C. moves organelles within cells. D. is composed of polymers of nucleotides. E. surrounds cells like cell walls.

C. moves organelles within cells

Whether abiotically or in an organism, the synthesis of macromolecules A. occurs with an increase of entropy. B. is spontaneous. C. requires energy. D. results in a more random system. E. None of the above

C. requires energy.

EnvZ of E. coli A. is present in the outer membrane of the bacterium. B. is a peripheral membrane protein. C. senses when the bacterium is in a region of high external solute concentration. D. directly affects solute entry into the cell. E. binds directly to DNA.

C. senses when the bacterium is in a region of high external solute concentration.

Complementary base pairing A. does not take place in RNA. B. takes place between two purine bases. C. takes place between purine and pyrimidine bases. D. results in the formation of the double helix of RNA. E. takes place between the bases and the phosphates in the backbone of the chain.

C. takes place between purine and pyrimidine bases.

Quaternary structure of proteins refers to A. the arrangement of the protein's atoms in three-dimensional space. B. whether the chain is an α helix or β pleated sheet. C. the number and kind of polypeptide subunits the protein has. D. the four-fold symmetry of the protein. E. the lipids or carbohydrates that are attached to the proteins

C. the number and kind of polypeptide subunits the protein has.

A universal feature of receptors is that they A. are present in the plasma membrane. B. are protein kinases. C. undergo structural (shape) changes when the signal molecule is bound. D. are ion channel proteins. E. are effector proteins.

C. undergo structural (shape) changes when the signal molecule is bound.

A bacterial cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells by a process known as A. nondisjunction B. mitosis C. meiosis D. binary fission E. fertilization

A group of species that coexist and interact with one another in a defined geographic area constitute a(n) A. symbiosis B. population C. food web D. community E. ecosystem

A newly-discovered organism lives in acidic pools in volcanic craters where temperatures often reach 100°C and normally stay above 90°C. It has a surface enzyme that catalyzes a reaction leading to its protective coating. At which temperature would you most likely find optimal activity of this enzyme? A. 0°C B. 37°C C. 55°C D. 95°C E. 105°C

Although the consequences of various kinds of disturbances are highly variable, their results conform to a general pattern. This general pattern is called A. intermediate equilibrium B. disaster equilibrium C. general disturbance D. succession E. general equilibrium

An ecologist measures off a transect running through a park and identifies and plants at regular intervals. THe transect passes through various types of soils. As she moves through the transect she observes that some plants drop out as new ones appear. This pattern is called A. colonization B. succession C. mutualism D. species turnover E. interspecific competition

As an ecologist you compare three communities, which are listed below. Which community has the highest species diversity? Community 1 = 3 equally abundant species Community 2 = uneven distribution of 4 species Community 3 = 4 equally abundant species A. Community 1 B. Community 2 C. Community 3 D. Communities 2 and 3 are equal. E. All communities are equal.

Biologists have organized the diversity of life into three domains based largely on A. physical similarities B. ecological niches C. chronological order D. molecular data E. All of the above

Chromatin condenses to form discrete, visible chromosomes A. early in G1 B. during S C. during telophase D. during prophase E. at the end of cytokinesis

DNA acetylation A. promotes transcription in operons B. loosens the DNA so RNA polymerase can access it C. adds acetyl groups to DNA to block transcription D. A and B

Different forms of a gene are called A. traits B. phenotypes C. genotypes D. alleles E. None of the above

During cyclic electron transport, the energy to produce ATP is provided by A. heat B. NADPH C. ground-state chlorophyll D. the redox reactions of the electron transport chain E. the Calvin cycle

Food webs are representations of ______ in a community. A. the detritivores that recycle nutrients B. how species are related C. all of the primary consumers D. the trophic interactions E. the amount of biomass

For each molecule of ATP consumed during active transport of sodium and potassium, there is an import of ____ ion(s) and an export of ____ ion(s). A. two Na+; three K+ B. two Na+; one K+ C. one K+; three Na+ D. two K+; three Na+ E. three K+; two Na+

If glucose and lactose are both abundant, would it be beneficial for E coli cells to express the genes that metabolize lactose? Why or why not? A. Yes, bacteria require both glucose and lactose B. Yes, it is easier for bacteria to metabolize lactose than glucose C. Yes, three proteins are required for the uptake and metabolism of lactose. D. No, lactose is broken down into glucose. E. No, lactose metabolism requires an inducer.

In tomatoes, tall is dominant to short and smooth fruits are dominant to hairy fruits. A plant that is homozygous for both dominant traits is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for both recessive traits. The F1 progeny are tested and crossed with the following results: 78 tall, smooth fruits; 82 short, hairy fruits; 22 tall, hairy fruits, and 18 short, smooth fruits. This data indicates that the genes are A. on different chromosomes B. linked, but do not cross over C. linked and show 10 percent recombination D. linked and show 20 percent recombination E. linked and show 40 percent recombination

Interphase involves all of the following except A. DNA replication B. the synthesis of cellular components necessary for mitosis C. G1 D. the condensation of chromatin E. G2

Photosynthesis is the process that uses light energy to extract hydrogen atoms from glucose A. glucose B. chlorophyll C. CO₂ D. water E. None of the above

Populations or organisms have been able to inhabit a wide variety of environments on Earth because they have A. have a genome B. contain organelles C. carry out photosynthesis D. adapt through evolution E. are similar to model organisms

RNA polymerase uses the _____ DNA template to synthesize a _____ mRNA. A. 5' to 3'; 5' to 3' B. 3' to 5'; 3' to 5' C. 5' to 3'; 3' to 5' D. 3' to 5'; 5' to 3' E. Examples of all of the above have been found

The _____ region of a phospholipid forms the ____ of a cell membrane and the ____ region would form the ____. A. hydrophobic; interior; hydrophilic; surface B. hydrophobic; surface; hydrophilic; interior C. hydrophobic; surface; hydrophobic; surface D. hydrophilic; surface; hydrophobic; interior E. hydrophilic; inteior; hydrophobic; interior

The chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by A. osmotic movement of water into an area of high solute concentration B. the addition of protons to ADP and phosphate via enzymes C. oxidative phosphorylation D. the proton motive force E. isocitrate dehydrogenase

The difference between osmosis and diffusion is that A. diffusion is passive transport, whereas osmosis is active transport B. only in diffusion do molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration C. only diffusion refers to the movement of materials across a semipermeable membrane D. osmosis refers specifically to the movement of water, whereas diffusion refers to the movement of any type of molecules E. the process of osmosis varies according to the kinds of particles present

The particular allele of a gene that is present in most individuals in nature is referred to as A. dominant B. recessive C. epistatic D. wild type E. polymorphic

The primary structure of proteins is the ____. The primary structure contains the information necessary for the formation of secondarys tructure, including the ____ and the ____. Secondary structure of proteins is stabilized by the formation of ____ bonds. A. amino acid sequence; β pleated sheet; α helix; disulfide B. α helix; amino acid sequence; β pleated sheet; hydrophobic C. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; peptide D. amino acid sequence; α helix; β pleated sheet; hydrogen E. β pleated sheet; α helix; smino acid sequence; hydrogen

The role of oxygen gas in our cells is to A. catalyze reactions in glycolysis B. produce CO2 C. form ATP D. accept electrons from the ETC and protons from the gradient E. react with glucose to split water

The size of horns in males of a particular beetle have an interesting distribution: the highest frequencies are around 15 millimeters and 30 millimeters, with few individuals in between. Based on this observation, which of the following modes of selection is most likely to be operating on these horns. A. stabilizing selection B. directional selection C. concentrated selection D. disruptive selection E. purifying selection

The species that live and interact in an area constitute a(n) A. ecosystem B. biome C. lek D. ecological community E. population

The water that is a by-product of cellular respiration is produced as a result of the A. combining of carbon dioxide with protons B. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C. degradation of glucose to pyruvate D. reduction of oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain E. None of the above

Transcription of eukaryotic genes requires A. binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter B. binding of several transcription factors C. capping of mRNA D. Both A and B E. None of the above

UGU and UGC both code for cysteine. A change from UGU to UGC would thus be a _____ mutation. A. missense B. nonsense C. ambiguous D. silent E. None of the above

Which of the following is not a polymer? A. A protein B. A nucleic acid, such as DNA C. A polysaccharide carboyhydrate D. A lipid E. All of the above are polymers

Which of the following statements about condensation reactions is false? A. Protein synthesis results from them. B. Polysaccharide synthesis results from them. C. They involve covalent bonds. D. They consume water as a reactant. E. Different condensation reactions produce different kinds of macromolecules.

Which of the following statements about infection of E coli cells by bacteriophage T2 is true? A. Proteins are the only phage components that enter the infected cell. B. Both proteins and nucleic acids enter the cell. C. Only protein from the infecting phage can be detected in progeny phage. D. Only nucleic acids enter the cell. E. More than one phage particle is required to produce infection.

Which of the following statements about osmosis is false? A. Osmosis refers to the movement of water along a concentration gradient. B. In osmosis, water moves to equalize solute concentrations on either side of the membrane. C. The movement of water across a membrane can affect the turgor pressure of some cells. D. If osmosis occurs across a membrane, then diffusion is not occurring. E. During osmosis, water is moving through membrane channels.

Which of the following statements about plant cytokinesis is true? A. It begins when telophase ends. B. A division furrow completely separates the cytoplasm. C. It is under the control of Ca2+. D. Vesicles fuse to form a cell plate. E. The spindle fibers break down to form a cell plate.

Which of the following statements about the flow of genetic information is true? A. Proteins encode information that is used to produce other proteins of the same amino acid sequence. B. RNA encodes information that is translated into DNA, and DNA encodes information that is translated into proteins. C. Proteins encode information that can be translated into RNA, and RNA encodes information that can be transcribed into DNA. D. DNA encodes information that is translated into RNA, and RNA encodes information that is translated into proteins. E. None of the above

Which of the following tends to reduce genetic variation within populations? A. genetic drift B. stabilizing selection C. directional selection D. All of the above E. None of the above

Which statements about the trp operon is false? A. The presence of tryptophan in the medium inhibits the expression of the structural genes of the trp operon. B. RNA polymerase binds to the trp promoter when tryptophan is absent from the medium. C. Repression of gene expression can save the cell energy. D. Tryptophan controls the expression of the genes for the enzymes of the tryptophan synthesis pathway by binding directly to the trp operator. E. The trp operon contains a promoter and an operon.

_______ is/are divisions of organisms in a community based on feeding position. A. Consumers B. Food webs C. Pyramids D. Trophic levels E. A food chain

Which of the following is not involved in the signal transduction pathway for the detection of odorants? A. A G protein B. Adenylyl cyclase C. A specific odorant molecule receptor D. A gated ion channel in the endoplasmic reticulum E. A cAMP gated ion channel

D. A gated ion channel in the endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following proteins powers both the movement of cilia and vesicles within a cell? A. Myosin B. Actin C. Keratin D. Dynein E. Kinesin

D. Dynein

Which of the following structures is involved with the movement of organelles within a cell? A. Golgi apparatus B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondrion D. Microtubules E. Intermediate filaments

D. Microtubules

Which statement about Miller's "cold chemistry" experiment is false? A. Biomolecules could be formed from inorganic molecules without an electric spark. B. High temperatures are not required for the synthesis of biomolecules. C. Biomolecules can form even at -100ºC. D. The experiment disproves the possibility that life originated outside the Earth. E. Biomolecules were formed that were not found in the Miller-Urey experiment.

D. The experiment disproves the possibility that life originated outside the Earth

Which of the following statements about starch is false? A. Starch may be partially branched. B. Starch is a polymer of glucose. C. Starch is formed by the condensation of monomers. D. The properties of starch are very similar to those of cellulose. E. Starch may be digested by people.

D. The properties of starch are very similar to those of cellulose.

Which of the following structures occupies the largest volume in a mature plant cell? A. Peroxisome B. Ribosome C. Chloroplast D. Vacuole E. Mitochondrion

D. Vacuole

Prokaryotes A. have a cell wall similar in composition to that of plant cells. B. have a nucleus. C. do not have ribosomes. D. are surrounded by a plasma membrane. E. are larger than eukaryotic cells.

D. are surrounded by a plasma membrane.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Glycogen phosphorylase in liver cells is always active. B. cAMP is referred to as a "first messenger." C. Epinephrine directly activates adenylyl cyclase. D. cAMP is referred to as a "second messenger." E. Adenylyl cyclase is a protein kinase.

D. cAMP is referred to as a "second messenger."

Molecular chaperones A. are small molecules B. are made in decreased amounts after exposure of an organism to high temperatures. C. are absent in insects. D. can prevent harmful interactions by improperly folded proteins. E. bind proteins irreversibly.

D. can prevent harmful interactions by improperly folded proteins.

Which of the following cellular responses to signal transduction would include activation of transcription? A. rapid enzyme activation. B. rapid enzyme inhibition. C. opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane. D. increased expression of certain genes. E. changes in the calcium concentration in the cytosol.

D. increased expression of certain genes.

Adenylyl cyclase A. is located such that cAMP is made outside of cells. B. makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of phosphate (Pi). C. is inactivated by activated G- proteins. D. makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of pyrophosphate (PPi). E. is directly activated by receptors.

D. makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of pyrophosphate (PPi).

Cilia and eukaryotic flagella A. propel cells by rotation of the structures. B. contain microfilaments. C. contain microtubules that are sufficient to drive movement. D. must have a motor protein that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power movement. E. contain centrioles.

D. must have a motor protein that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power movement.

Plastids are A. present in all eukaryotes. B. always green. C. present in photosynthetic prokaryotes. D. present in nearly all plant cells. E. very similar to mitochondria.

D. present in nearly all plant cells.

The Miller-Urey experiment showed that biological molecules could be made from inorganic precursors. These results A. support the theory that life's molecules originated outside Earth. B. showed that RNA can catalyze reactions. C. showed that only the L-isomers of amino acids were formed. D. support the chemical evolution theory. E. showed how biopolymers are made.

D. support the chemical evolution theory.

the double stranded structure of DNA, A. the two strands are held together by covalent bonds. B. the monomers in each strand are linked together by hydrogen bonds. C. both strands run in the same direction. D. the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. E. the interaction among the monomers is random

D. the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Hormones are chemical signals that A. affect adjacent cells. B. work in prokaryotes. C. are autocrine signals. D. travel through circulatory systems. E. are paracrine signals.

D. travel through circulatory systems.

DNA, because it has a ____ charge, moves to the ____ end of the field in gel electrophoresis; _____ DNA molecules migrate the most quickly. A. positive, positive, smaller B. positive, positive, larger C. positive, negative, smaller D. negative, positive, larger E. negative, positive, smaller

Genetic mutations are A. rare B. stable C. inherited changes in DNA D. the process by which all alleles can change to become different alleles E. All of the above

If a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution, it will A. shrivel B. swell and burst C. shrivel and then return to normal D. swell and then return to normal E. take up and release water at equal rates

Imagine that there is a mutation in the cyclin gene such that its gene product is nonfunctional. What kind of effect would this mutation have on a skin cell in the area of a cut? A. CdK would not be synthesized. B. There would be no effect because skin cells do not replicate. C. The cell would be stuck in S phase and unable to replicate. D. The cell would not be able to enter G1. E. The cell would be unable to reproduce itself.

In a simple Mendelian monohybrid cross, true-breeding tall plants are crossed with short plants, and the F1 plants, which are tall, are allowed to self-pollinate. What fraction of the F2 generation are both tall and heterozygous? A. 1/8 B. 1.4 C. 1/3 D. 2/3 E. 1/2

In a species of tortoise, foot size (big or small) is controlled by one gene, while shell shape (round or lumpy) is controlled by another gene. Suppose that a big-footed lumpy-shelled tortoise mates with a small-footed round-shelled tortoise. Eight offspring result: four big-footed round-shelled tortoises. (Assume that the parents are not necessarily homozygous for each allele.) Which statement about the inheritance of footedness in tortoises is most likely to be correct, given your genetic analysis of the tortoise family. A. Big is dominant to small. B. Small is dominant to big. C. Big and small are codominant. D. Both A and C. E. This cannot be answered without more information.

In addition to the bilayer of lipids and proteins, membranes may contain _____ in the form of _____ and _____. A. nucleic acids; DNA; RNA B. carbohydrates; cellulose; starch C. triglycerides; fats; oils D. nucleotides; ATP; GTP E. carbohydrates; glycoproteins; glycolipids

In cocker spaniels, black color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). If the genes are unlinked and the offspring of BBss and bbss individuals are mated with each other, what fraction of the next generation will be black and spotted? A. 1/16 B. 9/16 C. 1/9 D. 3/16 E. 3/4

In the Krebs cycle, oxidative steps are coupled to A. oxidative phosphorylation B. the oxidation of water C. the oxidation of hydrogen carriers D. the hydrolysis of ATP E. the reduction of hydrogen carriers

Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP is endergonic, whereas the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is exergonic. The two reactions are therefore said to be A. substrates B. endergonic C. kinetic D. activated E. coupled

Photosynthesis was a major evolutionary milestone because A. photosynthetic organisms contributed oxygen to the environment, which led to the evolution of aerobic organisms B. photosynthesis led to conditions that allowed life to arise on land C. photosynthesis is the only metabolic process that can convert light energy to chemical energy D. photosynthesis provides food for organisms E. All of the above

Plants are ____ organisms that are ____ of oxygen production. A. eukaryotic unicellular; capable B. eukaryotic multicellular; incapable C. prokaryotic multicellular; capable D. prokaryotic unicellular; incapable E. eukaryotic multicellular; capable

The Calvin cycle uses _____ to produce glucose. A. CO₂ B. ATP C. NADPH D. rubisco E. All of the above

The basic steuctural and physiological unit of all living organisms is the A. aggregate B. organelle C. organism D. membrane E. cell

The energy to move chromosomes during mitosis is provided by A. centrioles B. DNA polymerization C. migration of the centrosomes D. formation of the cell plate E. ATP

The products of mitosis are A. one nucleus containing twice as much DNA as the parent nucleus B. two genetically identical nuclei C. four nuclei containing half as much DNA as the parent nucleus D. four genetically identical nuclei E. two genetically identical nuclei

The regulation of biochemical pathways in cells often occurs by ____ mechsnisms, with the end product of the pathway actings as a(n) ____ of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway. A. irreversible; dead-end inhibitor B. allosteric; competitive inhibitor C. competitive; competitive inhibitor D. allosteric; activator E. allosteric; noncompetitive inhibitor

Which of the following are not involved in the process of transcription? A. RNA polymerase B. transcription factors C. promoters D. TATA box E. ribosomes

Which of the following biological groups is dependent on photosynthesis for its survival? A. vertebrates B. mammalia C. fishes D. plants E. All of the above

Which of the following enzymes would be used to join two DNA fragments? A. reverse transcriptase B. DNA polymerase C. DNA recombinase D. DNA endonuclease E. DNA ligase

Which of the following is not a potential point of regulation of gene expression? A. The level of transcription B. The level of processing mRNA C. The level of mRNA stability D. The level of translation E. All of the above are potential points of gene regulation

Which of the following is not an example of succession? A. A pond changing to a meadow. B. Forest being clear-cut C. Shrubs filling in a forest gap D. The recolonization of Mount St. Helens after its eruption E. The self-perpetuation of a climax community

Which of the following organelles contains DNA? A. nucleus B. chloroplast C. mitochondria D. ribosome E. A, B, and C

Which of the following statements about ATP is true? A. It is an energy-storage compound. B. It is the cell's principle compound for energy transfers. C. It stands for adenosine triphosphate. D. It is the molecule all living cells rely on to do chemical work. E. All of the above

Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is true? A. They generally live in static environments. B. The most efficient means of regulation of gene expression in these organisms is usually at the level of transcription. C. By making certain proteins only when needed, they save energy and other resources. D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

Which of the following statements about protein segments is true? A. The structure is an example of tertiary structure. B. The structure is maintained by hydrogen bonding between amino acid side chains. C. Disulfide bridges and ionic interactions help maintain the structure. D. The type of structure shown always involves polypeptides. E. A protein's primary structure determines whether or not the structure shown will form.

Which of the following would be best explained by directional selection? A. Human birth weight in contemporary industrial societies B. The long horns of Texas longhorn cattle C. The persistent decline in the leg size of primitive whales D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

You are monitoring the diffusion of a molecule across a membrane. An internal concentration of _____ and an external concentration of _____ will result in the fastest rate of diffusion. A. 5; 60 B. 60; 5 C. 35; 40 D. 50; 50 E. Either a or b

You are working on a research paper analyzing fossilized remains of plants. You determine when they were alive by using carbon-14 dating. This technique will help you reconstruct A. the evolution of new rat species B. natural selection for cold-adapted species C. the rise of the gymnosperms D. plate tectonics E. the change in plant communities as climate change

Life A. may have originated outside Earth. B. required the presence of water to develop. C. arises today only from other living organisms. D. may exist in planets in other solar systems. E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following biological molecules is/are linked by covalent bonds formed by the removal of the elements of water from the reactants (a kind of condensation reaction)? A. Oils B. Waxes C. Proteins D. Starch E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The extracellular matrix of animal cells A. holds cells together. B. contains collagen. C. contains proteoglycans. D. is involved in chemical signaling between cells. E. All of the above

E. All of the above E. All of the above

Which of the following statements best describes what happens to the organelles of the pepper fruit cells as the fruit turns from green to red? A. Leucoplasts become chloroplasts B. Chloroplasts become leucoplasts C. Chromoplasts become chloroplasts D. Leucoplasts become chromoplasts E. Chloroplasts become chromoplasts

E. Chloroplasts become chromoplasts

DNA with a higher G + C content is more stable at high temperatures than DNA with a high A + T content. Why? A. G and C fit together better than A and T. B. The two chains assume a parallel orientation when the A + T content is higher. C. The negative charge on the phosphates in the backbone is partially neutralized in DNA with a higher G + C content. D. The hydrophobic interactions between G and C are stronger than those between A and T. E. G and C form three hydrogen bonds and A and T, just two

E. G and C form three hydrogen bonds and A and T, just two.

Cholesterol is soluble in chloroform, an organic solvent, but it is not soluble in water. Based on this information, what class of biological macromolecules does cholesterol belong to? A. Oligosaccharides B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Enzymes E. Lipids

E. Lipids

Which of the following about fatty acids is false? A. They are carboxylic acids with a long hydrocarbon tail. B. They are amphipathic. C. They can form (artificial) bilayer membranes. D. They can form membranes that are impermeant to large molecules. E. They have nonpolar ends and polar tails.

E. They have nonpolar ends and polar tails.

Chitin is A. a polymer of a sugar. B. present in the cell walls of plants. C. a soluble molecule. D. used as an energy reserve in fungi. E. a polymer of a modified sugar.

E. a polymer of a modified sugar.

Replication is the synthesis of _______ and transcription, the synthesis of _______. A. an RNA copy of DNA; an exact copy of DNA. B. an exact copy of DNA; proteins C. an exact copy of RNA; an exact copy of DNA D. proteins; an RNA copy of DNA E. an exact copy of DNA; an RNA copy of DNA

E. an exact copy of DNA; an RNA copy of DNA

There are several hypotheses considered for the pathway to life. The "replicator first" hypothesis has several problems including A. RNA cannot be a catalyst. B. polymers of nucleic acid monomers have not been detected in the prebiotic model systems. C. questions about the source of energy for the prebiotic synthesis of RNA. D. DNA is not self-catalytic. E. b, c, and d

E. b, c, and d

Nucleotides are joined together in a single strand of DNA A. by hydrogen bonds. B. by carbon-carbon bonds. C. through van der Waal's interactions. D. by glycosidic linkages. E. by phosphodiester bonds.

E. by phosphodiester bonds.

Extensive volcanic eruptions early in the history of Earth are thought to have added all of the following gasses to the atmosphere except A. hydrogen sulfide. B. nitrogen. C. sulfur dioxide. D. carbon dioxide. E. oxygen.

E. oxygen

Which of the following functional groups is not found in an R group of the protein amino acids? A. —SH B. —OH C. —NH2 D. —COO E. —CHO

E. —CHO

Missense mutation

Results in the substitution of an amino acid. They can affect protein function

Nonsense mutation

usually leads to a nonfunctional protein unless the mutation occurs near the 3' end of the coding region of DNA. There may be a base substitution that leads to a stop codon in the mRNA, thus shortening the protein.

If two organisms use the same resources and those resources are insufficient to supply their combat needs, the organisms' interactions constitute A. competition B. predator-prey C. mutualism D. commensalism E. amensalism

A group of individuals all born at the same time is called a(n) A. cohort B. exponential population C. isopopulation D. metapopulation E. subpopulation

A hypothetical population not constrained by environmental limits would experience _______ growth. A. multiplicative B. subtractive C. additive D. no E. diverse

According to Charles Birch's experiments in which temperature and humidity were manipulated to determine ideal conditions for rice weevils and grain borers, grain should be kept in a _______ environment to deter these insects. A. cool and dry B. cool and wet C. warm and dry D. warm and wet E. No condition was found to inhibit these insects.

All cells in a multicellular organism A. contain the same genome B. randomly express parts of the genome C. have the same function D. express the same parts of the genome at the same time E. from all the same proteins

If b, the per capita birth rate, is higher than d, the per capita death rate, which of the following will occur? A. The population will grow because r > 0. The population will go extinct because r = 0. C. The population will grow because r < 0. D. The population stays the same size because r = 0. E. The results cannot be calculated from the information provided.

In the Galapagos archipelago, small ground finches can eat flower nectar or seeds. Finches eating flower nectar compete with carpenter bees. On an island where bees and finches compete, what would happen to the finches if the bees went extinct due to disease? A. Smaller birds eating nectar would increase in frequency over time. B. All of the birds would decrease in size and only eat nectar. C. The size of the birds would stay the same. D. All of the birds would increase in size and eat only seeds. E. The birds would likely go extinct without the bees.

Most of the biomass of a grassland is found in the A. green plants B. water C. animals D. the soil E. the atmosphere

Oils and fats A. are triglycerides B. have glycosidic linkages C. form membranes D. are good for you in large amounts E. all contain the same fatty acids

Table salt, NaCl, is neutral. When dissolved in water, NaCl A. separates to form Na+ and Cl- ions that interact with water molecules B. separates to form Na- and Cl+ molecules C. does not separate, but interact with water molecules D. remains as NaCl (does not dissociate) E. separates to form Na+ and Cl- ions that do not interact with water molecules

The "building blocks" of polysaccharides are ___________, and the blocks are covalently linked together by ________. A. monosaccharides; glycosidic linkages B. disaccharides; triple bonds C. glycerol and fatty acids; glycosidic linkages D. oligosaccharides; glycosidic linkages E. amino acids; triple bonds

The ______ was the first unifying principle of biology. A. cell theory B. spontaneous generation theory C. germ theory of disease D. theory of genetic determinism E. law of Ohno

The first rise in human population growth was due to A. advances in agriculture B. antibiotics C. the "Green Revolution" D. bubonic plague E. All of the above.

Viruses A. can mutate B. can extract energy from their environment C. have a cell membrane D. can reproduce on their own E. are made of cells

Which of the following interactions between atoms is the strongest? A. covalent bonds B. van der Waals interactions C. hydrogen bonds D. ionic bonds E. hydrophobic interactions

Which of the following structures occupies the largest volume in a mature plant cell? A. vacuole B. chloroplast C. peroxisome D. mitochondrion E. ribosome

Oxygen gas (O₂) in Earth's early atmosphere A. allowed organisms to move from sea to land B. was not toxic to most prokaryotes C. allowed the evolution of anoxic metabolism D. increased damage to organisms by allowing more ultraviolet light in E. depleted ozone in the atmosphere

All the individuals of a species within a given area is known as a(n) A. deme B. population C. family D. lek E. group

An organism A. can be generated from nonliving materials today B. is either a prokaryote or a eukaryote C. cannot do biological work D. does not contain genetic information E. must contain more than one cell

For a covalent bond to be polar, the two atoms that form the bond must have A. similar electronegativities B. different electronegativities C. different atomic weights D. the same number of electrons E. different melting points

If you set up an experiment pairing different species of Paramecium together, under what circumstances would one species be least likely to go extinct? A. amenslaism B. mutualism C. consumer-resource interaction D. interspecific competition E. intraspecific competition

Nutrients A. are synthesized by cells B. are broken down inside cells C. require energy to be broken down D. do not play a role in the synthesis of complex molecules E. are broken down outside of cells

Oils melt at a lower temperature than fats because A. oil are made by plants B. fats contain more saturated fatty acids than oils C. fats contain more unsaturated fatty acids than oils D. fats are common in animals E. oils and fats are not the same type of macromolecule

Plastids are A. very similar to mitochondria B. present in nearly all plant cells C. present in photosynthetic prokaryotes D. present in all eukaryotes E. always green

Scientific explanations for a natural phenomenon A. are a reflection of how things ought to be B. do not refer to religious or spiritual explanations C. cannot be tested D. cannot be rejected E. may be based on data that cannot be reproduced

The difference between birth rate and death rate is an estimate of a population's A. longevity B. growth rate C. fecundity D. survivorship E. None of the above.

The difference between the BD growth model and the BIDE model is the inclusion of ______ in the BIDE model. A. birth and logistic growth B. immigration and emigration C. death and carrying capacity D. inbreeding and evolution E. natural selection and continental drift

The presence of _______ means that substances must pass through, rather than between, the epithelial cells that form the lining of the small intestine. A. gap junctions B. tight junctions C. desmosomes D. plasmodesmata E. both a and b

Which of the following organelles are found only in plants? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. glyoxysomes C. peroxisomes D. mitochondria E. Golgi

Which of the following processes is not dependent on interactions of plants with other organisms (including other plants)? A. obtaining nutrients B. regulating the internal environment C. competing for water D. producing fertile seeds E. dispersing seeds

Which of the following statements about starch is false? A. Starch may be digested by people. B. The properties of starch are very similar to those of cellulose. C. Starch may be partially branched. D. Starch is a polymer of glucose. E. Starch is formed by the condensation of monomers.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between an element and a molecule? A. An element is composed of atoms; a molecule is not. B. An element is composed of only one kind of atom; molecules can be composed of more than one kind of atom. C. Elements always have lower atomic weights than molecules. D. An element is unstable; molecules are stable. E. Elements exist in nature only as parts of molecules.

You are a biologist contending with a novel species that has just been detected in a lake. The spiny water flea competes for algae with other small organisms and is not consumed by larger organisms. What would be your prediction about the population of spiny water fleas in the lake? A. They are not likely to survive. B. The population will initially grow quickly but will eventually be limited. C. The population will grow multiplicatively with no limit. D. All organisms in the lake will go extinct as a result of the invasion. E. None of the above.

You know that the population density of ticks in an area is 100 ticks per square meter. From this information, how is population size calculated? A. Subtract the carrying capacity from 100 B. Multiply 100 by the occupied area C. Multiply 100 by the birth rate, then subtract the death rate D. Add logistic growth to 100 E. Divide 100 by the birth rate

You're most measuring resource allocation in white-footed mice under different resource availabilities. If resources are abundant, what is the most likely allocation pattern among reproduction, growth, defense, and homeostasis? A. Allocation to reproduction will be highest to maximize population growth. B. Resources will be equally allocated in all categories. C. Allocation to homeostasis would be highest to maximize health. D. Allocation to defense would be lowest as defense would not be needed. E. Resource allocation cannot be determined from the information provided.

Scientists observed that frogs with toe pads live in trees, not water. They stated "toe pads are important for life in trees." This statement is an example of a(n) A. experiment B. hypothesis C. prediction D. law E. theory

Amensalism is the type of interaction in which A. two organisms use the same limited resources B. one participant benefits and the other is unaffected C. one participant is harmed but the other is unaffected D. both participants benefit E. one participant is harmed while the other benefits

Density-dependent population growth reflects A. intraspecific mutualism B. interspecific mutualism C. intraspecific competition D. interspecific competition E. intraspecific amensalism

G. F. Gause experimented with Paramecium interaction between species. If you were to repeat his experiments, growing Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium bursaria together would most likely result in A. no difference than if they were grown apart B. both species going extinct C. both species having lower population growth rates than when grown alone D. both species having higher population growth rates than when grown alone E. oen species always forcing the other into extinction

In terms of increasing complexity, the order of parts in a multicellular organism is A. molecule, tissue, cell, organ, organ system B. tissue, cell, macromolecule, organ system, organ C. molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system D. tissue, molecule, cell, organ, organ system E. cell, macromolecule, tissue, organ, organ system

Invasive plant species A. generally provide adaptive disease-inhibiting properties to the native plants B. generally have low growth rates C. are detrimental because they often out-compete native species for resources D. are usually restricted to small areas E. do not pose any threat to native species so long as they are adapted to the area

Paramecium caudatum can exist together with Paramecium bursaria but not with Paramecium aurelia. This is due to A. interspecific competition B. predation C. resource partitioning D. mutualism E. parasitism

Some proteins that are on the surface of mammalian cells contain carbohydrates. These proteins are synthesized by ______ and the sugars added in the _______. A. mitochondrial ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. cytoplasmic ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. the rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus D. Golgi apparatus; rough endoplasmic reticulum E. cytoplasmic ribosomes; plasma membrane

The advantage of controlled experiments is that A. minimal amount of data are required B. the results are predictable C. all variables are held constant except for one D. the hypothesis is proven right E. experiments are conducted in the field, not in a lab

The number of individuals of any particular species that can be supported by a particular environment is known as A. exponential growth B. logistic growth C. carrying capacity D. ent reproductive rate E. organismal capacity

The organelles and biomolecules present in homogenized cells can be separated by centrifugation. Which of the following would be found at the top of a centrifugation gradient? A. ribosomes B. mitochondria C. ATP molecules D. nuclei E. Golgi

Which of the following molecular structures is incorrect? A. CH₃-CH₃ B. CH₃-NH₃+ C. CH₃-NH₃ D. CH₂==CH₂ E. CH₃-NH₂

Which of the following statements about the nucleus in animal cells is false? A. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus. B. The nucleus occupies the largest volume of the cell. C. The nucleus is the site of protein synthesis. D. DNA is the nucleus combines with proteins. E. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus.

Which of the following structures is directly involved with the movement of organelles within a cell? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. mitochondrion C. microtubules D. intermediate filaments E. Golgi apparatus

You are an ecologist investigating fruit-eating in a species of monkey. You find that some monkeys regularly climb to the tops of trees in search of fruit while other monkeys forage low in trees or on the ground for fruit. If fruits are not as abundant low in trees or on the ground, you would expect the non-climbing monkeys to have _________ in population. A. no difference in fitness or frequency B. higher fitness and a decrease in frequency C. lower fitness and a decrease in frequency D. lower fitness but no change in frequency E. lower fitness and an increase in frequency

Oceans were a good environment for early organisms because they A. contained ozone B. were rich in oxygen C. shielded organisms from ultraviolet light D. obviated the need for a cell membrane E. shielded organisms from visible light

Relationships between living organisms can best be gleaned by comparing their A. anatomical features B. metabolic processes C. genomes D. fossil records E. behavior

A bee visits a flower, picking up pollen that it transfer to the next flower it visits. This is an example of A. predation B. parasitism C. altruism D. mutualism E. herbiovory

A cell A. is always prokaryotic B. is never an entire organism C. is found only in plants and animals D. is the fundamental unit of life E. always contains a nucleus

A community differs from a population in that a community A. consists of just one species B. is a group of the same species that interact with each other C. includes the abiotic environment D. consists of many species E. is synonymous with an ecosystem

A life table is used for A. recording the life history of an individual in a population B. determining the survivorship for individuals in a population C. estimating population densities D. displaying information about birth and death rates in a population E. understanding dispersion patterns in a population

A phospholipid differs from a triglyceride in that phospholipids A. are used to store energy in the cell B. are not derivatives of glycerol C. do not have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts D. are amphipathic E. do not contain fatty acids

A reaction that has a negative ∆G A. necessarily proceeds more rapidly than a reaction with a less negative ∆G B. is always paired with a reaction with a positive ∆G C. is endergonic D. is spontaneous E. cannot be used to drive a reaction with a positive ∆G

Amoeba proteus is injected with a drug that inhibits the formation of microtubules. What effects does this have on the organism's movement? A. It only moves in one direction. B. It dies. C. It shows hyperactive movement. D. It continues to move with no effect. E. It is alive but rounds up and does not move.

Entropy A. when multiplied times the absolute temperature, is the useable energy in a system B. is the total energy in a system C. is represented in equations by the letter "H" D. is related to the disorder or randomness of a system E. tends to decrease the total energy in the universe

In the scientific method, a hypothesis A. is a final answer to a question B. is formulated by deductive logic C. does not have to be testable D. is the basis for making predictions E. is formulated solely by speculation

Predation is the type of interaction in which A. two organisms use the same limited resources B. one participant benefits and the other is unaffected C. one participant is harmed but the other is unaffected D. one participant is harmed while the other benefits E. both participants benefit

Prokaryotes A. have a cell wall similar in composition to that of plant cells B. do not have ribosomes C. are larger than eukaryotic cells D. are surrounded by a plasma membrane E. have a nucleus

Species introduced to regions outside their original range that then spread widely and become abundant at a cost to the native species of the region are known as ______ species. A. fragmented B. endemic C. parasitic D. invasive E. exotic

The endomembrane system A. functions to make ATP. B. is present in prokaryotes. C. includes the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitchondria. D. includes the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. E. does not exist in plant cells.

The one major dip in human ppopulation growth that occured from 1340-1355 was caused by A. tuberculosis B. malaria C. the "Green Revolution" D. bubonic plague E. All of the above

The proteins that make up the cytoskeleton of bacteria are similar to _______ in eukaryotic cells. A. sterols B. telomerases C. transcription factors D. actin E. proteases

The reactivity of an atom arises primarily from the A. average distance of the outermost shell from their nucleus B. sum of the potential energies of all electron shells C. energy difference between the electron shells D. existence of unpaired electrons in the outermost shell E. potential energy of the outermost

Which of the following organelles is involved in energy conversions? A. peroxisomes B. vacuoles C. lysosomes D. chloroplasts E. nuclei

Which of the following proteins powers the movement of both cilia and vesicles within a cell? A. myosin B. keratin C. actin D. dynein E. kinesin

You are experimenting with sunflower photosynthetic rates. You expose different plants to different light intensities ranging from no light to full sun. What type of relationship do you expect to see between increasing light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis? A. The rate of photosynthesis increases with no limit. B. The rate of photosynthesis is equal at all light levels. C. The rate of photosynthesis decreases with no limit. D. The rate of photosynthesis decreases, but eventually levels off. E. The rate of photosynthesis increases, but eventually levels off.

Which of the following represents a scientific point of view? A. The positions of the sun, moon, and stars provide guidance for making decisions. B. Inner strength comes from beauty in nature. C. Earth was created by divine forces. D. Comparing the genomes of organisms allows us to create phylogenetic trees. E. Meditation helps to solve problems.

A builder is planning to develop a parcel of land. THe local zoning regulations require that the builder set aside some of the parcel's open space as wildlife habitat. The builder can either set aside one large parcel or multiple, smaller plots. Which would be considered the best choice from the point of view of a conservation biologist? A. The smaller plots are the least acceptable option. B. There is no difference between the two options. C. The larger plot is the only acceptable option. D. The larger plot is the least acceptable option. E. Smaller plots are acceptable if they have corridors connecting them.

A plant species produces a chemical that is toxic to herbivores. Over time, herbivores that can detoxify the chemical increase in frequency. A mutation in the plant produces a new, different toxic chemical that the herbivores cannot detoxify. This is an example of A. resource partitioning B. mutualism C. amensalism D. commensalism E. evolutionary arms race

An element that contains ten protons and ten electrons is likely to A. be radioactive B. form ionic bonds with another element C. be toxic D. form covalent bonds with another element E. be chemically inert (stable)

An invasive plant species from Asia appears in your yard and you decide to introduce a beetle from Asia that eats that plant species. What is the likely outcome of this decision? A. The beetles will eat all of the invasive plants and then all of the beetles will die due of starvation. B. The beetles will eat all of the invasive plants and then switch to eating a native plant. C. The beetles will not eat any plants, native or invasive. D. The beetles will ignore the invasive plants and eat only native plants. E. There is no way to predict the outcome; any of the above could occur.

Carrying capacity (K) is determined by A. availability of resources B. diseases C. predators D. social interactions E. All of the above.

Cilia and eukaryotic flagella A. propel cells by rotation of the structures B. contain microtubules that are sufficient to drive movement C. contain microfilaments D. contain centrioles E. must have a motor protein that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power movement

Commensalism is the type of interaction in which A. both participants benefit B. two organisms use the same limited resources C. one participant is harmed but the other is unaffected D. one participant is harmed while the other benefits E. one participant benefits and the other is unaffected

Covalent bond formation depends on the ability of atoms to A. share electrons with other atoms B. donate electrons to the other atoms C. receive electrons from other atoms D. both a and b E. all of the above

DNA strands can be visualized using which of the following instruments? A. light microscopes B. dissecting microscope C. centrifuge D. thermocycler E. electron microscope

Distribution of ages in a population can be determined by A. rate of population growth B. timing of deaths C. timing of births D. both b and c E. All of the above.

Earth is approximately ______ years old. A. 1,000 - 2,000 B. 4,000 - 5,000 C. 4 - 5 million D. 1 - 2 billion E. 4 - 5 billion

Fatty acids are A. large polymers of monosaccharides B. linked to glycerol in fats by hydrogen bonds C. water soluble D. always saturated E. carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon tails

If samples were brought back from a distant planet, what would be the first evidence of life, assuming its evolution followed the same path as earth? A. presence of fatty acids B. cell membranes C. multicellular life forms D. oxygen detected E. presence of nucleic acids

Liver cells are exposed to radioactive amino acids; all proteins synthesized during this time are radioactive. The cells are then removed at 5-minute intervals and fractionated. Where in the cells is the radioactively labeled enzyme lipase performing its intracellular functions? A. in the endoplasmic reticulum B. on ribosomes C. in the cytoskeleton D. in the Golgi E. in lysosomes

Mutualism is the type of interaction which A. one participant is harmed while the other benefits B. one participant is harmed but the other is unaffected C. one participant benefits and the other is unaffected D. two organisms use the same limited resources E. both participants benefit

Nucleic acids are not found in which of the following structures? A. mitochondria B. the nucleus C. prokaryotic cells D. ribosomes E. plant vacuoles

Plants show remarkable diversity, even though they were derived from a common ancestor. Which of the following is not a contributing factor to this diversity? A. genetic drift B. natural selection C. sexual selection D. structural adaptions E. All of the above contributed to this diversity

Populations stop growing exponentially because A. birth rates decrease. B. death rates increase. C. they reach carrying capacity. D. the per capita growth rate = 0 E. All of the above

The extracellular matrix of animal cells A. is involved in chemical signaling between cells. B. helps filter materials passing between tissues. C. contains proteoglycans. D. contains collagen. E. all of the above.

The interaction between some fungi and leaf-cutter ants that farm them is best described as A. amensalism B. predation C. commensalism D. competition E. mutualism

The organisms that produced the oxygen gas in Earth's atmosphere paved the way for the type of metabolism in a larger organisms, called _______ metabolism. A. photosynthetic B. anaerobic C. heterotrophic D. is the basis for making predictions E. is formulated solely by speculation

The synthesis of complex molecules _______ energy, whereas the degradation _______ energy. Synthesis occurs with _______ in entropy. A. requires; releases; no change B. releases; requires; an increase C. requires; releases; a decrease D. releases; requires; no change E. requires; releases; an increase

Water is essential to life. Which of the following physical properties of water affect(s) life in some beneficial way? A. cohesiveness B. high heat capacity C. high heat of vaporization D. hydrogen bonds E. all of the above

What is required for natural selection to occur? A. Organisms must display variation. B. A trait must be able to be passed on to future generations. C. A trait must increase survival. D. A trait must increase reproduction. E. All of the above.

Which of the following biological molecules are linked by covalent bonds formed by the removal of the elements of water from the reactants (a kind of condensation reaction)? A. oils B. fats C. proteins D. starch E. all of the above

Which of the following statements is inconsistent with the first and second law of thermodynamics? A. Living organisms can produce energy. B. Chemical energy may be converted to light energy. C. The total energy of a system is available to do work. D. Potential energy may be used to do work. E. Both a and c

Genomes are A. only found in animal and plant cells B. made of proteins C. usually made of RNA D. the shared genetic, information among all living cells E. the sum of genetic information in a cell

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