Biology
What is a "Superbug" and why are they hard to control?
A disease that is resistant to antibiotics and then transfers those genes via conjugation.
What do viruses depend on for reproduction?
A host cell
The structure of an atom is made of
A. Protein covering (capsid) B. Nucleic acids including RNA/DNA C. Sometimes a lipid
Prokaryotes structure
Are unicellular Remember: "When I say PRO . . .you say No" no nucleus DNA spread in the cytoplasm. Has a cell membrane Has pili: hairlike projections allows bacteria to attach to another cell Has flagellum: What is the function of flagellum? movement
A virus that infects bacteria is called?
Bacteriophage
A lytic infection concludes with the?
Bursting of the host cell
What is one structural difference between a cell and a virus?
Eukaryotic cells have nucleus, viruses do not.
How are the lytic and lysogenic cycles similar? How are they different?
LYTIC: involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses. The viruses then burst out of the cell. Kills the host cell LYSOGENIC: incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting from within. Does not kill the host cell, instead uses it as a refuge where it exists in a dormant state. Example: herpes simplex 1 resulting in cold sores.
List two types of viral infections
Lytic: impatient/ shorter name,shorter cycle, ends with cell bursting Lysogenic: patient/ longer name takes a longer time
d. The genetic makeup of a population of prokaryotes CHANGES because of:
Mutation: random changes in DNA Conjugation. Define conjugation: a hollow bridge forms between 2 bacterial cells. Genetic material usually in the form of a plasmid moves from one cell to another. This increases genetic diversity.
Bacteriophage DNA that becomes imbedded in the bacterial host's DNA is called?
Prophage
Cold sores and chickenpox are both viral diseases caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Cold sores usually occur years after a person has had the chickenpox. Based on this information, what kind of infection cycle do you think the varicella-zoster virus has? Lytic or Lysogenic? Why?
Prophage may remain part of the host cell's DNA for many generations. An influence such as radiation, heat, stress trigger the prophage to become active. The lysogenic then becomes a lytic infection.
3 shapes of prokaryotes:
Rod shaped prokaryote: bacilli Spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryote: spirilla Spherical prokaryotes: cocci
What are the similarities/differences between bacteria and archaea?
Similarities: small, lack nuclei, have cell walls Differences: location, archaea, genes like eukaryotes * Coach Torres called bacteria "Plain Jane Bacteria" Why? Where do bacteria live? Almost anywhere, fresh water, salt water, on/in human body Where do archaea live? Harsh environments Do bacteria or archaea lack peptidoglycan? archaea
Movement of prokaryotes:
Some do not move Some move using flagella Some move sliding across slime
Many farmers practice "crop rotation" by planting a field with corn one year and soybeans the next. Why might they do this?
Soybeans contain prokaryote/nitrogen fixer . . . this helps convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia ammonia is then converted to nitrates that plants can use.
Two examples of retrovirus
They are the common cold and HIV.
How do bacteria cause diseases?
Through pathogens which are disease causing agents.
both viruses and cells can change over time.
True
the genetic material in a virus can be RNA or DNA
True
When growth conditions are precarious/unfavorable, the prokaryotic cells form a thick, internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm.
endospores
The protein coat of a virus is called?
capsid
Define Virus
a non-living particle made up of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids.
prokaryotes are classified as
bacteria or archaea
