Biology Review for EOC
A student noticed that the freshwater plant, Elodea, produced bubbles when placed in direct sunlight. What could the student most likely conclude?
Bubbles of oxygen were produced as a result of photosynthesis
What best summarizes the role of DNA in the production of proteins?
DNA contains the instructions used to make proteins
Which technique would most likely be used by forensic scientists?
DNA fingerprinting
What will most likely be the result if all of the mitochondria are removed from a plant cell?
It will be unable to carry out respiration
How would overexposure to X-rays affect most animal cells?
It would change the sequence of DNA nucleotides in affected cells.
Which statement best compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Less ATP is generated during anaerobic respiration than during aerobic respiration
What will most likely be the result as humans move into new areas, forests are clear cut and housing developments are built?
Many organisms will lose their homes because their habitats have been destroyed
The yucca plant release a strong scent at night when the yucca moth is active. The yucca moth, attracted by the scent, gathers pollen from the yucca flower. The yucca moth then deposits her eggs and the pollen on anther plant. This ensures that the plant will be cross-pollinated and that the yucca moth larvae will have a steady food supply. Which relationship does this best illustrate?
Mutualism
Some marine worms and mollusks go through similar larval stages during development. What can be inferred about their relationships?
They share a common ancestor
A freshwater plant is placed in a container of saltwater. What will most likely happen to the cells of the plant?
They will shrink because water will move out of them
According to DNA base pairing rules, adenine (A) always bonds with ________ and cytosine always bonds with________
Thymine and Guanine
Which is one reason scientists produce transgenic organisms?
To treat certain types of diseases
Scientists believe that the polar bear in Alaska and the brown bear in Russia evolved from a common ancestor. Which would be responsible for this evolutionary change?
geographic isolation
What word equation best represents the process of cellular respiration?
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Which structure in the leaf controls the opening and closing of the stomata?
guard cell
During strenuous exercise, body temperature increases. The body responds to the increase in temperature by sweating, which helps to reduce the body temperature. What is demonstrated in this situation?
homeostasis
Emphysema is a health condition in which the lungs can no longer expel carbon dioxide normally. As a result, a person who has emphysema may have high blood acidity levels. The body process that would attempt to return the blood pH to normal so that cells could function properly is called_____
homeostasis
What will most likely cause an increase in the frequency of genetic mutations in humans?
increased exposure to X-rays
At night, moths travel toward light. Which type of behavior does this describe?
innate behavior
Waxes create a waterproof layer on the outside of some living organisms. To which group of organic molecules do waxes belong?
lipids
A recessive gene located on the X chromosome is the cause of hemophilia is affected individuals. Males are more likely to have hemophilia than females because
males only have one copy of the X chromosome
In which organelle do most stages of cellular respiration take place?
mitochondrion
The chemical colchicine disrupts cell division. What process would most likely stop if colchicine were added to a culture of human liver cells
mitosis
Which will most likely cause variations to occur within a species?
mutation
What is the function of a restriction enzyme?
to cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence
Why must DNA replication have to occur before a cell can divide by mitosis?
to maintain the same number of chromosomes in the daughter cells as in the parent cells
What is the function of autotrophs in the carbon cycle?
to use carbon dioxide to produce glucose
What adaptation do ferms, gymnosperms, and angiosperms have that mosses do not have?
vascular tissue
One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria?
0%
A cloned plant has a diploid chromosome number of 12. What is the diploid chromosome number of the plant cell that was used to produce the cloned plant?
12
Having freckles is dominant over not having freckles. If two individuals heterozygous for freckles have a child, what is the probability the child will have freckles?
75%
Which is a step in the process of producing transgenic bacteria?
A human gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in which water moves from a solution containing a low concentration of solute to what kind of solution?
A solution containing a high concentration of solute.
a contractile vacuole helps protists eliminate excess liquid. This is a "pumping" process which reduces pressure inside the cell and prevents the cell from bursting. What is most likely the source of energy for this process?
ATP
Which would be the best evidence that a cell is using active transport to move a substance across its cell membrane?
ATP is being rapidly consumed near the cellular membrane.
A section of DNA has these bases: TAG CAG TAC Which mRNA sequence is produced from this DNA section
AUC GUC AUG
If energy is needed to move materials into or out of a cell, what is most likely occurring
Active transport
Normal homeostatic conditions require potassium concentrations to be about 1000 times higher inside the cell than in the blood. What mechanism does a cell use to move these small potassium ions into the cell against the concentration gradient?
Active transport by channel proteins
How does the amount of energy resulting from fermentation compare with that of aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration results in more energy.
The inheritance of short wings in Drosophila fruit flies is an x-linked, recessive trait. What would most likely result if a short-winged female mates with a long-winged male?
All females will be long-winged, and all males will be short-winged
How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different?
Asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but sexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents.
What transgenic organism has been used to clean up oil spills?
Bacteria
Adaptations that result from natural selection are expected to increase the fitness of an organism. In terms of natural selection, which of the following best describes fitness?
Being able to survive, find a mate, and produce offspring
What cell in the human body is specialized to transport oxygen throughout the body?
Blood cells
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?
Both contain ribosomes
If worldwide deforestation is not regulated, what could most likely result?
CO2 levels in the atmosphere could increase and contribute to global warming problems
There are twenty standard amino acids that make up all the proteins. What four elements are found in all amino acids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Which statement best describes the relationship that exists among proteins, DNA, and cells?
Cells contain DNA, which controls the production of proteins
At a point during a cell's development, it begins to differentiate. How does differentiation occur?
Certain genes are turned on and others are turned off; this action produces adult cells that are specialized
Plant cells are able to produce their own food. This process happens in what structure?
Chloroplast
What structure is found in a plant cell but is absent in an animal cell?
Chloroplasts
Two different populations of birds live in the same area and eat the same types of food. What most likely describes the relationship between these two populations of birds?
Competition
What substance do biochemists often search for in fossils to help better understand the evolutionary relationships of the organism that formed the fossil?
DNA
What best explains how sweating during exercise maintains homeostasis?
It regulates body temperature
What best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?
Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells.
How can cells from the same organism have such different shapes and functions?
During differentiation, different parts of the DNA in each type of cells are activated, resulting in the different structure and function of the cells.
Identical twin girls are separated at birth and cared for by two different families. After twenty years, the twins have different heights and weights. What is most likely the cause of these differences?
Each twin was provided a different diet and physical activities
Genetically identical plants will produce either pink flowers or blue flowers, depending on the type of soil in which they are planted. What is most likely the explanation for the differences in flower color?
Environmental factors affect flower color
Which most directly controls the rate at which food is broken down to release energy?
Enzymes
Some scientists claim recent evidence suggests birds should be reclassified to share more taxonomic groups with dinosaurs. What type of evidence would provide the best support for this claim?
Evidence showing birds shared a common genetic history with dinosaurs
What process can occur in both mitosis and meiosis?
Gene mutation
Which environmental concern is most associate with burning fossil fuels?
Global climate change
In the process of photosynthesis, plant cells take in water and carbon dioxide and release oxygen. How is this different from what takes place in the process of aerobic respiration?
In aerobic respiration, cells take in oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
In which populations does genetic drift most often occur?
In small populations
During secondary succession, which of these best describes why decomposing pioneer plants give way to lager, more complex plants species such as hardwood trees?
Increase amounts of soil from decomposing pioneer species allow plants more extensive root systems to become established.
A large population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide. A few of the cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray. What can best be inferred from this example?
Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce.
During which phase of the cell cycle does most cell growth occur?
Interphase
During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell growing and preparing for cellular division?
Interphase
Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?
It allows gametes to have half the original number of chromosomes of the organism.
In some ecosystems, wolves have been eliminated due to their threats to humans? How can the reintroduction of wolves benefit the ecosystem?
It can eliminate weak animals from a prey population, thereby decreasing competition for natural resources
Why are many farmers encouraged to plant different types of crops on the same land throughout the year?
It helps preserve the quality of the soil
What are the subunits of DNA and their function?
Nucleotides that store information
A field ecologist wants to determine the interactions of various populations of organisms living in a large grassland field. Which method is best for conduction this study?
Observing the behaviors of different types of organisms several times during the year
Two different species of bacteria are examined. Scientists find that species X always produces CO2 and H2O during cellular respiration. Species Y always produces ethyl alcohol and CO2. Which conclusion can be made from these observations?
Only species Y in anaerobic
What statement best describes natural selection?
Organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to reproduce and pass on their traits to their offspring
What is the basis for the earliest classification system of organisms?
Physical characteristics
Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs belong to which kingdom?
Plantae
An antibiotic which was effective 20 years ago against a specific type of bacterial infection no longer works against the same kind of infection today. What best explains why the antibiotic is no longer as effected as it was 20 years ago?
Resistant bacteria have survived and reproduced at a greater rate than nonresistant bacteria
The activities in the cell cycle occur during specific phases. In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase
Which process produces the most variation within a species?
Sexual reproduction
What is the primary function of a vacuole cell?
Storage
Plants require nitrogen and phosphorus but cannot efficiently absorb these nutrients from the soil. Instead, they obtain the nutrients through fungi that lived in their roots. In return, the fungi have access to carbohydrates manufactured by the plants. Without the fungi, plants would not be healthy and abundant, and the food supply of all of the organisms in the ecosystem would be in danger. This is an example of how ______ relationships maintain balance in the ecosystem.
Symbiotic
A strand of DNA has these bases: AGC CAT GTA TAC What is the complementary DNA strand?
TCG GTA CAT ATG
What is the best explanation for the continual changes in the classification system of organisms?
Technological advances have allowed scientists to better compare organisms.
In nature, which type of behavior causes animals to produce aggressive displays and sounds?
Territoriality
Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing?
The DNA replicates
What would be a desirable trait scientists may want to create in a transgenic plant?
The ability to resist insects
What determines the function of a specialized cell?
The active genes in the cell
An insecticide kills most of the ants on a plant. Over time, it is determined that the insecticide is not effective for killing ants. What best explains the observation?
The ants killed by the insecticide and the surviving ants were genetically different
Dutch elm disease is a fungal infection that causes elm trees to lose their leaves and eventually die. Suppose Dutch elm disease is introduced into a forest ecosystem that has a large number of elm trees. What will most likely happen to the ecosystem?
The balance of the ecosystem will become disturbed
What will most likely result in a negative growth rate in the human population of a country?
The death rate is higher than the birth rate
What is the difference between the full classification of organisms and their scientific names?
The full classification of organisms will include more categories of organisms than their scientific names.
A sea turtle has washed up on a remote section of a beach. This is known as a "stranding." Stranding occurs when a dead, sick or injured sea turtle washes up on the shoreline. Which statement best explains why "stranding" should be reported immediately to local authorities?
The information can be very useful to biologists and managers who are trying to protect the species
What will most likely happen if a nonnative species is introduced into a stable ecosystem?
The native species will compete for resources with the non native species, and the ecosystem will become unbalanced.
What effect could a mutation in mRNA have on the production of proteins?
The protein produced will have a different identity
The use of pesticides on crops has been common farming practice for decades. What has been the greatest effect of natural selection through the use of pesticides on certain insect populations?
The rate of selection is increased because the pesticides do not kill the insects that are naturally resistant to it.
A red blood cell is in a beaker that contains a solution with a higher salt concentration that that inside the red blood cell. What will happen to the red blood cell in this environment?
The red blood cell will shrink from losing water molecules
What best explains why the rate of a biochemical reaction decreases at high temperatures?
The shape of the enzyme changes
What will most likely happen if the human population continues to grow at current rates?
There will be fewer natural resources available for future generations
What will most likely occur if the population of the world continues to increase at predicted rates?
There will be more rapid depletion of natural resources
What best explains why animals are considered heterotrophic?
They are able to obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms or their products
Every trait you see on an organism is a result of that organism's DNA instructing the organism's cells. How does the information stored in DNA's nucleotides translate into traits such as eye color and ear shape?
Traits are determined by proteins that are built according to the instructions stored in genes
What would most likely be produced when a cell with eight chromosomes undergoes mitosis?
Two cells with eight chromosomes each
What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis?
Two cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell
A segment of DNA has this sequence: ATA GCA CAT GTA What is the mRNA sequence transcribed from this segment?
UAU CGU GUA CAU
Which will most likely produce a mutation that is passed on to offspring?
a gamete with an extra chromosome forming
Suppose that enzyme X catalyzes a reaction that involves the breakdown of a molecule. The product of this reaction is an amino acid. What molecule is the enzyme breaking down?
a protein
What best describes the product of RNA translation
a protein
What best describes the product of RNA translation?
a protein
Which environmental factor would cause the greatest decrease in the number of species plants and animals living in some of the lakes in the United States?
acid rain
During translation, what does the tRNA deliver to the ribosomes?
amino acids
Which molecules are joined together to make proteins?
amino acids
Which characteristic is present in offspring produced by sexual reproduction, but is missing in offspring produced by asexual reproduction?
an independent assortment of parent chromosomes
Some birds live largely solitary lives, but are highly territorial. Why might a red-winged blackbird- which is a territorial bird- ignore a rabbit in its territory, but violently fight off another red-winged blackbird?
because the other red-winged blackbirds are competition for mates
How are mitosis and meiosis similar?
both require DNA replication
How does DNA code for proteins in a cell?
by arranging certain nitrogen bases of the cell in a particular order
How do some chemicals increase the risk of a person getting cancer?
by causing cell mutations
Sugars are a type of ___________. They are produced by plants and release energy when they are broken down into smaller molecules
carbohydrate
Sugars are a type of____. They are produced by plants and release energy when they are broken down into smaller molecules.
carbohydrate
Salivary amylase is an enzyme in humans that breaks down starches. What substance would humans have difficulty digesting without this enzyme
carbohydrates
Although some populations can grow exponentially, most ecosystems have limited resources that can only support populations up to a certain size. Which of the following best describes this phenomenon?
carrying capacity
When a chemical is added to the pond water in which a paramecium lives. the paramecium stops moving. Which structure is most likely affected
cilia
Two people believe they are related. Which would be the best technique to determine if they are related?
comparing DNA
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is made up of a lipid layer in which hydrophilic heads face outwards and hydrophobic tails face inward The structure of the cell membrane allows it to
control the movement of substance into and out of the cell
During which cell of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm of a parent cell split into two daughter cells?
cytokinesis
What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain?
cytoplasm
Gametes produced by an organism contain a combination of genes from that organism. In every gamete, this combination is-
different due to independent assortment during meiosis
What process best explains how a nerve cell and a muscle cell can both develop from the same fertilized egg?
differentiation
DNA mutations can lead to genetic disorders, diseases, or even the death of an organism. What can cause a mutation in DNA?
exposure to toxic chemicals
Which genetic abnormality can be identified through karyotyping
extra chromosome
What type of molecule do whales use for energy storage and insulation?
fat
After protein translation is complete, the newly-formed polypeptide
folds into a three dimensional structure due to the interaction of neighboring amino acids in a sequence
The construction of a new coal-burning power plant would have the greatest impact on which environmental issue?
production of acid rain
What type of organic molecules are enzymes?
proteins
What activity most contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer?
release of CFCs
Plant cells that are specialized for cell division are most likely found in what part of the plant?
root tips
Polymers of the carbohydrate monomer glucose are used as a major form of energy storage for many plants. What are these glucose polymers called?
starch
Which factor most affects the order of amino acids in a protein?
the DNA located in the nucleus of the cell
What will most likely happen if the decomposers are removed from the carbon cycle?
the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease
what best describes the process of cellular respiration?
the breaking and forming molecular bonds that results in a net transfer of energy
Scientists have observed many types of tropical fish moving beyond their traditional ocean ranges into waters that have historically been more temperate. These fish compete for food with native fish, consuming much from the kelp forests and beds of sea grass. The expansion of he ranges of tropical fish are most likely caused by-
the rising temperatures of ocean waters
What carries the instructions for making amino acids in a protein?
the sequence of nitrogen bases on the mRNA
What is the difference between the DNA of a dog and the DNA of a fly?
the sequence of nucleotides
What does the flagellum of a Euglena and the cilia of a Paramecium have in common?
they are both used for movement
How does the body of a runner keep up with the demand for energy when cellular oxygen levels are low?
through the anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm
The males of a bird species do a "dance" and "sing a song" each spring. What is the main purpose of these behaviors?
to attract female birds