Biology Test 11
Which of the following correctly describes B cells and T cells?
B cells and T cells are lymphocytes; B cells and T cells attack cancerous cells in the body; B cells and T cells attack foreign particles in the body; B cells and T cells are not innate defenses
HIV positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of?
helper T cells
B cells or T cells are?
lymphocytes
Many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis. Which of the following would be effective in killing parasites?
macrophages
A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a?
mast cell
A disease causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n)?
opportunistic pathogen
Which of the following is not considered to be a major part of the immune system?
pancreas
Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody producing factories are?
plasma cells
A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. Which of the following is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?
the virus reproduces very rapidly
Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?
they would be immunocompromised
A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)?
antigen
If a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?
because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues
Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?
both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection
A phagocyte is a?
cell that engulfs other cells and debris
The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is?
complement protein
The primary function of a vaccine is to?
create immunological memory without causing disease
Which of the following is NOT attacked by the immune system as an intruder in humans?
dead skin cells
Which of the following is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?
fever inactivates some viruses; fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis; fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria; fever kills some bacteria
Why would HIV infection lead to immunodeficiency?
HIV infects T helper cells
Which of the following is a method in which a pathogen can enter a vertebrate and the immune system defends against it?
sneezing, viruses, parasites, kissing
If a human fetus is _________ and the pregnant woman is __________, an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur
Rh positive; Rh negative
Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include?
the acidity of the stomach; tear fluid from the eye; an unpunctured skin; mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract
In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?
the antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney
Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?
the fetus and mother are not genetically identical
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that causes disease?
the pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system
How does the immune system recognize pathogens it has fought before?
the primary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a secondary immune response
Which of the following is correct about primary and secondary immune responses?
the primary response occurs first; the primary immune response is smaller; both respond to foreign antigens; both are responses to adaptive immunity
Why would AIDS patients infected with HIV be at risk for opportunistic infections and rare cancers?
their immune systems are suppressed
Which of the following are examples of passive immunity?
a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to which of the following by a pregnant woman?
a foreign antigen on red blood cells
Which of the following vaccines would expose a person to an antigen for the longest time, and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations?
a live weakened pathogen
Which of the following is a major difference between adaptive immunity and innate defenses?
adaptive immunity responses are produced only on deand; innate defenses are always produced
An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)?
allergy
Which of the following are examples of humoral immunity?
antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen
A Y shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)?
antibody
Which of the following is not part of the innate defense response?
antibody production
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", which of the following would a person in a less developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more developed country, according to the hygiene hypothesis?
asthma
Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?
because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals, including cats and dogs
Immunological memory results from the production of?
both B and T memory cells
Which of the following would occur if the lymphatic system was absent?
cancer would not spread as quickly because cancerous cells would not be transported by the lymphatic system, nor stored in lymph nodes; bacteria located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood; viruses located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood; cancer cells located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood
In a process called _________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells?
clonal selection
Although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish which the circulatory system cannot?
collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", flatworms are very thin and lack a specialized respiratory or circulatory system. How does oxygen reach their cells?
diffusion through the wall of their body
White blood cells are produced?
from bone marrow stem cells
The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are?
helper T cells
The innate chemical substance produced by basophils that causes blood vessels to dilate is?
histamine
Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. A major challenge is finding a donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins a person needs. Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient?
if they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign
Which of the following descriptions is correctly matched with its term?
innate defenses: able to defend against any pathogen
The innate chemical substance that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is?
interferon
The presence of antibodies against HIV can be used to diagnose an infection that has occurred at least three months earlier. Why couldn't the presence of antibodies against HIV be used to diagnose a more recent infection?
it takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus
The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ________, versus the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is _________
to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack bad cells in cell mediated immunity
A preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a(n)?
vaccination
The region of an antibody molecule that recognizes and binds to an antigen is the?
variable region
A primary "antigen presenting cell", a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a?
macrophage
Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?
macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens
Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?
not on test
Which of the following are examples of active immunity?
only antibodies produced from a vaccine
In the section "Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Hygiene", what is the hygiene hypothesis?
people who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system
If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not?
B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion