Biology Test 3
All protists are _____. a. eukaryotic b. mixotrophic c. unicellular d. symbionts
a
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except a. vascular tissue. b. ovaries. c. ovules. d. pollen. e. seeds.
b
How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue? a. They are growing. b. They continue to divide. c. They are differentiating. d. They store food. e. They photosynthesize at a faster rate.
b
How is fertilization in flowering plants different from fertilization in other plant groups? a. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a zygote. b. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm. c. Two sperm nuclei fuse with a polar nucleus to form a zygote.
b
If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? a. grasses b. prokaryotes c. protists d. flowering plants
b
If an ovary contains 50 ovules, what is the minimum number of pollen grains that must land to form 50 mature seeds? a. 25 b. 50 c. 100 d. 500
b
Which of the following directly produces the fruit of angiosperms? a. anther b. megaspore c. ovary d. pollen tube
c
Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors? a. Conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells. b. Packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs. c. Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop. d. Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs.
c
Which of the following has the LEAST affiliation with all of the others? a. arbuscules b. Glomeromycota c. lichens d. mycorrhizae
c
Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? a. similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose b. similar sperm structure c. the presence of chloroplasts d. genetic similarities in chloroplasts e. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division
c
Which of the following types of plants are incapable of self-pollination? a. wind-pollinated b. monoecious c. dioecious d. insect-pollinated
c
Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? a. the trend toward smaller plant sizes b. the trend toward less motile gametes c. the trend toward spores being retained d. the trend toward larger gametes
c
Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? a. They were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil. b. Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. c. The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air. d. There was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat.
c
You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte or a monilophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant? a. whether or not it has true leaves b. its height c. whether it has microphylls or megaphylls d. whether or not it has seeds
c
_____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. a. Zooplankton b. Slime molds c. Phytoplankton d. Cyanobacteria e. Symbionts
c
The following statements describe something about the body structures or functions of fungi. Identify those statements that are correct. a. Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms. b. Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption. c. Cellulose gives rigidity and strength to the cell walls of fungi. d. Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients. e. All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts. f. Nutrients can flow through the entire mycelium in fungi with coenocytic hyphae, but not in fungi with septate hyphae.
A B D E
An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. a. help plants take up nutrients and water b. provide carbohydrates to the plant partner c. sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants d. control soil nematodes e. cause the decay of cellulose and lignin
a
As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see with your naked, unaided eyes a _____. a. thalli of a liverwort b. sperm of a bryophyte c. spore of a moss d. zygote of a green alga
a
Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following statements should be an accurate characterization of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? a. It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. b. It should have reduced motility. c. It should have a smaller nucleus. d. It should be transcriptionally less active.
a
Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____. a. indeterminate b. perennial c. weedy d. primary
a
Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. a. surroundings b. gastrovascular cavity c. stomach d. hyphae e. mycelia
a
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. a. are unicellular or simple multicellular b. have cell walls containing cellulose c. have more than one type of photosynthetic pigment d. have alternation of generations
a
How many different phyla of angiosperms do we currently recognize? a. 1; named Anthophyta b. 2; named Monocots and Eudicots c. 3; named Basal Angiosperms, Monocots, and Dicots d. 4; named Basal Angiosperms, Magnoliids, Monocots, and Eudicots
a
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? a. Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated. b. Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants. c. Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars. d. Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars.
a
Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? a. increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem b. decreased absorption of mineral nutrients c. effective lateral growth of the stem d. increased absorption of carbon dioxide.
a
Most mosses do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about mosses and their structure? a. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere. b. Photosynthesis occurs throughout their roots and shoots. c. They use stomata for gas exchange regulation. d. They have branching veins in their leaves.
a
On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, which of the following statements should be accurate? a. Flying foxes disperse cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get swallowed whole (in other words, without getting chewed). b. Flying foxes are attracted to cycad fruit and eat the enclosed seeds only by accident. c. Flying foxes assist the beetles as important pollinating agents of the cycads. d. Flying foxes are highly susceptible to the effects of the neurotoxins because the toxin attacks the action of the central nervous system.
a
Plants and animals respond differently to the environment. Which statement most accurately compares the responses of plants and animals to changes in their environment? a. Animals tend to respond to changes in their environment by movement; plants tend to respond to changes in their environment by growth. b. Animals are more responsive to changes in their environment than plants. c. Animals are better able to detect changes in their environment than plants because animals have sense organs, which plants lack.
a
Retaining the zygote within the living tissue of land plants _____. a. allows it to be nourished by the parent plant b. evolved concurrently with pollen c. helps in dispersal of the zygote d. protects the zygote from herbivores
a
Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers. a. Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities. b. Land plants carry out over 80% of the world's photosynthesis. c. Cyanobacteria carry out more of the world's photosynthesis than protists do.
a
Select the correct statement about plant growth. a. A plant may produce juvenile and adult leaves at the same time. b. Nonwoody plants grow by primary growth, whereas woody plants grow by secondary growth. c. Plant growth and form is determined solely by genetic factors.
a
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____. a. modified leaves b. capable of photosynthesis c. found on flowers d. female reproductive parts
a
Stomata _____. a. open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss b. open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange c. occur in all land plants and are the same as pores d. occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group
a
Suppose two species live in close contact with each other. One species benefits by eating the tissues of the other, and the other is harmed (by having its tissues consumed). The ecological interaction between these species is an example of a. parasitism and symbiosis. b. symbiosis and mutualism. c. symbiosis and commensalism. d. mutualism and parasitism.
a
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? a. cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants b. cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants c. cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants d. red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants
a
The laying of eggs has what type of analog in angiosperms? a. fruit dispersal b. endosperm breakdown c. fusion of carpels into a fruit d. seed coat hardening
a
The vast number and variety of flower species is probably related to various kinds of _____. a. pollinators b. herbivores c. climatic conditions d. seed dispersal agents
a
Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals. a. 2 and 3 b. 3 only c. 1 only d. 2 only
a
Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? a. flagellated spores b. coenocytic hyphae c. parasitic lifestyle d. the absence of chitin within the cell wall
a
Which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules? a. ovulate cone b. megaspore c. integument d. megasporangium
a
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? a. double internal fertilization b. ovules that are not contained within ovaries c. carpels that contain microsporangia d. dispersed megaspores
a
Which of the following pollinating agents is correctly matched with the type of plant it helps pollinate? a. Wind: grasses b. Water: terrestrial plants c. Animals: aquatic plants d. Sand: desert plants
a
Which part of a flower develops into the seed? a. Ovule b. Pericarp c. Endosperm cell d. Carpel
a
Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? a. Plantae b. Charophycea c. Monilophyta d. Bryophyta
a
You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong? a. Chytrids b. Basidiomycota c. Ascomycota d. Zygomycetes
a
Which statement(s) correctly describe(s) the interactions between plants and fungi? a. Plants depend on fungi as mutualistic symbionts. b. Plants compete with fungi for access to soil nutrients. c. Plants are harmed by fungal pathogens.
a and c
Which of the following ecological roles is/are played by at least some fungi? a. Decomposition b. Autotrophy c. Predation
a c
A leaf would best be described as a a. collection of cells. b. plant organ. c. multicellular organ consisting solely of photosynthetic cells. d. photosynthetic tissue.
b
All fungi share which of the following characteristics? a. flagellated b. heterotrophic c. symbiotic d. pathogenic e. act as decomposers
b
Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? a. slime molds b. animals c. vascular plants d. mosses e. brown algae
b
Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel 5. embryo sac a. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 b. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3 c. 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 d. 5, 4, 3, 1, 2
b
At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make _____. a. true roots b. sporangia c. true leaves d. microphylls
b
Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible? a. Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey. b. If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another. c. Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle not only by converting carbon from one form to another, but by physically moving it from one location to another. d. Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts.
b
From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial? a. decomposers b. rusts c. truffles d. mycorrhizal fungi e. yeasts
b
Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. a. photosynthesis b. absorption c. chemosynthesis d. ingestion e. endocytosis
b
Imagine that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists? a. gain of meiosis b. loss of chloroplasts c. loss of motility d. gain of a rigid cell wall
b
Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination? a. Their pollinating insects are color blind. b. They are wind pollinated. c. They self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another. d. They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrances.
b
In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg? 1. micropyle 2. style 3. ovary 4. stigma a. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 b. 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 c. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 d. 1 → 3 → 4 → 2
b
Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. a. produce spores b. lack true leaves and roots c. have flagellated sperm d. do not produce flowers e. have cones but no seeds
b
Most fungi are _____. a. photoautotrophs b. decomposers c. herbivores d. carnivores e. chemoautotrophs
b
Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? a. parasitic b. mutualistic c. predatory d. commensal
b
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. a. liverworts and mosses b. green algae c. kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines d. photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
b
The spore capsule and seta of mosses are typically green when young, but turn brown when ready to release their spores. This observation would lead you to think that the ________. a. cuticle rubs off of older spore capsules and exposes the color that is underneath b. mosses focus on photosynthesize when young and then contribute energy for spore production later c. mosses photosynthesize at all ages it just uses different wavelengths of light for photosynthesis at different ages d. mosses cannot photosynthesize
b
True or false? Fruits provide food to the developing plant. a. True b. False
b
True or false? The endosperm in a seed develops into the embryo. a. true b. false
b
True or false? The endosperm tissue that nourishes the developing plant has the same nutritional characteristics regardless of the plant species. a. True b. False
b
Truffles are the fruiting bodies of certain fungi whose mycelium grows below ground. The truffle is also underground and can be detected by many mammals, which eat the truffle and expel the spores with their feces. Which of the following statements is likely accurate with respect to this interaction? a. The truffle spores are probably wind dispersed. b. Truffles produce an odor that mammals can detect and find attractive. c. Truffles probably produce toxins that can harm the mammals that eat them. d. Truffle fruiting bodies are important in decomposition of wood.
b
What characterizes the fruit of seeds that are dispersed by the wind? a. They are very fleshy. b. They have structures to extend the distance they travel on the wind. c. They are large. d. They contain a large amount of sugar.
b
Which association below is correct? a. monoecious ... bisexual flowers b. dioecious ... separate female and male plants c. anther ... egg production d. bisexual flowers ... dioecious e. unisexual flowers ... dioecious
b
Which of the following algal groups is matched with the correct feature? a. Spirogyra → single chloroplast b. Caulerpa → coenocytic super cell c. Ulva → complex multicellularity d. Chlamydomonas → simple multicellularity e. Volvox → undifferentiated cells
b
Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? a. Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. b. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. c. Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. d. Fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.
b
Which of the following is found inside a pollen grain? a. the sporophyll b. the male gamete-producing tissue c. the megaspore d. the female gamete-producing tissue
b
Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? a. colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses b. rise and diversification of angiosperms c. extensive growth of gymnosperm forests d. carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes
b
Which part of a plant attracts pollinators? a. Carpel b. Petals c. Stamen d. Sepal
b
Which process involves the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma? a. Fertilization b. Pollination c. Gametogenesis d. Germination
b
Why do fleshy fruits often have seeds with very tough seed coats? a. So the seeds can be dispersed by propulsion b. So the seeds can survive the mechanical forces and conditions in an animal's gut c. So the seeds can adhere to passing animals d. So the seeds can extend the distance they travel by catching breezes
b
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____. a. gymnosperms b. mosses c. ferns d. flowering plants
c
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? a. sexual fusion of sporangia c. breezes distributing spores c. cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae d. mycelial flagella
c
After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a _____. a. smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell b. similar nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell c. similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell d. larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell
c
All seed plants _____. a. produce flowers b. use wind to distribute pollen c. also produce spores d. distribute seeds via fruits e. are nonvascular
c
Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. a. slime mold b. alpha proteobacterium c. cyanobacterium d. apicomplexan e. archaean extremophile
c
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest. 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus a. 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 b. 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 c. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 d. 2 → 4 → 1 → 3
c
Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporangia a. 1, 3, 2 b. 3, 1, 2 c. 2, 3, 1 d. 3, 2, 1
c
Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree a. strongly suggest that fungi are more closely related to plants than animals b. suggest that Archaeplastids were the first eukaryotes c. are presently unclear d. reveal that unikonts are derived from the SAR clade
c
Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) ________. a. are more similar to ancestral red algae than are vascular plants b. are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants c. are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants d. can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system
c
Compared to animal-pollinated plants, wind-pollinated angiosperms ________. a. produce fewer seeds because winds disperse seeds in a targeted manner b. produce more seeds because winds disperse seeds greater distances c. produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly d. produce much less pollen because winds disperse pollen in a highly targeted manner
c
Compared to nonvascular plants, the ancient relatives of vascular plants ________. a. produced much shorter plants b. probably experienced little competition for light c. had spore-producting tissues that were independent of, not dependent on, gamete-producing tissues d. had spore-producing tissues that provided nutrition to gamete-producing tissues
c
Evidence that supports placing green algae and plants in the same phylogenetic group primarily includes ________. a. similarities in mitochondrial structure and enzyme sequences b. DNA sequence similarities in genes for ribosome structure c. similarities in chloroplast structure and pigment composition d. similarities in cell wall and membrane structure
c
How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? a. Neither group produces spores. b. Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves. c. In both groups, sperm swim from the male parent tissue to the female parent tissue. d. Plants in both groups have vascular tissue.
c
If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared, derived characteristics of the kingdom will include ________. a. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, alternation of generations, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin b. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, chlorophylls a and b, cell walls of cellulose, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin c. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes and ability to synthesize sporopollenin d. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, chlorophylls a and b, and alternation of generations
c
Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____. a. breathing more slowly as atmospheric oxygen levels increase b. breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase c. putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline d. increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
c
Many chlorophytes are unicellular, but others are bigger and more complex. The fact that increased size and complexity evolved in different ways indicates ________. a. the chlorophyte group is monophyletic b. the chlorophyte group is the protist group most closely related to plants c. the chlorophyte group contained extensive genetic variability d. the chlorophyte group is not monophyletic
c
Plants are members of the eukaryotic supergroup ________ , and their closest relatives are _________. a. Archaeplastida; chlorophyte green algae. b. Unikonta; charophyte green algae. c. Archaeplastida; charophyte green algae. d. Unikonta; chlorophyte green algae.
c
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella ________. a. contain their own DNA b. require different sources of energy c. have different structures d. have the same evolutionary origin
c
Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________. a. increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis b. decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange c. decreased surface area, reducing water loss d. increased surface area, increasing gas exchange
c
The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____. a. cones b. sporophylls c. pollen d. ovules e. spores
c
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. a. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats b. the increased probability of contact between different mating types c. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition d. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms
c
The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition has what type of analog in angiosperms? a. fusion of carpels into a fruit b. seed coat hardening c. growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei d. endosperm proliferation
c
The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____. a. branching ... flowers b. height ... branching c. height ... girth d. girth ... height e. branching ... girth
c
The shell of a fertilized animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms? a. fruit b. endosperm c. seed coat d. carpels
c
The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to _____. a. cellulose b. lignin c. sporopollenin d. secondary compounds
c
The yolk of an animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms? a. seed coat b. fruit c. endosperm d. carpels
c
Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, which of the following is the closest living relative of "flower of stone"? a. true moss b. fern c. club moss d. liverwort
c
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? a. remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells b. loss of structures that produce spores c. waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves d. sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves
c
When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? a. larger bacterial populations b. fungal haustoria c. fungal enzymes d. increased oxygen levels
c
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____. a. sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue b. fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes c. fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae d. lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed
c
Which group of autotrophs below has the most complex body form? a. Volvocine algae b. Chlamydomonas c. Coleochaete d. Pleodorina e. Diatoms
c
Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless at helping to determine to which of these groups "flower of stone" belongs? 1. spore producing leaves 2. true stems and roots 3. flagellated sperm 4. strobili 5. alternation of generations a. 1, 2, and 4 b. 2 and 3 c. 3 and 5 d. 5 only
c
Which of the following chemical equations summarizes the reactions in photosynthesis? a. LightEnergy+6O2+C6H12O6→6H2O+6CO2 b. 6CO2+6O2→LightEnergy+C6H12O6+6H2O c. LightEnergy+6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2 d. C6H12O6+6O2→LightEnergy+6CO2+6H2O
c
What are the main components of a mature gymnosperm seed? a. megasporangium b. pollen grain c. embryo d. megaspore e. ovule f. seed coat g. food supply
c f g
According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? a. some unicellular green algae b. some cyanobacteria c. some red algae d. some charophytes
d
According to the phylogeny presented in this chapter, which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants? a. green algae b. dinoflagellates c. red algae d. both A and C
d
Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. a. Ascomycota b. Zygomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Glomeromycota e. Basidiomycota
d
Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. a. pollen b. seeds c. a vascular system d. flowers e. sexual reproduction
d
Apical meristems ________. a. occur only in roots of plants b. occur only in shoots of plants c. allow plants to move from one place to another d. occur in both roots and shoots of plants
d
Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill a. 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 b. 4 →? 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 c. 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 d. 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3
d
Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? a. This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs. b. This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption. c. The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. d. The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.
d
Growth and development of plant parts involves _____. I) cell division to produce new cells II) enlargement and elongation of cells III) specialization of cells into tissues a. only I b. only II c. only III d. I, II, and III
d
Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____. a. cycads b. ginkgoes c. gymnosperms d. angiosperms e. gnetophytes
d
If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits another flower on a different Brazil nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should occur? 1. double fertilization 2. pollen tube emerges from pollen grain 3. pollen tube enters micropyle 4. pollination a. 2, 4, 3, 1 b. 4, 3, 2, 1 c. 2, 4, 1, 3 d. 4, 2, 3, 1
d
If arbuscules from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that _____. a. soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners b. algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic c. algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates d. lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships
d
In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? a. stigma b. sporangium c. sporophyll d. sporopollenin
d
Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack? a. by providing the seeds with water and minerals b. by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed c. by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed d. by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed
d
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about these new "moss trees" would be FALSE? a. Fertilization would probably be more difficult. b. Spore dispersal distances would probably increase. c. Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light. d. Females would no longer retain embryos within their tissues.
d
The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b demonstrates which of the following? a. These two groups are not closely related. b. These shared traits show that green plants evolved from present-day charophytes. c. These derived traits show that green plants evolved from ancient charophytes. d. The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b.
d
The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____. a. by serial endosymbioses b. by inheritance of acquired traits c. due to common ancestry d. by convergent evolution
d
The veins of leaves are _____. I) composed of xylem and phloem II) continuous with vascular bundles in the stem and roots III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells a. only I b. only II c. only III d. I, II, and III
d
Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? a. anthers b. carpels c. ovaries d. petals e. stamens
d
What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes. a. 2 and 3 b. 4 only c. 1 and 2 d. 3 and 5
d
What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? a. rhizoids b. sporophylls c. leaves d. lignified vascular tissue e. the waxy cuticle
d
What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts? a. lack of true roots b. lack of cuticle c. lack of vascular tissues d. flagellated sperm
d
Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? a. basidiospores b. ascospores c. Zygosporangia d. conidiophores e. ascocarps
d
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? a. formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis b. sexual reproduction c. cellulose in cell walls d. alternation of multicellular generations e. chlorophyll b
d
Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? a. Fungi are exclusively multicellular. b. Fungi have cell walls. c. Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. d. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. e. Plants produce spores.
d
Which structure ultimately allows sperm to reach the ovary of a flowering plant? a. Micropyle b. Anther c. Stigma d. Pollen tube
d
Which term describes the male gamete-producing structure of flowering plants? a. Integuments b. Megaspores c. Micropyle d. Pollen grains
d
Which term describes the portion of a peach that can be eaten by humans? a. Endosperm b. Zygote c. Seed coat d. Pericarp
d
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. a. has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose b. contains chloroplasts c. does not contain vascular tissue d. is surrounded by a cuticle
d
A eudicot could have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: a. ten petals b. enlarged taproot c. netlike megaphylls d. two embryonic seed leaves e. randomly arranged vascular tissue
e
An unknown multicellular autotroph would likely have all of the following features, except: a. communication between cells b. pectin polysaccharides c. protein signaling molecules d. cells adhering to each other e. undifferentiated cells
e
Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which of the following is an example of such a relationship? a. Fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants b. Endophytes in leaves produce toxins that deter herbivores. c. Fungi help break down plant material in the guts of grazing mammals. d. Fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites. e. All of the above.
e
Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. a. flagellated zoos b. pores c. lichens d. yeasts e. saclike structures f. a dikaryotic structure
e
Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf? a. The tissue contains a labyrinth of air spaces that allows for gas exchange. b. The tissue contains the cells that perform photosynthesis. c. The tissue stores sugars produced by photosynthesis. d. The tissue regulates the opening and closing of pores in stomata complexes. e. The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf
e
The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. a. sporangia ... dikaryon b. mycelia ... hypha c. hyphae ... chytrid d. mycelia ... dikaryon e. hyphae ... mycelium
e
The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____. a. presence or absence of alternation of generations b. presence or absence of megaphylls c. production of microspores versus megaspores d. presence or absence of vascular structures e. presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
e
Which of the features below are found in all Archaeplastida lineages? a. Photosynthetic plastids b. Organelles that originally arose by endosymbiosis c. Chloroplasts d. Mitochondria e. All of the above f. None of the above
e
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? a. cellulose in cell walls b. formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis c. sexual reproduction d. chlorophyll b e. alternation of multicellular generations
e
Which of the following protists would not be included in the evolutionary history of multicellularity in chlorophytes? a. Volvox b. Ulva c. Oedogonium d. Chamydomonas e. Spirogyra
e
Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land? a. alternation of generations b. peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration c. apical meristems d. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes e. the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes
e
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? a. embryo development within parent tissue b. vascular tissue c. pollen d. roots and shoots e. chloroplasts
e
Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? a. Some protists are multicellular. b. The kingdom Protista is not monophyletic. c. Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. d. Some protists are as small as prokaryotes. e. The second and third answers are correct.
e
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. a. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not b. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem c. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves d. root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not e. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
e.