Biology Test 5 study Guide
Describe binocular vision and its advantages
Binocular vision evolved as primate eyes shifted from the sides of the head to the front of the face. This allowed the visual fields from both eyes to overlap, providing three-dimensional vision and better depth perception. This helped primates judge the distance from branch to branch when moving through the canopy. [Note: Be aware that mammals other than primates have binocular vision or grasping hands. Primates are the ONLY placental mammals that have both binocular vision and grasping hands/feet with opposable thumbs.]
Define biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through (geological) time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area.
Define dispersal.
Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dispersal').
Which great ape is most closely related to chimpanzees
Bonobo
In the set of mirror trees below, there are six hosts (A through F) and six coevolved parasites (a through f). In the course of their evolutionary history, one of the parasite species became extinct and was replaced by parasites from one of the other species, which then started coevolving with the host.
We see that hosts A goes to host b and then goes from A&B to host C and and then goes to host D that extends to group together E&F.
Explain the relationship between prolonged childhood and brain size.
that the brain grew larger then the child. he had to grow really fast.
Why hasn't the mold evolved resistance to antibiotics, like we are seeing today in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?
the antibiotics have evolved to fight the antibiotics.
What type of symbiosis exists between the leafcutter ants and the fungus? Explain your answer.
the fungus helps the ants by the tropical plants have toxins on them and the the ants break down the tropical plants and take it back to their nests. The fungus breaks down the leaves into sugar and proteins for the ants to eat.
Define vicariance
the geographical separation of a population, typically by a physical barrier such as a mountain range or river, resulting in a pair of closely related species.
Which parasite species is a replacement for an extinct parasite?
the gopher and lice will evolve into new species
Explain the relationship between the mold and the fungus.
the mold takes over the fungus form when the ants breaks down the leafs
c. Numbats
woodlands- dry eucalyptus forest- eats 20K termites/day w/ loooong tongue w/ sticky saliva
What evidence for this hypothesis was found when the Nevada rocks were analyzed?
years leading up to extinction- deep ocean water had lost its oxygen
Just because two species have coevolved in one part of their shared range, does it follow that they have coevolved in all areas where they both live? Explain your answer.
yes, some species may be more precisely adapted to each other, but mismatched elsewhere
When did Homo sapiens evolve and where?
200,000 years ago in the Omo site in SW Ethiopia
The Siberian traps were active during the _________________ geological period
Permian Period
f. Striped possum
likes grubs- rainforest in NE Aus so good smell, strong teeth to chew away bark, long sticky tongue
What is the evolutionary cost to a snake that is highly resistant to newt toxin?
(A) It takes energy to produce venom. (B) It takes energy to produce antibiotics. (C) Resistant snakes are slower and more vulnerable to their own predators. (D) Resistant snakes grow more slowly. (E) Resistant snakes have lower reproductive success.
h. Rock wallaby
(like kanga) on mt., feet have corrugated pads for good grip, adults get fluid from diet, but youngsters need to drink from adults who bring up fluid from stomach
Identify the factors that have caused species extinctions over the last few hundred years.
1) hunting 2) habitat loss 3) genetic drift (spread harmful, slow down good 4) introduction of predators 5) isolation
a. Step 1 b. Step 2 c. Step 3 d. Step 4 e. End step: Mass Extinction
1) volcanoes spew CO2 2)global warming 3) oceans heat- lose O 4) nasty bacteria takes over- burps poisonous gas 5) mass extinction
17. Explain the two hypotheses that try to explain the evolution of big brains in primates.
1. Socialization Drives Brain Growth: experiments by Dunbar, who found that the bigger an average social group in primates, the bigger the neocortex. the bigger the neocortex, the more sophisticated intellectual processes function 2. Big Brains Allow Animals To Innovate and Adapt to New Conditions p345
List the six major milestones in human evolution in chronological order.
1. becoming bipedal (6 mya) (sahelanthropus) 2. mostly bipedal (4 mya) 3. dawn of technology (2.6 mya) 4. control of fire (800 kya, erectus) 5. rapid increase in brain size (800-200 kya) 6. the turning point- breeding animals & plants, then farming & herding
Explain why the highest marsupial biodiversity is found in Australia
25 MYA- all animals were marsupials 15 MYA- drifted close enough to Asia to get placentals SO... 10 my w/ no competition from mammals
When did Neanderthals evolve and where?
300,000 years ago, in europe and asia
How old was the Turkana Boy?
8 years old
Based on DNA, when was the last time that modern humans and Neanderthals shared a common ancestor?
800,000 years ago
According to Douglas Erwin, __________% of all species in the ocean died as a result of the end-Permian mass extinction.
95%
In the relationship between the yucca moth and yucca plant, is the relationship purely beneficial to both organisms?
A female yucca moth will gather pollen from a yucca flower, then fly away to another yucca plant, where she will comb the gathered pollen into other yucca flowers. But then she extracts a reward for her services : she backs down into the flower and lays eggs in some of the seeds. When the eggs hatch, the larvae feed on them .
Is the caterpillar described in the textbook a predator, a parasite, or a deceiver? Explain your answer.
A parasite
In what way is the biological environment different from the physical environment?
A species adapts to its biological environment - the species with which it shares intimate ecological relationships. A biological environment can also evolve. As a species adapts to its ecological partners, its partners can adapt to it as well
Describe the function of mitochondria in cells. Which organisms are mitochondria most similar to?
A typical human cell is packed with thousands of sausage-shaped structures known as mitochondria. They are essential to our survival, using oxygen, sugar and other molecules to produce energy for the cell.
Describe the interaction between the Lissopimpla excelsa wasp (also called orchid dupe wasps) and the tongue orchid.
A wasp sometimes lands on an orchid and is fooled because they think it is a female wasp. Wasps seek out females by sniffing chemicals known as pheromones. The tongue orchids produce chemicals that precisely mimic the pheromone made by females of a single species, called Lissopimpla excelsa. Once an orchid's scent lures a wasp to its flower, the wasp finds that his body fits snugly against it. The dupe wasp is so profoundly fooled that it even extends pincers called genital claspers into the flower. Orchids use the wasps to reproduce. The orchids produce a packet of pollen in just the right spot so that it gets stuck to a male dupe wasp trying to mate with the flower.
Consider the case of the long-tongued flies and the Zaluzianskya plant.
A) Under what conditions does natural selection favor flowers with short nectar tubes? B) Why would this happen if it means that long-tongued flies might not pick up as much pollen when they drink nectar? A) natural selection favors a deeper tubes for nectar in these places, this ensures the files will pick up pollen as they struggle to reach their tongues into the tubes. B) the files have to compete with other species with smaller flowers.
Consider the relationship between Clark's nutcracker and pine trees.
A)When red squirrels are not present, natural selection favors which traits in pine trees? B) When red squirrels are present, natural selection favors which traits in pine trees? A) the tree produces fewer trees B) the tree produces more seeds and cones
The shift from smell to vision is reflected in our genes.
All tetrapods use the same family of genes to produce odor receptors on the ends of neurons that grow inside their noses.
Describe the new adaptations that evolved in the monkeys
As primates became active during the day, cones developed in the retina (part of the eye) and color vision evolved. The additional demands of color vision and perception required a larger brain. The opposable thumb became well developed in the monkeys.
c. How does the high proportion of olfactory pseudogenes found in primates relate to the shift from smell to vision?
As primates gained better vision, the need to sniff things out decreased. This means that if an olfactory gene in a primate mutated, shut off and became a pseudogene (nonfunctioning) and the primate was still able to survive without it and reproduce, the pseudogene would get passed to its offspring. The more offspring able to survive with the pseudogene, the more it gets passed, leading to the high proportion of disabled genes through generations as vision kept evolving
Describe the current distribution of marsupial species.
Australia and surrounding islands
What happened to the marsupials of Antarctica after the southern super continent broke apart?
Australia, Antarctica, south america that broke up and drifted apart 150 MYA
What is a pheromone?
Chemicals that females produce
Which great ape is most closely related to humans
Chimpanzee
How does the coevolutionary arms race between tongue orchids and dupe wasps affect evolution in the wasps and the orchids?
Dupe wasp do not always fall for the orchid's trick. In fact they, male wasps can learn to avoid the flowers. Avoiding orchids means not wasting sperm, which may translate into a higher reproductive fitness for the smart male wasps. They in turn will pass on more of their genes of their offspring. The selection for wasps that are less easily fooled. this helps in the wasps will succeed in getting pollinated.
a. What type of pseudogenes is described by Zimmer?
Duplicated genes whose function is disabled by a mutation.
The replacement parasite came from which parasite species?
Ee or Ff
What does the FOXP2 gene do?
FOXP2 gene codes for FOXp2 protein transcription factor, which binds to other genes to regulate their activation. Mutation in FOXp2 gene --> LOF FOXp2 protein--> loss of language/speech capabilities - The FOXP2 gene has relatively few variations amongst mammals, revealing that it is under heavy selective pressure to NOT accumulate mutations because it plays such an integral role in development and life. - Scientists then looked for a SELECTIVE SWEEP, when a gene suddenly lacks much variation because natural selection has strongly selected for a particular variant; they do so by looking at the genes surrounding the gene of interest and comparing where there is an unusual lack of variation compared to the genes surrounding it. If there is, then a selective sweep has occurred. We found a selective sweep for mutation of the FOXP2 gene in homo sapiens.
Describe some of the factors that might determine whether a species survives a mass extinction or not.
From fossils record there suggest clues that their was a period of global devastation. Forests and reefs drop out of the fossil record, they do not reappear for 20 million years.
g. Red kangaroo
H2 keep cool- saliva on forearms- blood vessels near surface, sweat only when active, under shade, but feed early morning or eve, tendons in back legs act like spring- recycle energy- tail like 5th leg
Which is the first hominid that used tools?
Homo Erectus
Describe the relationship between the isolation of an area, like an island, and the diversity of species that live on it.
Impacted by Distance effect Area effect: larger area ^ chance of diverse ecologists ^ diversity and survival Extinction
How has climate affected human evolution?
Important evolution's occur during periods of high fluctuation. 800,000 years ago, for example, was the highest fluctuation ever and also the most rapid increase in brain size.
Briefly explain why some birds became flightless.
In "isolated" area where didn't need to fly to escape predators Used energy For making flying wings in getting energy from the food where they settled
Explain what an adaptive radiation is.
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches.
How does the plant control the effect of moth larvae feeding on it?
It has fertilized flowers that will have produced seeds and fruit for the caterpillars to eat. If a moth were to exploit its abilities in laying too many eggs, and the Yucca plant aborts the fruits that are supposed to feed the larvae laid inside the flower.
Define coevolution
The reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species.
Describe the unique characteristics of Homo sapiens
Large brain (1400 cc) small face tucked below braincase, rounded cranial vault, small brow-ridges, capacity for art, symbolic thought, full -blown language
How do dupe wasps use pheromones?
Male wasps normally seek out females by sniffing for chemicals they produce.
Which New World monkey is most closely related to the spider monkey
Mangabeys
Humans and gut bacteria
Many animals also form mutualisms with organisms that can break down food that they cannot. We humans have thousands of species of microbes in our guts, totaling individual organisms. some of these species produce vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients for us. We, in turn provide the microbes with warm stable home and a steady supply of food.
Explain how the tongue orchid affects the fitness of the Lissopimpla excelsa wasp.
Many plants pollinate themselves, but tongue orchids can only pollinate other tongue orchids and the only way they can pollinate those orchids is with the help of tricked wasps. So it is clear that their relationship with wasps their fitness rather than lowering it.
b. Compare the proportion of olfactory genes and pseudogenes in primates to other mammals, such as mice.
Mice, for example, have 1.391 olfactory receptor genes, 508 (about 36%) of which are pseudogenes. Primates by contrasts, have far fewer olfactory genes and a higher proportion of pseudogenes
Explain the current distribution of the lineage of mite harvestmen
Mite harvestmen branched off from other invertebrates at least 400 million years ago. The world was fused together in a single super continent. They were all close to each other in the Southern hemisphere. Then the continental drift happened and it separated the different species.
Remember, mitochondria do not "create" or "generate" energy. They convert the energy stored in sugars and other foods into energy-rich molecules that the cells use for their energy needs.
Mitochondria also carry out other important jobs for our cells, such as building clusters of iron and sulfur atoms that are then attached to certain proteins.
Describe at least three examples of adaptive radiation, using living species
Mountain beavers- About 30 species of mountain beavers have evolved over the past 35 million years in the western United States, but today a single species survives. Darwin's Finches- arrived on the Galapagos Island a few million years ago they did not simply evolve into 14 barley distinguishable species. They evolved distinctive beaks and behaviors that allowed them to feed on catuses, crack hard nuts, and even drink the blood of other birds. Cichlid fish-The fishes then exploded into thousands of new species. Along the way the cichlids also adapted to making a living in a staggering range of ways -from crushing mollusks to scraping algae and eating other cichlids.
Describe how human actions affected the passenger pigeons of North America
N. America- prairies- pests- hunting and farming 1889- last wild, 1914- Martha died
How can you tell them apart?
New world monkey's we're different kinds of monkey's and have different noses and their environments are different, even their bodies are different from tails to no tails
Explain how climate change affected the white lemuroid possum
No. Aus. lives in mt.= heir than 1000 meters- has to go up mt.
15. Discuss the relationship between shifts in diet and changes in vision in Old World monkeys.
Old World monkeys and apes eat mainly leaves and fruit, and they depend on their ability to see the colors to judge when a particular fruit or leaf is ready to be picked. Old World monkeys and apes also share a duplicated opsin gene that other primates lack, and this gene duplication gives us better vision in the red and orange region of the light spectrum.
Describe the evolutionary relationship between the rough-skinned newt and the garter snake.
One evolutionary partner -a prey species, in this case evolves a new defense. Now natural selection favors variations in the predator that allow it to overcome the defense. Any prey that can boost its defense further now, in turn, be favored by natural selection. Back and forth the arms goes, until partners reach the sorts of extremes seen in the rough skinned newt and the garter snake.
Describe the prosimian adaptations found in the lemurs
Only a few species of prosimians survive today—lemurs, tarsiers and lorises. Most (but not all) of the prosimians are found on the island of Madagascar, off the southeast coast of Africa. All of the lemur species are found there. Living lemurs, the most common prosimians, are characterized by possessing the primitive condition of a wet nose (like your dog) and a tooth comb (a specialized set of lower incisors that are used to groom the fur). Today, the forest habitats of Madagascar are rapidly being destroyed, which threatens the survival of the lemurs.
In continued evolution between the tongue orchid and the dupe wasp L. excelsa, what kind of mutations do you think natural selection will favor in the wasp?
Picking up scents to find a mate, mutations that let male wasps tell the difference between orchids and female wasps
Describe the opposable thumb and its advantages
Primates evolved grasping hands and/or feet with opposable thumbs. Look at your hand. The thumb is at a different angle from the other fingers. You can touch the of your thumb to the pads of the other fingers, which allows you to hold and manipulate an object or tool. This is a distinct advantage for any mammal that lives in trees because it allows the animal to hold onto branches
Describe two examples of commensalism. In each case, explain which species' fitness was increased by the relationship.
Remoras for example clamp onto sharks and other fish just to catch a ride. When a host fish find prey, its remora lets go. After the kill the remora feeds on the scraps left behind.
Plants and rhizobia bacteria
Some plants such as beans also develop nodules in their roots that are loaded with bacteria, known as rhizome. The bacteria can covert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form that plants can use (ammonium, NH4, the main plant nutrient in may chemical fertilizers.
What abilities or characteristics could make a plant or insect species more likely to survive climate change?
Some plants will with stand this change because they can be polluted by several insect species, while some insects will be able to shift to new flowers.
What happens to our understanding of evolutionary history when new fossils are discovered?
Some scientists accept the hobbit as a new species of Homo; however other scientists feel the small size and other characteristics were due to some type of disorder. As time has gone on, scientists have continued to test these hypotheses. The research is still on-going and there are still questions
Compare the likelihood of extinction in coral species that have coevolved in amutualistic relationship with algae to those coral species that do not live mutualistically with algae.
Some species of corals live mutualistically with algae, while some do not. In the last major mass extinctions, 66 million years ago, the mutualist corals suffered about four million more extinctions than the nonmutualists. The mass extinctions coincided with a huge asteroid impact that blocked out the light of the Sun for months . It's possible that this black-out killed off photosynthetic algae, as well as the corals that depended on them for survival.
Describe the lifestyle of the water opossum, also known as the yapok.
South American marsupial- streams of Amazon: nocturnal, uses front paws and whiskers to navigate, uses smell, hearing and feeling with front paws w/ fingers to find fish/crustaceans in water, also dives deep (web feet) and closes pouch, thick fur keeps dry
Explain how the evolutionary trees of gophers and lice mirror one another
Species of gophers carry particular species of lice. when the gophers became isolated from the rest of its species and evolved into a new species, its lice became a new species as well.
How does the moth decrease the yucca plant's fitness?
The "bogus" yucca moth does not actually have the mouthparts to pollinate the yucca.
Explain the relationship between the leafcutter ants and the fungus that they eat
The ants cannot survive without their fungi; many of the fungi cannot survive without the ants.
Which species is harmed (not physically damaged but may have lost opportunities to reproduce, thereby lowering its fitness)?
The dupe wasp
What kinds of organisms were present on land at the end of the Permian?
The lobe-finned and spiny fishes that gave rise to the amphibians of the Carboniferous were being replaced by true bony fish. Sharks and rays continued in abundance. On land, the giant swamp forests of the Carboniferous began to dry out. The mossy plants that depended on spores for reproduction were being replaced by the first seed-bearing plants, the gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are vascular plants, able to transport water internally. Gymnosperms have exposed seeds that develop on the scales of cones and are fertilized when pollen sifts down and lands directly on the seed. Today's conifers are gymnosperms, as are the short palm like cycads and the gingko. Arthropods continued to diversify during the Permian Period to fill the niches opened up by the more variable climate. True bugs, with mouthparts modified for piercing and sucking plant materials, evolved during the Permian. Other new groups included the cicadas and beetles. In the late Permian, Pelycosaurs were succeeded by a new lineage known as Therapsids. These animals were much closer to mammals. Their legs were under their bodies, giving them the more upright stance typical of quadruped mammals. They had more powerful jaws and more tooth differentiation. Fossil skulls show evidence of whiskers, which indicates that some species had fur and were endothermic. The Cynodont ("dog-toothed") group included species that hunted in organized packs. Cynodonts are considered to be the ancestors of all modern mammals. At the end of the Permian, the largest Synapsids became extinct, leaving many ecological niches open. The second group of land animals, the Sauropsid group, weathered the Permian Extinction more successfully and rapidly diversified to fill them. The Sauropsid lineage gave rise to the dinosaurs that would dominate the Mesozoic Era.
What happens when male dupe wasps mistake orchid plants for female wasps?
The male wasp mates with the orchid flower.
In the relationship between the tongue orchid and the dupe wasp L. excelsa: a. Which species benefits?
The orchid
Develop your own hypothesis to explain what may have initially caused the orchid plant to produce a chemical that mimics the dupe wasp pheromone.
The orchid plant has adapted over time to be able to survive in this environment
In a large population of orchids, some orchids make dupe wasp pheromones and others do not. Explain which type of orchids (with or without pheromones) would have a reproductive advantage and why.
The orchids that make the pheromones, because they are better adapted to surviving in their environment.
What other two hypotheses have been proposed as factors that might have caused the Cambrian species expansion?
The oxygen levels began to rise in some parts of the ocean about 630 million years ago. By 550 million year's ago, the change had spread across all of Earth's oceans. Glaciers retreated and the rise of oxygen may have suppressed the rise of animals. All animals need oxygen in the oceans may have made it impossible for the ancestors of animals to evolve into multi cellular creatures. Set of genes that control their development. most animals species alive today use the same genetic tool kit pg. to build very different kinds of bodies. It was during the Ediacaran Period that this tool kit itself first evolved. mew body parts evolved, along with new appendages, organs and senses.
Plants and mycorrhizal fungi
The roots of most plants are enmeshed in a fine web of fungal threads. These so called mythological fungi can break down nutrients that plants cannot pumping them into the roots to help the plants grow and in exchange the plants pump some of the organic carbon they make through photosynthesis out of their roots to the fungi.
Explain how the divergence of the moth genus Tegeticula into two species is driving possible speciation in Joshua trees in the Mojave desert.
They found that both species had already populated Joshua Tree and only later did the two species divide, each specializing on one population of the trees. Joshua tree have evolved canals in their flowers to match the length of the tongues of their own species of yucca moth. If the trees and moths continue to diverge, there will be less and less opportunity for pollen to move from one population of Joshua tress to another. It could set the trees on the path to speculation.
Is there enough evidence to conclusively determine whether Homo sapiens and Neanderthals interbred? Briefly explain your answer.
They rarely interbreed ed The anestors of Neanderthals may have migrated out of Africa and than gradually adapted to their habitat in Europe and the Near East. pg 206
How does the moth increase the yucca plant's fitness?
Without the moth, the whole flowering effort (expensive to the plant in energy terms) is a total waste. It cannot move and depends on the moth for genetic variation
Unlike the mountain beaver, insects have increased in species number over time. What might explain this difference?
a group of arthropods called entognathans that include springtails. The entognathan lineage is just as old as the insect lineage and while there are a million known insect species, there are only 10,600 entognathan species.
Explain the geographic mosaic seen in rough-skinned newts and their garter snake predators.
a population of snakes becomes highly resistant , the arm race is essentially over.
What type of symbiosis exists between the mold and the fungus? Explain your answer.
a positive negative
Explain how natural selection is acting on the milkweed plant and caterpillars that eat it.
a sticky white fluid bursts out of the plant ( the milk that gives milkweed its name) . They disarm the toxins in the milkweed. They can sabotage the milk defense by cutting holes in the vessels through which it flows. The milk wood evolves a new defense, natural selection favored a new counter defense from the insects, which led to the evolution of more defenses in the milkwood.
Explain how eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria.
about their closest living relatives. It appears that all mitochndrina in eukaryotes from shiitake mushrooms to popular trees to humans -all evolved from a single bacterial ancestor.
Trace the steps between the Siberian traps and mass extinction?
active during permian geological period volcanoes in E. Russia oozed lava 1MY lava size of US & 1 Mi. deep changed ocean chemistry when spewed CO2 & created greenhouse effect- ocean lost O
Describe the characteristics of primates
are mammals that are adapted for tree-dwelling lifestyles. They typically have large brains, large eyes, binocular vision and grasping hands.
Why was this useful for studying the Turkana Boy?
are useful to see how we evolved from ape to human
Explain the difference between mass extinctions and background extinction.
background extinction occurs because of poor adaptions to gradual changes in the environment, while mass extinctions are from exposure to harsh conditions in a short amount of time
What does that indicate about his growth pattern?
because he was so tall, it meant he had to grow really fast, at a rate similar to that of chimps than humans
Describe the microbes found in the deep waters of Green Lakes, NY.
below 70' little wind/deep bacteria that produces hydrogen sulfide (pink) purple sulfur bacteria
What was the effect of the end-Cretaceous extinction on the relative diversity of mammals and large dinosaurs on the earth?
biggest pulse of extinction- less to evolve from
Describe the history of bird species extinctions and predictions for future bird extinctions
birds extinct at a rate 100x faster than background rate b/c hunting and lost habitat- deforestation
Over time, the hypotheses that attempt to explain hominid/human evolution have become more (Choose one) a. simple and linear. b. bushy and complex.
bushy and complex
Describe the unique characteristics of hominids.
chimplike traits, such as long snout and a small brain. The males were much taller than females, which is common pattern in mammals in which males fight each other for the opportunity to mate with females.
During which one does the highest rate of extinction occur?
claimed 55% of all genera 90% of species disappeared
Explain how this statement applies to modern populations: Move, adapt, or die.
climate change (global warming) continues as do natural or man-made changes to ecosystems- organisms will have to continue to adapt or move
How has climate changed over the last 7 million years?
climate fluctuation has increased more and more
The relationship between the rough-skinned newt and the garter snake is an example of a
coevoloutionary arm race : One covoloutionary partner -a prey species, in this case evolves a new defense.
How has climate change affected speciation rates?
diversity decreases when climate warm
What effect did the Siberian traps have on ocean chemistry?
due to global warming this caused the ocean to became warm and bacteria started to grow turning the water into poisonous. Poisonous gas started to bubble up from the ocean in till they were in the air and killed everything blow the ocean and killing everything in the area and the animals on land.
If Baumannia and Sulcia were removed from their insect host, the sharpshooter, would they be able to survive on their own?
each mircrobe has lost many of the genes that it does not use for its particular tasks . The Baumanniahas lost all genes for producing amino acids, expect for the gene encoding histidline.
e. Mountain pygmy possum
eats moths- give hi energy fat, but also berries & seeds w/ nimble fingers
Koalas
feed on gum/eucalyptus trees, low nutrient so eat all day long- then sleep in tree rest of time. Mom teaches hi value leaves to eat
What impact has the evolution of bipedalism had on the hominid skeleton?
flattened the arched feet pointed the socket that connects the neck and head downward rather than out toward back like in other primates
Describe the changes in the primate brain that evolved as primates began to rely more on vision than smell.
fossil braincases of early mamals bulge at the front, where a smell -processing brain region called the olfactory bulb was located. 60% of their cerecral cortex to processing information from their noses. Primates dedicate just % of their brains to smell and that figure drops to about 1% in apes.
Describe how massive volcanic eruptions have affected species extinction.
from siberian rock 252 MYA lava big as US created warmer atmosphere b/c of heat trapping gasses/warmer ocean- drove out free O/ low O bacteria thrive/ other gasses destroy ozone layer/ hi energy particles penetrate atoms & mutate
Describe the physical changes in the Earth that may have sparked the Cambrian species expansion. (Also, look at page 56 in the study guide.)
glaciers retreated and the rise of oxygen in the ocean. landscapes had hills and mountains.
Of the New World monkeys or the Old World monkeys, which is most closely related to apes
great apes
Name four Old World monkeys
guenons, baboons, macaques, leaf monkeys
What organism is the host for the barnacle Sacculina? How, specifically, does Sacculina affect its host?
has equally subtle but devastating effect on the crabs it infects. The barnacle burrows into the crab's body and grows tendrils that extend through a host's tissues. The crab does not show any outward sign of being sick; it goes on searching for food and eating as it did before. But Sacculina destroys he crab's sexual organs, so that it can longer reproduce. The parasite benefits, because its host no longer diverts any energy from food to eggs or searching for mates. The crab, on the other hand, is at an evolutionary dead end, its fitness having been reduced to zero.
What information in teeth is used to provide information about the age of an individual?
his teeth were examined. when we grow, enamel on our teeth leaves a day-by-day record like rings on a tree, and through the examination the earlier estimated age of 14 was rejected and 8 was accepted. because he was so tall, it meant he had to grow really fast, at a rate similar to that of chimps than humans
Which hominid species first spread out of Africa into Europe and Asia?
homo erectus
Which human species is the focus of this video?
homo erectus
Neanderthals and Homo sapiens may have evolved from which Homo species?
homo heidelbergensis
Which host species is most closely related to species E?
host D
Which parasite species is most closely related to species e?
host F
Describe the current conservation efforts to prevent the extinction of the whooping crane of North America.
human foster parents raising w/human contact- puppet hand and flapping white costumes for flying farmer rearing in groups to min. humanizing and teaches to follow so can combine w/ other cranes to teach flight- working on migration w/ microplane
What are the distinguishing characteristics of "Old World" monkeys?
include guenons, baboons, leaf monkeys and macaques have narrow noses live in many diverse environments some are arboreal while others are more terrestrial are more closely related to the great apes than they are to New World monkeys.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of "New World" monkeys?
include marmosets, squirrel monkeys, capuchins, spider monkeys and howler monkeys have broad noses most are strictly arboreal (live in trees) most have prehensile (grasping) tails
Explain the reasons for the current increase in species extinction rate
increase in CO2: 1) oceans acidic- interferes with growth corral reefs and mollusks 2) warming atmosphere
Describe how human actions affected the bird populations of Guam.
introduced brown tree snake from New Guinea in WWII- ate white eyes, fan tails, fly fathers (honey eaters & pigeons) Now no birds- insects and spiders proliferate
Describe the new adaptations that evolved in the apes
larger brains than monkeys, no tails, africa & asia (none in n or s america)
List the apes and describe where they are found.
lesser ape: gibbon :great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans
a. Most of the marsupials of South/Central America are mostly ___________. Most live in ______________, have few ___________________, and have a broad ______________.
live in canopy of rain forest few specializations broad diet- flowers, insects, fruits nocturnal pouch less well developed than AUS-cling to underside
What other evidences to support this hypothesis are they going to look for next?
look for signs in rocks of bacteria and hydrogen sulfide
Explain how this relationship is an evolutionary arms race.
look on homework
Name five New World monkeys
marmosets, spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys, howler monkeys, capuchins
Which one has claimed more total species over time?
mass extinctions
a. Explain the relationship between latitude (distance north or south away from the equator) and species diversity. (See Figure 10.1, page 212 of textbook.)
more diverse (2x new) in tropics, likely to spread to poles- more stable climate & maybe more energy pole species fewer and don't spread ^ extinction
Consider everything that you have read. Make your own explanation of the role of coevolution in the evolution of all of these species.
nature is more complex then it appears and there is always a symbiosis relationship whether it be a positive or negative.
Which primates are called prosimians? Where do most of them live?
or "before monkeys." Only a few species of prosimians survive today—lemurs, tarsiers and lorises. Most (but not all) of the prosimians are found on the island of Madagascar, off the southeast coast of Africa. All of the lemur species are found there.
Which of these apes are the "great" apes?
orangutans (Pongo), gorillas (Gorilla), chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan), and humans (Homo).
Describe how human actions have affected the kaka of New Zealand.
parrot of New Zealand: European wasps eat the honeydew excreted by insects that female kaka needs for breeding conditions
A predator reduces the fitness of a __________ organism. A parasite reduces the fitness of a __________ organism.
prey, host
As seen in the Paleozoic fauna, how might habitat loss affect the possibility of a species or group going extinct?
shift from the old species to the new ones. are found in sedimentary rocks known as carbonates, which formed from the bodies of microscopic organisms that settled to the seafloor. Most of the modern fauna fossils are found in rocks known as silicoclastics which formed from the sediments carried to the ocean by rivers. Over the past 540 million years, carbonate rocks became rare, while silicolastic rocks became common, possibly as rivers delivered more sediments to oceans. Peters proposes that as the seafloor changed, the Modern Fauna could expand across a greater area, while the Paleozoic Fauna retreated to a shrinking habitat where it suffered almost complete extinction.
Other than pollination, how do animals such as birds and bats help plants? How do these animals benefit?
some plants also depend on animals to spread their seedss. Birds, bats, and other animals feed on fruits. They digest the fruit pulp and the seed passes out with their feces. Because the animals can travel long distances before releasing the seeds, they can spread plants over a wide area. many plants also depend on mualists to help them get nutrients out of the soil.
16. As vision became more important in primates, how did their social lives change?
their social lives changed by many other mammals communicate to each other with a language of odors. The molecules that waft from a newborn lamb enter its mother's nose and trigger changes in her brain. Vision led primates to respond emotionally to sight instead of smell. Developed facial muscles that let them make expressions, and developments in the brain allowed them to recognize faces and expressions. Makes them super social; they start to compete, make alliances, deceive and make exchanges.
What happens in a pair of mirror trees when one species becomes extinct?
they evolve into a new species was replaced by and the other follows
Describe some of the problems that climate change may cause in coevolved plant and insect species.
they will face gaps in climate change that they run out of nectar, flowers run out of nectar and have not yet bloomed.
b. Wombat
thick fur for cold/snowy Mt., strong front legs to burrow and to dig snow to get to grass & plants, pouch opens backward so baby not get face of snow
How does full-blown language set humans apart from other animals
this sets us apart from animals because language lets us do things other animals cannot, such as make complex plans together and gain deep understanding of the inner lives of other humans.
How could these microbes possibly relate to the end-Permian extinction?
through global warming the oceans became warm and bacteria grew releasing a Poisonous gas bubbled up to a gas a killed all animals around.
Explain the relationship between the bacteria living on the ants and the mold that attacks the fungus.
to help as antibiotics to kill the bacteria the mold to help the fungus.
D. Honey possums
tongue to gather pollen & nectar w/ specialized brush on tip to gather last of nectar
What advantage did walking upright provide to early hominids?
walking on 2 legs is more efficient because it burns less energy, so hominids didn't have to waste so much energy to move around
How has climate change affected extinction rates?
warmer now so speciation not happening, but extinction rates continue
How did tool-use change during the evolutionary history of Homo?
went from a small rock with chipped rocks to tools becoming more sophisticated including stones that hominids fashioned for chopping or cutting.
Explain why most plants are mutualists with their pollinators.
when two species interact in a way that raises the fitness of both partner