Biology Unit 0 Bellringers
A finch population introduced to an island grows rapidly at first, then more slowly. Which of the following is more likely true about the finch population's growth? Choose 1 answer: a. The population's growth was limited by resource availability. b. The population will continue to slowly grow larger, indefinitely.
a
A food web shows feeding relationships in an ecosystem. In this food web, what is represented by the chains of arrows from the grass to the fox? a. the one-way flow of energy through the ecosystem b. the one-way flow of matter through the ecosystem c. the conservation of energy in the ecosystem d. the removal of energy from the ecosystem
a
A group of scientists collected the data about the size of an elk population over 15 years. The data is shown in the following graph. Which of the following best describes the pattern of growth for the elk population from approximately 1999 to 2005, and the reason for that pattern? Choose 1 answer: a. There was no overall population growth because the population had reached the carrying capacity of its environment. b. There was an overall decrease in the size of the population because the population had exceeded the carrying capacity of its environment. c. There was an overall increase in the size of the population because its size was below the carrying capacity of the environment.
a
All of the following are density-dependent factors that limit animal populations except a. weather b. predation c. food competition d. birth rate
a
Questions 1-3 are based on the passage and food web below. Consider the passage and food web, and then choose the best answer to each question. The gopher tortoise is the only tortoise found in the southeastern United States. Gopher tortoises have shovel-like front legs that help them dig large burrows, where they spend most of their time. Many other species in the gopher tortoise's ecosystem, including burrowing owls, indigo snakes, and gopher frogs, also depend on these burrows. However, other species such as moles, which are small rodent-like insectivores, can create their own burrows. There are approximately 10,000 kilojoules (kJ) of energy available at the primary producer level of this ecosystem. Which ratio represents the available energy of gopher frogs (higher) to grasshoppers (lower) in the food web? a. 1 kJ : 10 kJ b. 10 kJ : 1 kJ c. 1 kJ : 100 kJ d. 100 kJ : 1 kJ
a
Trapping has severely reduced the population of rabbits in an ecosystem, as shown in the bar graph below. What is the most likely effect this will have on other organisms? hawks snakes rabbits grass a. The snake population will decrease rapidly and the grass population will increase rapidly. b. The hawk population will increase rapidly and the rabbit population will decrease rapidly. c. The grass population will decrease rapidly and the snake population will increase rapidly. d. The grass, rabbit, and hawk populations will all decrease rapidly.
a
Two species of barnacle, Chthamalus stellatus and Balanus balanoides, are found on the rocky coast of Scotland. If Chthamalus, which normally occur higher in the intertidal zone, is limited in its distribution by competition with Balanus; and Balanus, which normally occur lower in the intertidal zone, is limited in its distribution only by its tolerance of dessication (drying: during low tides). Which of the following is the most logical conclusion about the distribution of the two species of barnacle, Chthamalus and Balanus? a. Chthamalus and Balanus compete for the same type of food. b. Balanus is less able to resist desiccation than Chthamalus. c. Balanus is a better osmoregulator than Chthamalus. d. Chthamalus prefers higher temperatures than Balanus. e. Chthamalus is preyed upon more than Balanus by birds because of its size.
a
What event within the food chain might lead to the graph shown below? (more grass) hawks snakes rabbits grass a. A disease in the population of rabbits. b. A disease in the population of snakes. c. A disease in the population of hawks. d. It is impossible to tell which of the above occurred.
a
What is a consumer? a. an organism that eats other organisms for energy b. an organism that performs photosynthesis c. an organism that has only one cell d. none of the above
a
Which of the following best describes an emergent property? a. A characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a bigger system. b. A characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of newer system. c. A characteristic an entity gains when it becomes part of a smaller system. d. A characteristic an entity loses when it becomes part of a bigger system.
a
Which of the following best describes the carbon cycle as a whole? Choose 1 answer: a. the recycling of carbon through the living and nonliving parts of the environment b. the conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar in ecosystems c. the depletion of carbon reservoirs through the burning of fossil fuels
a
Which of the following best describes the importance of biogeochemical cycles? a. They show how certain elements and compounds move through the environment and are continually used and recycled. b. They describe how the adaptations of organisms change based on environmental pressures. c. They chart how biotic changes destroy unstable ecosystems. d. They explain how energy moves through the trophic levels of an ecosystem.
a
Which organisms are most closely related? a. Equus ceballas (horse) & Equus burchelli (zebra) b. Cyanea artica (jellyfish) & Asterias rubens (sea star) c. Naja naja (cobra) & Crotalus atrox (rattlesnake) d. Alligator mississippiensis (alligator) & Crocodylus porosus (crocodile)
a
Why does fertilizer pollution stimulate the growth of algae in a pond? a. Algae are producers and use the fertilizer's nutrients to rapidly multiply. b. Algae are producers and use the fertilizer's nutrients during decomposition. c. Algae are parasites and absorb energy from the fertilizers in order to grow. d. Algae are herbivores that feed off the plants, which grow due to the excess fertilizers.
a
Which arrow in the diagram represents cellular respiration? a. red arrow b. blue arrow
a and b
Meyers is modeling food chains he observes in his local ecosystem. Which of these models represent possible chains he might observe? Select all that apply. a. primary producer > consumer > consumer > consumer > consumer b. primary producer > consumer > primary consumer > consumer c. primary producer > consumer > consumer d. consumer > primary producer > consumer > primary producer > consumer e. consumer > consumer > consumer > consumer
a c
Ecologists use models to illustrate the cycling of matter and flow of energy within an ecosystem. Which of the claims below does this model support? Select all the claims that are supported. a. The number of trophic levels is unlimited. b. The number of trophic levels is limited, and typically is less than 10. c. On average, about 10 percent of available energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. d. Among consumers in an ecosystem, first-level consumers have the most available energy. e.The maximum amount of energy in a trophic level is 10,000 Joules
a? b c d
A population of squirrels lives in a forest ecosystem. The population's size is near the carrying capacity of its environment. Which of the following best describes the forest ecosystem's carrying capacity for the squirrel population? Choose 1 answer: a. The carrying capacity is the minimum number of mature trees needed to support the squirrel population. b. The carrying capacity is the limit to the number of squirrels the forest ecosystem can support. c. The carrying capacity is the squirrel population density at which competition for resources is lowest.
b
All the living organisms on Bearden's campus make up a. an ecosystem b. a community c. a population d. a taxonomic domain
b
Consider the following graph. Which of the following population growth models is represented by the graph? a. exponential growth b. logistic growth
b
For which of the following would it be the easiest to estimate population densities? a. Kangaroos b. Pine trees c. Guppies d. Mice
b
Gus is mapping trees in a section of land. She observes that some of the trees are clumped together, some are uniformly separated, and some appear to be spaced randomly. What is she describing? a. the population density b. the population distribution c. the population growth d. the population outline
b
In North American forests, two species of birds, nuthatches and brown creepers, forage on the same trees for insects. Brown creepers feed on insects found near the bottom of the tree trunk, while nuthatches feed on insects in the top part of the tree. The difference in foraging behavior most likely affects the nuthatches and brown creepers by — a. allowing the birds to avoid many types of predators b. reducing competition between the birds for resources c. preventing the birds from interbreeding with each other d. establishing dominance between the birds for nesting sites
b
In a desert community, the relative abundance and distribution of the wood-rat (Neotoma mexicana) is limited by competition with the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). The wood-rat species occupies its ____ within the community. a. geographic range b. realized niche c. fundamental niche d. cladistic niche
b
The diagram is a model of an energy pyramid of an ecosystem. The levels of the diagram are labeled with percentages. What do the percentages represent? a. the average energy requirement organisms in each trophic level b. the relative amounts of energy contained by the organisms in each trophic level c. the energy lost as heat from one trophic level to the next d. the rate of conversion of light energy to chemical energy
b
The following tables describe the species make-up of two desert shrub communities. com 1: 20% all species com 2: varied % all species Which community is likely to be more resilient to changes in its environment, and why? Choose 1 answer: a. Community 1, because it contains more individuals than Community 2. b. Community 1, because it has greater diversity than Community 2. c. Community 2, because it is primarily made up of a single species. d. Communities 1 and 2 will be equally resilient because they have an equal number of species.
b
What is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers? a. food chain b. food web c. ecosystem d. population
b
What is an organism that feeds only on plants called? a. carnivore b. herbivore c. omnivore d. detritivore
b
Which of the following is a producer? a. an animal b. a plant c. a fungus d. any organism e. a single cell organism
b
Which type of organism shows a steady decline in its population at all life stages? a. Type I: human b. Type II: rats c. Type III: fish, insects
b
Which would most likely happen if too many nutrients entered an estuary? estuary = the tidal mouth of a large river where the tide meets the stream; e.g. the Mississippi delta. a. Nutrients would be used up by the fish and plants, keeping the estuary in balance. b. Algal blooms would lower dissolved oxygen levels, causing fish to suffocate. c. Algal blooms would decrease, leaving few food resources for fish. d. Nutrients would sink to the bottom, increasing soil deposition.
b
A population of trout lives in a lake ecosystem. Which of the following are likely to be density dependent limiting factors for the size of the population? Choose 3 answers: a. cooperation b. disease c. predation d. competition for food
b c d
A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect. Based on its behavior, which ecological terms describe the bird? a. herbivore, decomposer b. producer, heterotroph c. carnivore, consumer d. autotroph, herbivore
c
A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a a. biosystem b. community c. population d. family
c
A new golf course is built next to a river. Over the past several months, the nitrate levels of the water in the river have been increasing. Which best explains the cause of the increasing nitrate levels? a. increased growth of algae b. decreased biodiversity c. runoff from fertilizer
c
According to the concept of competitive exclusion principle, a. a species occupies a realized niche that is different from its fundamental niche. b. two species cannot coexist in the same habitat. c. two species cannot share the exact same niche in a community. d. competition within a population results in the success of the best-adapted individuals.
c
An ecosystem is shown in the diagram. Which factors must be present for this ecosystem to be self-sustaining? a. mutagenic agents, aerobic respiration, and heterotrophs b. heterotrophic nutrition in plants, cycling of nitrogen, and bacteria c. a source of energy, cycling of materials, and autotrophs d. anaerobic respiration, autotrophic nutrition, and saprophytes
c
An important process contributes to the carbon cycle by moving carbon from the atmosphere into the bodies of living organisms. What is the name of this process? a. Burning of fossil fuels b. Cellular respiration c. Photosynthesis
c
At a waterhole in the African Savannah, herbivores and other vulnerable species need to wait until carnivores have drunk their fill and moved away; eventually they will be able to drink at the same waterhole. What kind of ecological behavior does this describe? a. K-strategies b. r-strategies c. inter-specific competition d. intra-specific competition
c
Carbon-oxygen remains fairly constant in the biosphere due to the processes of a. decomposition & deposition b. decomposition & photosynthesis c. photosynthesis & cellular respiration d. photosynthesis & deposition
c
In the stable food chain shown below, what would you expect to happen initially if you were suddenly double the population of rabbits? hawks snakes rabbits grass a. The populations of the other three species would also increase. b. The populations of the other three species would decrease. c. The grass population would decrease. The snake population and hawk population would increase. d. The grass population and hawk population would decrease. The snake population would increase.
c
Lupine plants growing in a certain national park provide food and shelter for a population of aphids. Scientists recently identified a fungal disease that is expected to reduce the number of lupine plants in the national park. Which of the following is the most likely effect of a loss of lupine plants on the aphid population? Choose 1 answer: a. With fewer lupine plants taking up resources, the carrying capacity of the environment for aphids will increase, causing an increase in the aphid population size. b. With fewer lupine plants in the environment, the carrying capacity for aphids will decrease, causing an increase in the aphid population size. c. With fewer lupine plants in the environment, the carrying capacity for aphids will decrease, causing a decrease in the aphid population size.
c
Resource partitioning does not a. reduce interspecific competition b. feature differential resource use. c. show how competitive exclusion occurs. d. explain how seemingly similar species can coexist.
c
The diagrams below show three patterns of population dispersal. Which population is most likely to exhibit the dispersion pattern marked C? Choose 1 answer: a. A population of king penguins aggressively defend small territories within their habitat. b. A purple sage plant population releases chemicals from their roots that prevent competitors from growing in the area. c. A population of hyenas live on a savannah where the only sources of water are several watering holes. d. Wind disperses the seeds of a dandelion population across fertile fields with nutrient-rich soil.
c
The following image shows the growth of a population of Euglena over 5 days, as viewed with a microscope. Which of the following best describes the growth of the Euglena population over the 5 day period? Choose 1 answer: a. The Euglena population growth was logistic and was likely limited by resource availability. b. The Euglena population growth was logistic and was likely not limited by resource availability. c. The Euglena population growth was exponential and was likely not limited by resource availability. d. The Euglena population growth was exponential and was likely limited by resource availability.
c
The gopher tortoise is the only tortoise found in the southeastern United States. Gopher tortoises have shovel-like front legs that help them dig large burrows, where they spend most of their time. Many other species in the gopher tortoise's ecosystem, including burrowing owls, indigo snakes, and gopher frogs, also depend on these burrows. However, other species such as moles, which are small rodent-like insectivores, can create their own burrows. Gopher tortoises are listed as a vulnerable species since human activities are causing their populations to decline. Which of the following diagrams best models what is likely to happen to other species populations if gopher tortoises were to disappear from the ecosystem? (Note: ↑ means the population increases; ↓ means the population declines; - means no change in population) a. indigo snake (up), mole (up), burrowing owl (up) b. indigo snake (down), mole (up), burrowing owl (0) c. indigo snake (down), mole (up), burrowing owl (down) d. indigo snake (down), mole (0), burrowing owl (down)
c
What accounts for the drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from May to September? a. more active animals b. less active animals c. increased photosynthesis d. decreased photosynthesis
c
What is the most specific level of classification? a. family b. domain c. species d. Carolus Linnaeus
c
Which of the following involves a situation in which a density-dependent factor influences a population? a. Several seasons passed during which rainfall was ample, winters were not severe and food for snow hares was in good supply. b. A hurricane severely disrupted a salt marsh and uprooted most of the marsh grass in an estuary. c. A forest fire on the north side of a mountain forced the white-tailed deer from the north side to move into the range of the white-tailed deer on the south side of the mountain, making food more severe. d. After a heavy rain, pesticides that were applied to a cotton crop to control weevils ran off into a waterway that flows next to a field.
c
Which of the following steps of the carbon cycle is occurring at point A? a. Combustion b. Decomposition c. Respiration d. Photosynthesis
c
A population of minnows in a pond is growing under natural conditions with limited resources. As the minnow population increases in size, how will its rate of growth affect its population density? Choose 1 answer: a. As the population grows, population density decreases. As a result, the rate of population growth eventually increases, b. As the population grows, population density remains constant. As a result, population growth increases. c. As the population grows, population density becomes unstable. As a result, population growth stops. d. As the populations grows, population density increases. As a result, the rate of population growth eventually slows.
d
Eutrophication of water bodies leading to killing of fishes is mainly due to nonavailability of a. food b. light c. essential minerals d. oxygen
d
If a disease strikes a snake population in the food chain shown, what will be the initial effect on the populations of hawks and rabbits? hawks snakes rabbits grass a. The populations of hawks and rabbits will decrease. b. The populations of hawks and rabbits will increase. c. The population of hawks will increase. The population of rabbits will decrease. d. The population of hawks will decrease. The population of rabbits will increase.
d
In a forest ecosystem, which of the following is the best example of a limiting factor for a rabbit population? a. carbon dioxide availability b. squirrel population c. sunlight d. grass availability
d
Saprophytes are fungi that feed on dead and decomposing organisms. They secrete enzymes that digest components of cell walls, such as cellulose and lignin. Which statement explains why these fungi are an important part of the biogeochemical cycle? a. Saprophytes perform gas exchange that assists the cellular activities of autotrophs. b. Saprophytes extract minerals from living tissue to recycle them back into the soil. c. Saprophytes transport nutrients through the xylem and phloem in autotrophs. d. Saprophytes return organic material to the soil for use by living organisms.
d
The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist is called the a. biome b. community c. ecosystem d. biosphere
d
The gopher tortoise is the only tortoise found in the southeastern United States. Gopher tortoises have shovel-like front legs that help them dig large burrows, where they spend most of their time. Many other species in the gopher tortoise's ecosystem, including burrowing owls, indigo snakes, and gopher frogs, also depend on these burrows. However, other species such as moles, which are small rodent-like insectivores, can create their own burrows. Which of the following organisms serves a role similar to the gopher tortoise in their ecosystem? a. Leopard seals of Antarctica, which are fierce predators, will eat the pups of other seal species and have been known to be aggressive toward humans. b. Bluestreak cleaner wrasse, a fish found in coral reefs in Eastern Africa, eat dead tissue off larger fish. c. Galapagos tortoises, which sometimes trap birds underneath their bodies, crush them by dropping their bodies on the bird and then eating the dead bird. d. Hippos of Gorongosa National Park, which are massive in size, move soil around and create channels that redirect water as they walk. This creates habitat and shelter for a diversity of many smaller organisms.
d
The graph indicates that the sheep population most likely is a. growing in excess of its carrying capacity, since fluctuations in population size occurred after 1850. b. headed for extinction because of the population explosion of 1930 c. regulated by density-independent factors, because there appears to be about a 10-year cycle of sharp declines in size d. stable after 1850 under the effects of density-dependent regulating factors
d
The process of obtaining, using, and assembling nutrients is called a. evaporation b. condensation c. sedimentation d. assimilation
d
This pyramid of numbers is modeling organisms within an ecosystem. tiny small huge tiny Which of the feeding interactions below is MOST LIKELY to be part of this ecosystem? a. grasses in a meadow that provide for many small animals b. a dead whale that provides food for many ocean animals c. an algae colony that provides food for many fish d. a tree that provides food for thousands of insects
d
This type of relationship modeling can be done for freshwater lake ecosystems, including those in the midwestern United States. In one such ecosystem, zooplankton provides a food source for minnows, which in turn are eaten by largemouth bass. Based on the information given above, which of the following models best represents the relationship between zooplankton, minnows, and largemouth bass in a freshwater lake ecosystem? a. bass - minnows - zooplankton (zooplankton - bass) b. bass - minnows + zooplankton (zooplankton - bass) c. bass - minnows + zooplankton (bass + zooplankton) d. bass - minnows - zooplankton (bass + zooplankton)
d
What most likely caused the rabbit population to decrease over the first time unit shown in the following graph? hawks snakes rabbits grass a. A disease in the population of rabbits. b. A decreasing population of grasses. c. An increasing population of hawks. d. A higher than normal population of snakes.
d
What two levels of classification are used in binomial nomenclature? a. Kingdom and Domain b. Family and Genus c. Only Species d. Genus and Species
d
Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential growth pattern to a logistic growth pattern? a. increased birth rate b. removal of predators c. decreased death rate d. competition for resources
d
Which of the following correctly pairs a step of the water cycle with its events? a. Transpiration - water vapor cools and turns into liquid droplets b. Condensation - water droplets fall to Earth as rain, hail, or snow c. Precipitation - water enters through a plant's roots, travels through its vascular system, and escapes through its leaves d. Evaporation - liquid water changes into water vapor
d
Which of the following descriptions about the organization is correct? a. Communities make up species, which make up population. b. Populations make up species, which make up communities. c. Species make up communities, which make up populations. d. Species make up populations, which make up communities
d
Why should farmers be concerned about unused nitrate contaminating surface water and groundwater supplies? a. Unused nitrates reduce algae growth. b. Unused nitrates increase oxygen levels in water. c. Excessive amounts of nutrients cause overpopulation of fish. d. Excessive amounts of nutrients speed up the eutrophication process.
d
name each nutrient proteins= ________________ lipids= _________________
nitrogen phosphorus
