biology unit 2 review

What "organelles" are common to ALL cells?

CELL MEMBRANE. CYTOPLASM. NUCLEUS. RIBOSOMES. GOLGI BODY / APPARATUS. LYSOSOMES. MITOCHONDRIA. VACUOLES

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria.

Eukaryote

Differentiate between flagella and cilia (structure and function)

Flagella- 1. long; thread like 2. wave-like 3. found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes cilia- 1. short; hair like 2. move in a rotation, like a motor 3. found in only eukaryotic

having or consisting of many cells.

Multicellular

What are the characteristics of living things?

1. Living Things are Composed of Cells: 2. Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization: 3. Living Things Use Energy: 4. Living Things Respond To Their Environment: 5. Living Things Grow: 6. Living Things Reproduce: 7. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment:

List the three parts of the Cell Theory

1. all living things are composed of one or more cells 2. the cell is the most basic unit of life 3. all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory.

A theory stating that the eukaryotes evolved through a process whereby different types of free-living prokaryotes became incorporated inside larger prokaryotic cells and eventually developed into mitochondria, chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles.

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Prokaryote

consisting of a single cell.

Unicellular

How would the cell act if it were missing each of the following organelles? chloroplasts

a plant would not be able to photosynthesize

What did the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrate?

an experiment which demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earth's early atmosphere.

A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody.

antigen

What is a retrovirus? Which enzyme does it use to help it replicate?

any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate

What is an example of a prokaryote?

bacteria

the protein shell of a virus.

capsid

What cell structure gives the onion skin cells a more rigid shape than your cheek cells?

cell wall

Which organelle enables plants to make their own food using sunlight?

chloroplast

Distinguish Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, providing at least three differences.

eukaryotic- 1. contain membrane bound organelles 2. can be single celled or multi-celled 3. more than 1 chromosomes prokaryotic- 1. no nucleus 2. no lysosomes or peroxisomes 3. no ER

the medium by which instructions are transmitted from one generation of organisms to the next.

genetic material

How would the cell act if it were missing each of the following organelles? nucleus

it would no longer be eukaryotic

Discuss why some people might be tempted to classify a virus as living? Describe why scientists classify viruses as non-living.

living charictoristics a. They reproduce at a fantastic rate, but only in living host cells. b. They can mutate. non-living characteristics a. They are acellular, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles. b. They carry out no metabolism on their own and must replicate using the host cell's metabolic machinery. In other words, viruses don't grow and divide. Instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host cell. c. The vast majority of viruses possess either DNA or RNA but not both.

Energy conversion with in an animal cell would be severely limited by the removal of which organelle?

mitochondria

Of the following cell types, which needs the most mitochondria? Why? a. nerve b. muscle c. blood d. bacteria

muscles because it's needed to respond quickly to the large amount needed to produce energy.

How would the cell act if it were missing each of the following organelles? ribosomes

no protein synthesis or DNA replication

In which organelle is DNA found?

nucleus

What is the cell membrane made of?

phospholipids and proteins

What is an example of a eukaryote?

plant or animal

How would the cell act if it were missing each of the following organelles? mitochondria

the cell would have no energy

What would occur if an animal cell did not have lysosomes?

the cell would starve

What is a virus' primary goal? Upon what must it rely in order to achieve this goal?

to survive

Explain why an antibiotic will not work against a virus.

your body had to naturally get rid of the virus