Biology- Unit 3: chapters 8, 10 & 11

longest phase in cell cycle a. G1 b. S phase c. G2 d. M

G1

Which of the following shows the correct sequencing of the cell cycle? a. G0--->M--->G1--->S--->G2 b. S--->G1--->G2--->M c. G1--->S--->G2--->M d. none of the above

G1--->S--->G2--->M

During which stage of interphase do cells perform their normal cell functions (such as growing and making enzymes to digest your food)? a. S stage b. G1/G0 stage c. G2 stage d. Mitosis

G1/G0 stage

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII) are replace by electrons from a.ATP b. Photosystem I c. H2O d. CO2

H2O

Which of the following is true in regard to crossover? a. It occurs in Meiosis II b. Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. c. Chiasmata are formed. d. All chromosomes exchange genetic information with each other

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

What happens if a cell does not clear the G1 checkpoint? a. It will enter G0. b. The cell will proceed to the next checkpoint anyway c. It will immediately divide d. The cell will die.

It will enter G0.

Describe two different processes that occur during meiosis that contribute to genetic variation.

Two different process that occur during meiosis that contribute to genetic variation are cross-over and independent assortment. In independent assortment, homologues chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. This results in cells having one chromosome from a pair of each homologous chromosomes, but the chromosome each cell gets is random. In cross over, the homologues chromosomes line up their chromatids and exchange the corresponding segments of DNA. This allows more combinations of genes to be produced.

Which type of life cycle has both a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stage? a. asexual b. diploid-dominant c. haploid-dominant d. alternation of generations

alternation of generations

When a photon of light energy reaches a reaction center chlorophyll molecule, what becomes excited? a. a molecule of water vapor b. an electron c. a carbon dioxide molecule d. an oxygen atom

an electron

during cell cycle sister chromatids are pulled apart during a. metaphase b. anaphase c. prophase d. interphase

anaphase

homologous chromosomes are separated during a. anaphase of mitosis b. metaphase of meiosis c. anaphase I of meiosis d. anaphase I of meiosis and anaphase of mitosis

anaphase I of meiosis

At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other? a. prophase I b. prophase II c. anaphase I d. anaphase II

anaphase II

separation of sister chromatids take place in the a. anaphase of mitosis b. anaphase I of meiosis c. anaphase II of meiosis d. anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis

anaphase II of meiosis

Chiasma form a. between homologous chromosomes b. sister chromatids c. between replicated copies of the same chromosome d. sex chromosomes but not autosomes

between homologous chromosomes

Prokaryotic cells divide by a process called __________________. a. metaphase b. cytokinesis c. binary fission d. mitosis

binary fission

The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes? a. splitting of the water molecules b. photon absorption of photosystem I c. chemiosmosis d. electron transport chain

splitting of the water molecules

A diploid, multicellular life-cycle stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called a ________. a. sporophyte b. gametophyte c. spore d. gamete

sporophyte

Where does the Calvin cycle take place? a. stroma of the chloroplast b. thylakoid membrane c. cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast d. chlorophyll molecule e. outer membrane of the chloroplast

stroma of the chloroplast

The products of photosynthesis are a. water and carbon dioxide b. sugar and water c. sugar and oxygen d. oxygen and water

sugar and oxygen

What two main products result from photosynthesis? a. oxygen and carbon dioxide b. chlorophyll and oxygen c. sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen d. sugars/carbohydrates and carbon dioxide

sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? a. use ATP to release carbon dioxide b. use NADPH to release carbon dioxide c. split water and release oxygen d. transport RuBP out of the chloroplast e. synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

During which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis usually occur in animals? a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase e. Interphase

telophase

DNA is duplicated during a. the mitotic phase b. the S phase c. G2 d. G1

the S phase

In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from a. the stroma to the photosystem II. b. the matrix to the stroma. c. the stroma to the thylakoid space. d. the intermembrane space to the matrix. e. ATP synthase to NADP+ reductase.

the stroma to the thylakoid space.

What is visible light? a. the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation living organisms most often use b. the type of electromagnetic radiation that cannot be captured during photosynthesis c. the ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation d. the blend of all the wavelengths of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum

the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation living organisms most often use

The light-dependent reactions occur in the ​[blank], while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ​[blank]. a. stroma; thylakoid membranes b. thylakoid membranes; stroma c. chloroplast membrane; stomata d. stroma; nucleus

thylakoid membranes; stroma

What type of protein are microtubules composed of? a. actin b. tubulin c. FtsZ d. cohesin

tubulin

_________ code for negative regulator proteins that block the DNA from being read and prevent uncontrolled cell division. a. tumor surpressor genes b. proto-oncogenes c. oncogenes d. none of the above

tumor supressor genes

A diploid cell has _ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell. a. one-fourth b. half c. twice d. four times

twice

If a muscle cell of an organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? a. 8 b. 16 c. 32 d. 64

16

In both mitosis and meiosis, sister chromatids separate during anaphase, but there are _____ haploid daughter nuclei produced by meiosis compared to ______ diploid nuclei by mitosis. a. 6,3 b. 4,2 c. 2,4 d. 3,6 e. 9,1

4,2

Which of the following are produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? a. glucose, ADP, NADP+ b. ADP, NADP+, O2 c. ATP, NADPH, O2 d. glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2

ATP, NADPH, O2

The products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are a. sugar and water b. sugar and oxygen c. ATP, NADPH, and oxygen d. ATP and sugar

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

During which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate and begin to move toward the poles? a. Prophase I b. Telophase I c. Anaphase II d. Anaphase I e. Telophase II

Anaphase II

Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuations in concentration during the cell cycle, are called a. ATPases b. kinetochores c. centrioles d. proton pumps e. Cyclins

Cyclins

Chromatin is composed of a. RNA and protein b. DNA and protein c. sister chromatids d. chromosomes

DNA and protein

Which of the following statements is true of a species that has 16 chromosomes in diploid cells? a. The species is haploid with 32 chromosomes per cell. b. The species has 16 pairs of chromosomes per cell. c. Each diploid cell has 8 homologous pairs of chromosomes. d. A gamete from this species has 4 chromosomes.

Each diploid cell has 8 homologous pairs of chromosomes.

The following statements describe events that occur in photosynthesizing chloroplasts EXCEPT? a. Photosystems containing pigment molecules capture light energy and transfer the energy to electrons. b. Hydrogen ions accumulate in the space inside the thylakoid, creating a H+ ion gradient c. Enzymes in the stroma incorporate carbon dioxide into energy‑rich sugar molecules. d. Electrons that have passed through the electron transport chain are added to ATP molecules.

Electrons that have passed through the electron transport chain are added to ATP molecules.

During which stage of meiosis do tetrads line up at the equator? a. Metaphase I b. Telophase I c. Metaphase II d. Anaphase II e. Anaphase I

Metaphase I

Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. How are they similar? How are they different?

Mitosis and Meiosis are different but also similar. They are similar because they both involve the division of cells. In Mitosis however, produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. In Meiosis, however four cells are formed from one parent cell. This gives the four cells half the amount of DNA that Mitosis gives cells.

_________ is the final electron acceptor in photosystem I a. water b. chrorophyll c. NADP+ d. oxygen

NADP+

The calvin cycle requires each of the following inputs EXCEPT: a. ATP b. NADPH c. O2 d. CO2

O2

What phase of mitotic interphase does not occur during interkinesis of meiosis? a. G0 phase b. G1 phase c. S phase d. G2 phase

S phase

Which of the following is an evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? a. Sexual reproduction involves fewer steps. b. There is a lower chance of using up the resources in a given environment. c. Sexual reproduction results in variation in the offspring. d. Sexual reproduction is more cost-effective.

Sexual reproduction results in variation in the offspring.

Which statement accurately describes the Calvin cycle? a. The Calvin cycle is a light‑independent metabolic pathway occurring in the chloroplast stroma that converts carbon from carbon dioxide into sugar. b. The Calvin cycle is a light‑dependent metabolic pathway occurring in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane that captures energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and converts it to ATP. c. The Calvin cycle is an anaerobic metabolic pathway of ATP formation during which glucose is converted to lactate and two net ATP molecules. d. The Calvin cycle is a chemiosmotic reaction that creates an electrochemical proton gradient by shuttling hydrogen ions across a membrane, which is then used to generate the chemical energy, ATP.

The Calvin cycle is a light‑independent metabolic pathway occurring in the chloroplast stroma that converts carbon from carbon dioxide into sugar.

How does the closing of the stomata limit photosynthesis?

The closing of the stomata will prevent the intake of carbon dioxide, prevent the regulation and exchanging of gases with the outside environment, and the water vapor from the plant would not be able to escape preventing the plant from participating in photosynthesis.

What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon? a. They have a direct, linear relationship. b. They are inversely related. c. They are logarithmically related. d. They are separate phenomena. e. They are only related in certain parts of the spectrum.

They are inversely related.

Describe the similarities and differences between the cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells versus those in plant cells.

The differences between the cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells than those found in plant cells are that in animal cells, a ring of actin fiber is formed around the cell. In order for this ring to work, it contracts pulling the plasma membrane towards. the cell. In plant cells, however, cytokinesis happens when the cell plate forms in the middle of the cell. In both processes, there is one parent cytoplasm that is divided in half in order to form two daughter cells.

All the descriptions apply to the thylakoid EXCEPT. a. Thylakoids are arranged within the chloroplast into stacks of coin‑shaped discs called grana. b. The thylakoid membrane is the site of an electron transport chain that generates cellular energy from light energy. c. The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light‑independent reactions of photosynthesis. d. The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light‑dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light‑independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Select the descriptions that apply to the thylakoid. a. Thylakoids are arranged within the chloroplast into numerous membrane folds called cristae. b. The thylakoid membrane is the site of an electron transport chain that generates cellular energy from light energy. c. The thylakoid membrane is the site of an electron transport chain that generates cellular energy from biochemical energy. d. The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light‑independent reactions of photosynthesis.

The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light‑independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of excessive light energy by a. mitochondria b. ATP c. chlorophyll d. carotenoids

carotenoids

What is the function of the enzyme rubisco? a. catalyzes the addition of CO2 that takes place during the citric acid cycle b. catalyzes the reduction of NADPH in the reaction center of photosystem I during photosynthesis c. catalyzes the regeneration of ribulose‑1,5‑bisphosphate from glyceraldehyde‑3‑phosphate during the Calvin cycle reactions d. catalyzes the addition of CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate during the Calvin cycle

catalyzes the addition of CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate during the Calvin cycle

The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure? a. centromere b. centrosome c. kinetochore d. cleavage furrow

centrosome

At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures? a. chiasmata b. recombination nodules c. microtubules d. kinetochores

chiasmata

homologous chromsome includes _____ a. one smaller and one bigger chromosome one b. chromosome from each parent c. one complete and one incomplete chromsome d. none of the above

chromosome from each parent

The kinetochore is a structure that functions to a. connect the centromere to microtubules b. connect centrioles to microtubules c. aid in chromosome condensation d. aid in chromosome cohesion

connect the centromere to microtubules

FtsZ proteins form a ____ that will divide the cell similar to how a ring of microtubules is used in eukaryotes. a. contractile ring b. cell plate c. cytoskeleton d. septum

contractile ring

he photosynthetic process used by some plants to survive in a hot dry climate, like the desert? a. crassulacean acid metabolism b. C3 Photosynthesis c. noncyclic photophosphorylation d. carbon fixation

crassulacean acid metabolism

When _______________ occurs between nonsister chromatids genetic exchange between chromosomes provides new combination of genes that are different from either parent. a. cytokinesis b. crossing-over c. mitosis d. cell division e. centromeres splitting

crossing-over

Which protein is a positive regulator that phosphorylates other proteins when activated? a. p53 b. retinoblastoma protein (Rb) c. cyclin d. cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

In comparing somatic cells and gametes, somatic cells are a. diploid with half the number of chromosomes b. haploid with half the number of chromosomes c. diploid with twice the number of chromosomes d. haploid with twice the number of chromosomes

diploid with twice the number of chromosomes

What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? a. establishment of a proton gradient b. diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane c. reduction of water to produce ATP energy d. movement of water by osmosis into the thylakoid space from the stroma e. formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP

establishment of a proton gradient

To produce one glucose molecule, how many times does the the Calvin cycle need to run? a. two b. four c. six d. eight

six

Meiosis produces ____ daughter cells. a. two haploid b. two diploid c. four haploid d. four diploid

four haploid

An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited _. a. cells. b. genes. c. proteins. d. chromatids.

genes

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called: a. grana. b. cristae c. vacuoles d. stomata

grana

Fungi typically display which type of life cycle? a. diploid-dominant b. haploid-dominant c. alternation of generations d. asexual

haploid-dominant

Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of? a. homologous chromosomes b. non homologous chromosomes c. analogous chromsomes d. paralogous chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

During which stage of mitosis do the centrosomes duplicate? a. Prophase b. Interphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

interphase

In mitosis chromosome duplication occurs during __________ a. interphase b. prophase c. late prophase d. telephone

interphase

When electrons are passed through an electron transport chain, released energy a. is lost as heat. b. splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. c. fuses carbon dioxide molecules into a sugar. d. is transformed into a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

is transformed into a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

Which of the following separates sister chromatids during meiosis? a. meiosis I b. anaphase I c. meiosis II d. interkinesis

meiosis II

If cells in the process of dividing are subjected to colchicine, a drug that interferes with the functioning of the spindle apparatus, at which stage will mitosis be arrested? a. anaphase b. prophase c. telophase d. metaphase e. interphase

metaphase

If the M checkpoint is not cleared, cell division will be paused during which step? a. prophase b. prometaphase c. metaphase d. anaphase

metaphase

In what phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the nucleus? a. interphase b. anaphase c. metaphase d. telophase

metaphase

Which of the following does not contribute to genetic diversity a. Independent assortment b. Recombination c. Metaphase of meiosis II d. Metaphase of meiosis I

metaphase of meiosis II

A mutated gene that codes for an altered version of Cdk that is active in the absence of cyclin is a(n) _. a. kinase inhibitor. b. tumor suppressor gene. c. proto-oncogene. d. oncogene.

oncogene

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are a. chemoautotrophs b. heterotrophs c. photoautotrophs d. fungi

photoautotrophs

Which of the following options shows the stages of mitosis in the correct order? a. telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prometaphase, prophase. b. anaphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, telophase. c. metaphase, prometaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase. d. prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Light-harvesting complexes, excited by photons of light, are made of a. proteins and sugars b. proteins, cofactors, and pigment c. pigment and sugars d. proteins and water

proteins, cofactors, and pigment

A gene that codes for a positive cell-cycle regulator is called a(n) _. a. kinase inhibitor. b. tumor suppressor gene. c. proto-oncogene. d. oncogene.

proto-oncogene.

Carbon fixation is catalyzed by what enzyme? a. P700 b. NADPH c. phosphoglycerate d. rubisco

rubisco

in mitosis the number of chromosome sets in daughter cells a. half the number in the parent cell twice b. the number c. one fourth of the number d. same as in the parent cell

same as in the parent cell

Which of the following event occurs during Meiosis II? a. crossing over b. sister chromatid separation c. homologous pairs are separated during anaphase d. homologous pairs line up along the equator of the cell

sister chromatid seperation