Biology Unit 6- Enzymes
What is the active site of an enzyme?
IT is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The substrates bind to an active site with its complimentary shape.
What happens if the active site of an enzyme loses its normal shape? why?
If it loses its shape the substrate can no longer fit into the active site because it is like a key that can only fit in a certain lock. Substrates can no longer land to it because the shapes of enzymes are specifically fitted to their substrates.
What do villi do?
Increase surface area available for the absorption of digested food molecules
Hormone secreted by the pancreas to help regulate blood sugar levels
Insulin
The pancreas produces sodium bicarbonate for what purpose?
It buffers acids coming out of the stomach
How might cold temperatures affect enzyme activity?
It slows down the motion of molecules and atoms. They might prevent the enzymes from reacting, by freezing and slowing them. All molecules slow.
How might hot temperatures affect enzyme activity?
It speeds up. It might change the shape of the enzyme, so substrates can't bond to it.
Sprinkle this enzyme on and chew softer!
Meat tenderizer
What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion is when digestive enzymes begin the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller food molecules. Large food molecules are broken into small food molecules.
List three functions of the pancreas.
Pancreas produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. It produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins. lipids, nucleic acids. It also produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acids so these enzymes can be effective.
What happens to an enzyme after it releases its products
Reused
This chemical is made by the pancreas to neutralize the acid coming from the stomach into the small intestine.
Sodium Bicarbonate
How do enzymes affect the activation energy needed for a reaction?
Some chemical reaction have activation energies that are too high. These are made possible by catalysts, and enzymes act as biological catalysts. Enzymes lower the activation energy, speeding up the reaction.
The active site and the substrate are often referred to using the analogy of a lock and key. If you think of it this way, which is the lock and which is the key?
The active site is the lock and the substrate is the key because only a certain substrate will fit into the active site.
Are enzymes "used up" (destroyed) in this process, or can they be re-used?
They can be re-used
What benefit do the E. coli bacteria in our digestive system provide?
They provide us with essential vitamins that we can't make ourselves.
IN order for a chemical reaction to occur, several criteria must be met:
a. The reactants must be close enough together b. The reactants must be oriented in the proper way to form a bond c. There must be enough energy present to keep the reactants moving fast enough until the first two criteria are met. (this is activation energy)
Each of the following things helps the process of digestion except: a. teeth b. saliva c. kidneys d. small intestine e. pancreas
c. kidneys
Sugars and starches are examples of this organic macromolecule class
carbohydrate
HCO3
carbonic anhydrase
Valve at the entrance to the stomach
cardiac sphincter
Speeds up chemical reactions
catalyst
Organisms make thousands of different enzymes. Enzymes are called biological ___________ because they _____________ the rate of the body's chemical reactions. Without them, these reactions would occur too __________ to support life.
catalysts, speed up, slowly
Without enzymes it is what brings reactants together
chance
Mechanical digestion in the mouth
chewing
What mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth?
chewing.
Mechanical digestion in the stomach
churning
Chemical reactions that absorb (require) energy
endothermic
Connection between the mouth and the stomach
esophagus
What does the food go down after being swallowed?
esophagus
The tube that transfers the food from the mouth to the stomach?
esophagus.
What does bile help digest?
fatty foods
Stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
What happens if the peristalsis does not close properly?
heartburn
Acid found in the stomach
hydrochloric
Type of reaction used when an enzyme breaks bonds
hydrolysis
During a reaction, the substrates attach onto the enzyme. The _____________ hypothesis suggest that, ___________ the substrate binds, the enzyme then changes shape. This decreases the ____________ energy needed and thus increases the rate of the reaction because the substrates are either brought __________ ____________ & their bonds are _________, or the substrates are ___________ apart and their bonds are ___________. Afterwards, the products are released, the enzyme returns to its original shape, and the enzyme can be __________ again.
induced fit, after, activation, closer together, formed, pulled, broken, reused
What is the large intestine primary function?
it removes water from undigested material that is left
A way for you to wear your enzyme products
jeans
Will help individuals who cannot break down lactose from suffering through an intestinal symphony
lactaid
Functions in the digestive system to reabsorb water
large intestine
This will make bile, detoxify the blood, and make and store glycogen
liver
Bile is made in the ____________ and stored in the ___________.
liver, gall bladder
The enzyme-substrate complex is like a ________ and key
lock
Enzymes do this to activation energy
lower
Enzymes are this class of organic macromolecule
protein
What kind of organic compound makes up an enzyme?
protein
What is the chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth and what enzyme is involved?
saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that breaks the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars.
What causes saliva in the mouth?
salivary glands
What makes an enzyme specific
shape
Each enzyme is __________ in its own unique way. One part of the enzyme where the reaction occurs is called the ______________. The reactants which fit into this area are called ______________.
shaped, active site, substrates
Where the majority of digestion and absorption occurs
small intestine
Which organ carries out MOST of the digestion and absorption of nutrients?
small intestine
What are enzyme inhibitors?
some chemicals bind to an enzyme and prevent it from working. These enzyme inhibitors are used to treat certain viral diseases, by blocking the enzymes necessary for replication. Cyanide is a poison that inhibits certain enzymes that run cellular respiration.
What are coenzymes?
some chemicals bind to enzymes and help them work better = coenzymes. Vitamins act as coenzymes.
Enzymes are __________ to only one reaction
specific
Formed when an enzyme continues adding monosaccharides together
starch
The reactants in an enzyme catalyzed reaction
substrate
The reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are called ___________
substrates
What we wouldn't do without enzymes
survive
Can denature an enzyme
temperature
Why is the small intestine called "small" and the large intestine called "large"?
The small intestine is smaller in diameter than the large intestine
What chemical digestion occurs in the stomach?
The stomach has millions of microscopic gastric glands that release a number of substances in the stomach. The two chemicals are pepsin and hydrochloric acid. The stomach is acidic.
Hydrolysis is?
The term refers to digestion,
What is the main function of the villi in the small intestine?
The villi increase the surface area for the absorption of nutrients.
Energy needed to initiate a reaction
Activation energy
Why is it so critical that we have certain colonies of helpful bacteria living in our large intestine?
Bacteria produce compounds the body is able to use, like vitamin K. Antibiotics can destroy bacteria, and vitamin K deficiency can occur.
If ph changes too far outside of its normal range, then the chemical reactions would shut down and the organism would suffer or die. Why?
Because enzyme activities can't happen when the pH changes too much. It might change the shape of the enzyme, making it incompatible with its substrates.
The liver produces a chemical called?
Bile
Coat 'em in enzymes and cover 'em in chocolate
Cherries
Type of reaction used by an enzyme when it makes a bond
Dehydration synthesis
Name some types of reaction that enzymes act on in your body.
Digestion and metabolisms and transporting carbon dioxide.
Why are enzymes said to be specific in action?
Each enzyme only speeds up (catalyze) a specific reaction.
Why is the sodium bicarbonate produced by the pancreas so important?
Enzymes are proteins, stomach acid can change the shape of proteins, and if the shape of an enzyme's active side doesn't match up with its substrate, enzyme will not be effective.
Why are enzymes called catalysts
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells
How might extreme pH values affect enzymes?
Enzymes work best at certain pH levels, so if it changes, it won't work as well. It might prevent them from reacting.
Chemical handwarmers perform this kind of reaction
Exothermic
Structure determines __________
Function
What makes enzymes specific?
The order and amount. They only fit certain substrates. The shape of the active site.
Where the enzyme-substrate complex forms
active site
Each enzyme specializes in catalyzing one specific kind of reaction. Enzymes are specific because their ______________ is shaped to fit only one or a few _____________. One enzyme can not do the job of another.
active site, substrates
How does mechanical digestion occur in the stomach?
alternating contractions of the three smooth muscle layers in the stomach thoroughly mix and churn the food you swallow.
Gets rid of those uncomfortable moments
beano
Chemical made by the liver that will help digest fats
bile
Enzymes are helpful in the home, in industry and in medicine. Several ways that we use enzymes outside of our bodies are ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
making cheese, detergent, making chocolate-covered cherries, meat tenderizer, lactaid pills, beano
The digestive system breaks polymers into ________
monomers
Where does food enter the body?
mouth
DNA and RNA are examples of this class of organic macromolecule
nucleic acid
Can denature an enzyme
pH
Which organ makes insulin to regulate blood sugar and produces many digestive enzymes, but DOES NOT filter toxins out of the blood.
pancreas
Enzyme found in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins
pepsin
What is the valve between the esophagus and the stomach called?
peristalsis
Each enzyme works best under particular conditions of ___________ and __________. Strong acids and bases can ________ the enzyme's shape so there is no _______________ for the reaction to occur. High temperatures can also __________ the enzyme. An un folded enzyme is said to be ___________. Certain compounds called ______________ can prevent enzymes from doing their jobs. Other chemicals may help enzymes to work. These are called _____________. Certain vitamins and minerals fit into this category.
temperature, pH, change, active site, change, denatured, enzyme inhibitors, coenzymes
Which organ carries out most of the chemical digestion of food by means of enzymes?
the small intestine carries out most chemical digestion using enzymes.
What is the function of the digestive system?
to break food down into small molecules that can be passes to the cells that need them.
List some industrial or medical uses of enzymes
to make cheese, beano and lactaid are enzymes in a pill, meat tenderizer is an enzymes (papain), some human scent - removers or detergents use enzymes, to make chocolate-covered cherries (invertase)
Structure of the small intestine that increase surface area allowing for more efficient absorption
villi
The small intestine is lined with finger like processes called?
villi
How do enzymes work step by step?
when the substrate bonds, the enzyme changes shape slightly to perform the required action on the substrate. When it releases products, it returns to its normal shape and can catalyze a new reaction. Substrate drawn into enzyme which then changes shape because of the interaction with the enzyme, breaks it into products, releases the products, returns to original shape.
