BIOPSYCH 220 exam 2

1. The dorsal portion of the middle temporal cortex best responds to what kinds of visual stimuli? a) Complex stimuli such as the rotation of a visual scene. b) Complex stimuli such as a painting with many colors. c) Simple stimuli such as processing of color. d) Simple stimuli such as seeing shapes.

a.

1. The dorsal stream is to ______ as ventral stream is to ______. a) "Where"; "what" b) "What"; "where" c) Identifying and recognizing objects and faces; visually guided movement d) Visually guided movement; identifying and recognizing objects and faces e) Both A and D f) Both B and C

E.

1. Axons extending from the nasal part of the retina project to the ___ side of the brain, whereas axons from the remainder of the retina project to the ___ part of the brain. a) contralateral, ipsilateral b) medial, lateral c) ipsilateral, contralateral d) dorsal, ventral

a.

1. Chose the correct pathway for object identifying "what information," starting from the photoreceptors: a) Cones, midget ganglion cells, parvocellular cells in layers 3-6 of the LGN, ventral pathway b) Rods, midget ganglion cells, parvocellular cells in layers 3-6 of the LGN, dorsal pathway c) Rods, parasol ganglion cells, magnocellular cells in layers 1-2 of the LGN, dorsal pathway d) Cones, midget ganglion cells, magnocellular cells in layers 1-2 of the LGN, dorsal pathway

a.

1. If an on-center cell has its entire center illuminated, how would the cells polarization change? a) The cell would depolarize b) The polarization would remain neutral c) The cell would hyperpolarize d) The cell would depolarize and then hyperpolarize

a.

1. What is the correct route of visual information? 1. Light enters the eye through the pupil. 2. Activation of bipolar cells. 3. Electrical signal is transmitted by the optic nerve. 4. Photochemical reaction in rods and cones at the back of retina. 5. Ganglion cells are activated. a) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 b) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 c) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 d) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3

a.

1. When light passes through the retina, it is received by the photoreceptors. Where are these located, and what allows the light to go straight to these photoreceptors? a) Back layer of the eye; the ganglia and bipolar cells are transparent b) Directly behind the retina; photoreceptors are next to retina, which allows light to go straight into them c) Behind the ganglion cells, but in front of bipolar cells; ganglia and bipolar cells are transparent d) Back layer of the eye; ganglia and bipolar cells are located on the sides, so the light can pass between them

a.

1. Which of the following pairs in an inaccurate comparison between Cones and Rods? a) Cones are located in the peripheral, rods are located in and around the fovea. b) There are more rods than cones in the vision system c) Rods are more useful in night vision, cones are more useful in day vision d) Rods have a slow recovery time, cones have a quick recovery time

a.

1. Each receptor from the _______ converges onto a single bipolar cell. a) periphery b) fovea c) pupil d) occipital lobe

b.

1. Jenny is given a drug that, when administers, temporarily decreases her ability to see light/dark contrasts and movement. We know that the drug affects ganglion cells in the retina. Which type of neuron does it most likely impede? a) Bistratified Neurons b) Parasol Neurons c) Midget Neurons d) Magnocellular Neurons

b.

1. Owls have excellent eyesight at night. What could be a reason for this? a) The owl has a higher ratio of cones to rods in its retina. b) The owl has a lower ratio of cones to rods in its retina. c) The owl has cones which get bleached by bright light, making it better for them to see at night. d) I don't know, owls are just badass.

b.

1. Rods and cones are different in that while cones are located near/in the _______, rods are located near/in the _______. Further, there are ______ rods than cones. a) Periphery, fovea, more b) Fovea, periphery, more c) Periphery, fovea, less d) Fovea, periphery, less

b.

1. What happens when more light shines on the inhibitory zone? a) Cells respond more b) Excites bipolar cells c) Cells respond less d) Excites ganglion cells

b.

1. What is your blind spot? a) the reason why when you close your eyes you can't see b) a spot where there are no photoreceptors c) place where blood does not flow to your eyes d) the reason that you have to blink

b.

1. What would happen if a human developed a fourth type of cone? a) Nothing b) Able to make finer distinctions between colors c) Develop color vision deficiency d) Increased visual field

b.

1. Which anatomical feature is responsible for the blind spot on each eye? a) Optic Chiasm b) Optic Disk c) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus d) Primary Visual Cortex

b.

1. Which of the following best describes the pathway that movement information follows through the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)? a) Rods, "parasol" neurons, LGN layers 1, 4, and 6 b) Rods, "parasol" neurons, magnocellular neurons c) Rods, ganglion cells, LGN layers 3 through 6 d) Rods, "midget" neurons, optic chiasm

b.

1. Which of the following characteristics are true of both foveal and peripheral vision? a) Foveal vision responds poorly to bright lights and peripheral vision responds to bright lights b) Foveal vision responds poorly to dim light and peripheral vision responds to dim lights c) Foveal vision has poor sensitivity to detail and peripheral vision has good sensitivity to detail d) Foveal vision has good sensitivity to detail and peripheral vision has good sensitivity to detail

b.

1. Which of the following statements about rods and cones is FALSE? a) Cones contribute to photopic vision (day vision), and rods contribute to scotopic vision (night vision). b) Rods have a 1:1 convergence ratio with bipolar cells, while many cones converge onto a single bipolar cell. c) Cones are located in and near the fovea. d) There are approximately 120 million rods, however only 6 million cones. e) All statements are true.

b.

1. Which of these statements is FALSE? a) Parvocellular information goes to layers 3-6 b) Information from the contralateral (temporal) half of the retina goes to layers 1, 4, and 6 c) Magnocellular information is from parasol retinal ganglion neurons d) Parvocellular information from the temporal half of the retina goes to layers 3 and 5

b.

The fusiform gyrus is located in which brain area? It is adept at identifying what? a) Prefrontal cortex, soft noises b) Inferior temporal cortex, faces c) Parietal cortex, scent d) Inferior temporal cortex, motion

b.

1. Color vision deficiency, or color blindness, results in people when certain genes fail to develop one type of cone, or develop an abnormal type of cone. Which of the following is not true in regards to color blindness and what we know about color? a) People can have issues distinguishing red from green because their long-medium wavelength cones have the same photopigment instead of different ones. b) Color is in the brain, not in the light or the object itself c) Blind spots increase in severity due to color blindness d) Women with one normal gene and one color- deficient gene are slightly less sensitive to red and green than the average for other people

c.

1. For an ON-center cell, if the entire cell is exposed to light ____________. a) the activation increases in the cell. b) the activation decreases in the cell. c) the activation remains the same or slightly increase

c.

1. If you cut only the crossing fibers in the optic chiasm, how would that affect the person's vision? a) It would not affect the person's vision. b) The inside of both eye's visual field would be gone. c) The outside of both eye's visual field would be gone. d) The person would become completely blind.

c.

1. If you made a cut in the optic chiasm in the mid-sagittal plane what optic nerves would be cut? a) The optic nerves of the right visual field b) The optic nerves of the left visual field c) Both optic nerves of the nasal halves of the retina d) Both optic nerves of the temporal halves of the retina

c.

1. What would be the result of damage to the MT and MST? a) Color blindness b) Being completely blind c) Motion blindness d) Unable to recognize faces

c.

1. Which of the following is not true about cones? a) cones are located in and near the fovea b) cones are used for day vision and vision in daylight or other bright light c) multiple cones converge information onto a single bipolar cell d) there are much fewer cones than rods in our visual system

c.

1. Which of the following is the correct description of the types of Ganglion cells? a) "midget neurons" - These types of neurons have smaller cell bodies and receptive fields. They are found equally spread throughout the retina and are responsible for movement and overall light and dark patterns. b) "Parasol neurons" - These types of neurons have larger cell bodies and receptive fields. They are concentrated in/near the fovea and are responsible for visual details such as colors red and green. c) "Bistratified neurons" - these types of neurons can be found scattered throughout the retina. Bistratified neurons have small cell bodies, however, scientists know of various functions yet still have a lot more to learn about these neurons. d) none of the above

c.

1. Following the movement through the optic chiasm, the optic nerve is now called the: a) Optic Disk b) Optic Radiation c) Occipital Lobe d) Optic Tract

d.

1. How do horizontal cells help us see contrast? a) They aid in lateral inhibition b) They block signals to neighboring bipolar cells c) They produce the highest net excitation for the last bordering cell receiving a light signal and the lowest net excitation for the cell right next to it not receiving a light signal d) All of the above

d.

1. If a patient were to experience blind areas in the inner edges/ corners of their visual field in both eyes, where in the structure of the visual pathway could there be damage? a) The optic chiasm b) The right optic radiation past the LGN c) Both the left and right optic radiation past the LGN d) Both the temporal halves of the retina

d.

1. If the striate cortex in the left hemisphere is not receiving information, which of the following could be a cause? a) Temporal optic nerve is severed in the left eye b) Temporal optic nerve is severed in the right eye c) Nasal optic nerve is severed in the right eye d) A and C e) B and C

d.

1. The Trichromatic Theory suggests that _________________ a) Color is perceived using only three types of cones b) Each cone responds to a different set of wavelengths c) The ratio of activity between cones is what allows people to determine different combinations of wavelengths as different colors d) All of the above

d.

What is the main difference between a complex cell and a hypercomplex cell? a) A complex cell is only found in area V1, while hypercomplex is found in areas V1 and V2. b) A hypercomplex cell has the largest receptive field, while a complex cell has a smaller receptive field in comparison. c) A hypercomplex cell has a strong inhibitory zone on one end of the cell. d) Both B and C. e) None of the above.

d.

Which of the following statements is true regarding someone with prosopagnosia? a) An individual with prosopagnosia will show a high level of activity in the fusiform gyrus when seeing faces. b) An individual with prosopagnosia will not have an issue with visual acuity, but memory is affected, hence the inability to recognize faces. c) An individual with prosopagnosia will not have an issue with memory, but visual acuity is affected, hence the inability to recognize faces. d) An individual with prosopagnosia is able to differentiate between objects of the same category such as letters or numbers, but will likely not recognize his own reflection while walking towards a mirror.

d.