BIOS 3450 EXAM 1 Schwirian 2022

The _______________________ is an organelle that processes raw proteins into their finished products and sorts and directs these products to their final destinations.

Golgi Complex

In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of actin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length.

H Zone

The __________________________ is the part of the central nervous system that regulates body temperature, thirst, urine output, and food intake.

Hypothalamus

________________________ is a transcription factor that promotes production of the hormone erythropoietin.Hypoxia inducible factor

Hypoxia inducible factor

Which of the following fiber types would be most resistant to fatigue?

I

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest capillary density?

I

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest amount of glycolytic enzymes?

I

In which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of myosin? Assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length.

I band

Myosin heavy chain IIX would be the predominant type of myosin in which fiber type?

IIX

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the greatest lactate dehydrogenase activity?

IIX

Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest mitochondrial volume?

IIX

Which of the following statements is/are NOT true regarding osmosis, water movement, and cell shape?

If a red blood cell was placed in a 0.9% NaCl solution, more water would leave the cell than enter it

The parasympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs.

Acetylcholine, muscarinic cholinergic

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and breaks down a lot of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP consumption in active skeletal muscle?

After Myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria

Which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension?

All of the above ARE true

Which of the following are NOT true regarding refractory periods in neurons?

All of the above ARE true about the refractory periods

Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and we break down a great deal of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP production in active skeletal muscle?

All of these ARE true

Which of the following is/are true about how extracellular messengers (1st messengers like hormones or neurotransmitters) signal changes in target cells?

All of these answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of the cerebellum

All of these answers ARE roles of the cerebellum

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the A band?

All of these answers ARE true

Which of the following is/are NOT true about titin?

All of these answers are true about titin

which of the following is/are true about sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and membrane excitability?

All of these are true

Which of the following is/are true about the Basal Nuclei?

All of theses answers

PFK catalyzes the rate limiting step of which of the following processes?

Glycolysis

During the phase #_____, the membrane potential is moving towards the sodium equilibrium potential because ____________________________.

# 1, the membrane is very permeable to sodium

Which of the following is/are NOT an event that takes place during muscle development?

All of the above ARE events during muscle development

During the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential, whitch of the following is/are NOT true?

All of the above ARE true

__1___ are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS, and one their functions include _2___

1) Astrocytes, 2) establishing the blood brain barrier

We NET approximately _ ATP per NADH and __ ATP per FADH2

2.5, 1.5

Palmitic acid is a commen fatty acid in foods that we eat and it is 16 carbons long. If Palmitic acid were broken down via beta oxidation, how many molecules of AcetylCoA would be produced?

8

During glycolysis we form two pyruvate molecules from a single glucose molecule. Which of the following are possible fates of pyruvate?

A & B are possible fates of pyruvate

Which of the following would likely increase the rate of net diffusion the most?

An increase in surface area

Which of the following axons is likely to have the slowest conduction velocity?

An unmyelinated axon in a completely healthy subject with a diameter of 20 μm at 30ºC

____________________ are a type of cell that helps to make the blood brain barrier and plays a role in taking up excess potassium.

Astrocytes

From one of our look up of the days, which of the following is/are true about pufferfish toxin?

B & D

Skeletal muscle can experience large fluctuations in metabolic needs. When skeletal muscle experiences a sudden increase in ATP demand, the fastest means of generating this ATP is

Breaking down phosphocreatine to make ATP

Which of the following statements best explains the Warburg effect?

C & D

In class we discussed cystic fibrosis (CF). In these individuals, lack of functioning CFTR results in an inability to form and regulate________________. This results in thick sticky mucous that can result in several problems including an increase in risk of infection.

Chloride channels

Who was the first physiologist to suggest that our internal environment (milieu interior) was tightly regulated and subject to physiological regulation?

Claude Bernard

___________________________ are spinal cord tracts involved in voluntary control of movement that go from the cortex down the spinal cord to stimulate motor neurons.

Corticopsinal tracts

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ binds with nicotinic receptors and thus prevents acetylcholine binding

Curare

In skeletal muscle, when an action potential spreads down the T tubles it activates ____________________, which serve as _____________; this plays an important role in the release of calcium.

Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors

Proprioceptive information is brought up the spinal cord via ascending spinal cord tracts called the ____________________________

Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal system

People with Duchene muscular dystrophy have mutations in the gene that encodes for the protein ___________________

Dystrophin

Which of the following is/are NOT true about EPSPs?

EPSPs can spead down long axons to cause the release of neurotransmitters

Which of the following statements is not completely correct?

Epigenetics is about how the environment changes our DNA base pairs

Which of the following are NOT true about fat metabolism in our cells?

Fatty acids are broken down to make pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle

The ___ is an organelle that plays an important role in protein breakdown. This protein degradation is catalyzed by ____ (a type of enzyme found in this organelle).

Lysosomes, cathepsins

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ is an autoimmune disease where the subject's immune system makes antibodies that reduce the ability nicotinic receptors to bind with acetylcholine

Myasthenia Gravis

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ is an autoimune disease where the subject's immune system makes antibodies that reduce the ability nicotinic receptors to bind wiht acetylcholine

Myasthenia Gravis

The sympathetic nervous system secretes the neurotransmitter ____ from its postganglionic nerve fibers, and this neurotransmitter binds with ___ receptors on target tissues/effector organs.

Norepinephrine, alpha- or beta- adrenergic

After an action potential reaches the synaptic knob, the next event leading to neurotransmitter release is

Opening of calcium channels

The enzyme ________________ catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen. Patients with McArdle's disease lack a functional version of this enzyme.

Phosphorylase

The following are parts of the cerebral cortex involved in movement. Which is matched with the wrong description?

Primary motor cortex - decision to move, planning voluntary activity

In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction

Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

In skeletal muscle, which of the following is/are true about calcium serving as a signal for contraction.

Ryanodine receptors release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

In class we discussed multiple functional regions of each cortex of the cerebrum. Which region is NOT matched with the appropriate cortex?

Somatosensory cortex: frontal lobe

_________________________ refers to multiple presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters at nearly the same time, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached.

Spatial summation

_________________________ refers to a single presynaptic input releasing excitatory neurotransmitters rapidly and repeatedly, thus bringing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell closer to threshold, and ultimately causing an action potential if threshold is reached.

Temporal summation

Our nervous system's ability to determine the exact nature of a stimulus (the intensity, location, and type of sensation) is truly incredible. _______________________ explains how the Central Nervous System is able to perceive the type of stimulus; no matter how the receptor is stimulated, the perceived sensation will always be what the receptor was meant for.

The Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Which of the following is/are true regarding the nervous system?

The afferent nervous system brings information towards the central nervous system

Which of the following is/are NOT completely true regarding resting membrane potential?

The sodium potassium pumps contribute to the resting membrane potential because they pump more potassium into the cell than the amount of sodium they pump out

Which of the following is/are true regarding refractory periods in neurons?

The refractory periods ensure unidirectional propagation of action potentials

Which of the following is/are true about pennate muscles?

This fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere?

This is where we would find alpha-actinin

In skeletal muscle, in order to stimulate muscle contraction, calcium concentrations in the cytoplasm must increase. When calcium enters the cytoplasm, it binds with ______________________, this is the critical step that determines whether or not skeletal muscle contracts.

Troponin

Which of the following would NOT tend to increase the conduction velocity of an axon?

a decrease in length of the axon

Which of the following is/are NOT true about osmosis?

Water will tend to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with death of cells in parts of the brain; especially in the _____________

basal nuclei

Which of the following is/are NOT true about myelinated neurons?

action potentials spread down myelinated axons via contiguous conduction

The somas (cell bodys) of ___________________are outside of the central nervous system

afferent neurons

Speaking requires multiple parts of the brain. Which of the following are true regarding speaking and language.

all of these

Which of the following are true about neural pathways involved in pain transmission?

all of these

for EACH TURN of the citric acid cycle we:

all of these answers are True

Which of the following is/are true about potassium (K+) and nerve cells?

all of these answers are true

The autonomic nervous system is an important regulator of many homeostatic functions in the body. The responses of our organs and tissues to autonomic stimulation are determined by the specific neurotransmitter released and the specific neurotransmitter receptors that are found in those locations. Which of the following is/are NOT true about autonomic nervous system neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors.

alpha-adrenergic receptors have lower affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ prevents release of acetylcholine from the terminal bouton.

botulinum toxin

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in initiating and planning voluntary activity?

cerebrocerebellum

Comparing the Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tracts to the Dorsal Columns/Lemniscal System, The Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tracts .........

cross over as the information enters the spinal cord

Which of the following is NOT a property of neural communication?

electrical signals are typically passed from one neuron to another through a channel

What type of intercellualar communication works slowly and over long distances with longer lasting effects?

endocrine

Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause problems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject accidentally consumed the botulinum toxin, they would likely experience ______________

flaccid paralysis

Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause problems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with curare, they would likely experience _____________________

flaccid paralysis

Voluntary control of movement is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

An electrical signal spreading from one cardiac muscle cell to another cardiac muscle cell would be an example of what type of communication

gap junctions

Which of the following types of cell adhesion molecules allows transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another?

gap junctions

Which of the following metabolic processes/pathways does NOT take place in the mitochondria?

glycolysis

Which of the following is/are NOT true about glycolysis?

hexokinase catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis

Which of the following enzymes is matched with the wrong metabolic pathway/process?

hexokinase: citric acid cycle

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the sodium equilibrium potential (ENa)?

in most neurons it is close to -90 mV

Which of the following is/are NOT true about IPSPs?

it brings the membrane potential closer to threshold

If you put a red blood cell in a solution that was slightly hypertonic relative to our body fluids, what would happen to the red blood cell?

it would crenate

The __________________________________________________ states that no matter where along a sensory pathway you stimulate, the perceived ssensation will always be in the location of the receptors.

law of projection

Which of the following association areas (cortices) of the cerebral cortex is most likley to be associated with memory, motivation, and emotion?

limbic association cortex

What type of intercellular communication is fast and works over long distances?`

neural

The visual cortex is associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

occipital

Which of the following is/are true about sodium (Na+) and nerve cells?

only two of these answers are true

regarding cell death, which of the following is/are true?

only two of these are true

Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thus prevents breakdown of acetylcholine

organophosphates

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

oxygen

Perceiving sensory signals from across the body is especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

parietal

Which of the following is an enzyme that promotes breakdown of glycogen?

phosphorylase

Which of the following is an enzyme that promotes glylcogenolysis?

phosphorylase

The type of graded potential that occurs in sensory recepetors is called a __________________________________ potential

receptor potential

Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with organophosphates, they would likely experience _____________________

spastic paralysis

Which of the following is NOT a property of hormonal (endocrine) communication?

specificity is based on location; only works on neighboring cells

Which of the following is/are NOT true about the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerve fibers

Hearing, speaking and language functions are especially associated with the ___ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

temporal

Which of the following is/are related to the activity of the electron transport chain?

the energy from transferring electrons from one carrier to the next is used to drive the pumping of hydrogen ions from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space

Which is NOT true about the cAMP 2nd messenger system?

the enzyme that makes cAMP from ATP is phospholipase C

Aldolase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. Which of the following statements is/are most likely to be true? select all that apply

the enzyme would normally be found in the cytoplasm it would be translated by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cystic fibrosis (CF)?

the main problem in CF is that the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized

Ruffini corpuscles are sensory receptors in our skin that can detect skin stretch and tend not to adapt. Which of the following is/are most likely to be true?

they are tonic receptors

Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter involved in autonomic nervous system function. Which are true about its roles:

two of these answers

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating eye movements and balance?

vestibulocerebellum

You put a red blood cell on a microscope slide, and you put a drop of 3.2% NaCl solution on the drop of blood. The temperature in the room and the fluids is 22 degrees Celsius. Which of the following is/are true about this scenario?

we would expect to see the cells crenate water would be expected to be leaving the cell