Biosphere Unit HW - APES

Paleontologists estimate that _____.

99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct

Passed in 1906, the _______ gave the president authority to declare selected public lands as national monuments.

Antiquities Act

Which of the following has been an effect of ecotourism in Hawaii?

Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars.

What is the likely result of the increasing amounts of fertilizers in the major rivers emptying into oceans?

Eutrophication, followed by hypoxia, is a likely result, ultimately leading to less CO2 uptake and less oxygen released.

[IMAGE-BASED QUESTION] Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data shown in the figure?

Full protection of Chesapeake Bay will require consideration of activities within the bay's airshed and not just the bay's watershed.

The species that are generally most vulnerable to human impact are ____.

K-selected species

How does the size of an island generally affect its biodiversity, and why?

Larger islands tend to have higher diversity than smaller islands because larger islands usually have a higher diversity of habitats.

[IMAGE-BASED QUESTION] According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila?

Laysan finch

Once the prairie dogs were poisoned and no longer a part of the ecosystem, which of the following probably occurred?

Soils slowly compacted because of the cattle, decreasing infiltration of moisture into the soil.

[IMAGE-BASED QUESTION] Which of the following is the most likely result of the American toad's becoming extirpated from this forest?

Spiders are likely to experience a population increase because more insect prey would become available.

How do the prairie dogs in this story meet the definition of a keystone species?

Their burrows loosened the soil and served as homes for other species; they helped with nutrient recycling. They helped water infiltrate into the soil and kept soil loose for grass roots. When they were removed, the system deteriorated.

A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection?

There will be less genetic variation from recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.

Which of the following is TRUE about top predators?

They are often keystone species.

_______ are federal lands that are off-limits to development but are open to hiking, nature study, and other low-impact public recreational activities.

Wilderness areas

The first national park was _____.

Yellowstone

You are studying with a classmate, who explains that increasing the amount of nutrients in a lake helps submerged, rooted aquatic plants by providing them with the nitrogen and phosphorus they need to survive and reproduce. Which of the following should be your response to your study buddy?

You disagree because the resulting increase in phytoplankton at the surface would inhibit sunlight from penetrating into the water, thus inhibiting photosynthesis in the submerged plants.

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem?

a colony of leafcutter ants, the leaves they harvest, the fungi that they cultivate and tend to, and the soil nutrients and moisture needed for their garden

A population is _____

a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

Removal of which of the following species will result in the greatest changes in an ecological system?

a keystone species

One direct result of removing the predators may have been ______.

an increase in the prairie dog population

The IUCN's Red List is _____.

an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction

The Haber-Bosch process allows farmers to _____.

apply synthetic nitrogen-rich fertilizers to their cropland

Zebra mussels ______.

are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities

Endemic species _____.

are found only in one place on the planet

The field of conservation biology ________.

attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution and extinction into their field research

Which of the following describes a property of pure water?

can hold many molecules in solution

A species' realized niche ______.

cannot be larger than its fundamental niche

Which of the following would reduce nutrient pollution in the Mississippi River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds?

closing or update sewage treatment plans that lack a process for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater

By definition, herbivores _____.

consume autotrophs

[IMAGE-BASED QUESTION] Soil bacteria serve what function in this food web?

decomposers

"Edge effects" are a particular problem when ________.

formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments

By definition, parasites ________ their host.

get nourishment from and harm

Which of the following pairs lists an r-selected organism followed by a K-selected organism?

grasshopper; whale

The SLOSS debate involves issues relating to ____.

habitat fragmentation and preserve design

Wood thrushes are decreasing in numbers because ___________.

habitat fragmentation makes it easier for cowbird parasitism to occur

Blight fungus kills U.S. chestnut trees because the trees ________.

have not coevolved with the fungus

Many organisms that undergo chemosynthesis use ____ instead of ____ to fuel the processes that convert carbon dioxide into sugars.

hydrogen sulfide (H2S); sunlight

Both ____ and ____ can change local species diversity, but not global species diversity.

immigration; extirpation

In an aquatic ecosystem experiencing eutrophication, levels of dissolved macronutrients ________ and dissolved oxygen levels ________.

increase; decrease

A species of lizard has gone extinct. All of the following may have contributed to this extinction EXCEPT _____.

increased genetic diversity within the species

The greatest species diversity is found in which of the following groups?

insects

Competitive exclusion occurs as a result of _____.

interspecific competition

Character displacement can result from all of the following EXCEPT _____.

intraspecific competition

Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource would be an example of ________.

intraspecific competition

Biodiversity enhances human food security because it ________.

is a potential source of new food items or new genetic varieties of existing foods

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift when ______.

it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change

Endemic species are ____.

limited to just one location, such as an island

Prairie dog activities probably contributed to ________.

loosening soil and cycling nutrients, allowing new grass roots to grow and prosper

Ecotourism

maintains biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed

A niche specialist is ____.

more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as _____.

mutualism

The first essential step in changing atmospheric nitrogen into more usable NH3 is called ____.

nitrogen fixation

Secondary succession ______.

occurs after a fire or flood

One of the conclusions that can be drawn from this scenario is that _____.

once humans change one thing in an ecosystem, they may find unexpected results occurring elsewhere in the ecosystem.

All of the following are compounds EXCEPT

oxygen gas

The atmosphere is an important reservoir (pool) in all of the following cycles EXCEPT _____.

phosphorus

The phosphorus in all biological tissues can be traced back to ____.

phosphorus weathered from rock

Scientists often depict their understanding of an organism's evolutionary ancestry in diagrams called ____.

phylogenetic trees

Wildlife in the Serengeti is currently threatened by ________.

plans to build a highway that passes through the park

Grazing animals such as deer are ________.

primary consumers

Land trusts are ______.

private nonprofit groups

Humans have dramatically altered the rate of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by autotrophs by ________.

producing synthetic fertilizers and applying them to crops, lawns, and parks

The "roadless rule"

prohibits new road construction in national forests

(?) [IMAGE-BASED QUESTION] Which of the following organisms in the figure is depicted as being at the highest trophic level?

rat snake

A climax community _____.

remains in place with few changes until another disturbance restarts succession.

Intense hurricanes resulting from global warming can directly lead to _____ within communities.

secondary succession

The largest pool of carbon in the carbon cycle is ______

sedimentary rock

The three largest pools of the carbon cycle, in order, are ____

sedimentary rock, oceans, and fossil fuels

Which of the following is the best example of an ecosystem service?

soil microbes fixing atmospheric nitrogen

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used by scientists to ____.

study changes in an ecosystem using satellite imagery

Which of the following reactions represents cellular respiration?

sugar + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + energy

A trophic cascade is the effect of the loss of ______ on ________.

top consumers; the abundance of lower consumers and producers

Ecotones are the ______

transitional zones between ecosystems

Ecological modeling can help us ______ ecosystem services.

understand

What kind of distribution do we typically see within a population of a species that maintains nesting territories, such as red-winged blackbirds?

uniform