Blood

What are structural characteristics of Erythrocytes?

- Biconcave discs (flattened discs with depressed centers) - Bound by Plasma Membrane - NO Organelles - Bags of Hemoglobin - 97% hemoglobin - Lack Mitochondria and generate ATP, do not consume Oxygen

What are unusual features about the formed elements?

- Only White Blood Cells are complete cells. - Red Blood Cells have no nuclei or other organelles. - Platelets are cell fragments that help control bleeding. - Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream only a few days. - Most blood cells originate in bone marrow and do not divide.

What are the functions of Erythrocytes?

- Respiratory gas transport - Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen - Normal Hemoglobin Values - Males: 13-18 g/100mL - Females: 12-16 g/100mL

Heme's central iron atom binds to how many oxygen?

1

What are the three causes of anemia?

1. Blood loss 2. Not enough red blood cells produced. 3. Too many red blood cells destroyed.

What are the functions of blood?

1. Distributing substances. 2. Regulating blood levels of substances. 3. Protection.

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on:

1. Hormonal controls. 2. Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins.

What are the stages of erythropoiesis?

1. Myeloid stem cell transformed into proerythroblast. 2. In 15 days proerythroblasts develop into basophilic, then polychromatic, then orthochromatic erythroblasts, and then into reticulocytes. 3. Reticulocytes enter bloodstream; in 2 days mature RBC.

A spun tube of blood has three yields.. What is the order from top to bottom and their percentages?

1. Plasma on top - 55% 2. Buffy Coat - 1% 3. Erythrocytes - 45%

What happens as a myeloid stem transforms?

1. Ribosomes synthesized. 2. Hemoglobin synthesized; iron accumulates. 3. Ejection of nucleus; formation of reticulocyte (young RBC).

What is the life span of RBC??

100-120 days.

Eosinophils

2-4% of all leukocytes and are the same size of neutrophils. Size resembles an old telephone - two lobes connected by a band of nuclear material. Lead the counterattack against parasitic worms such as flatworms. Role in allergies and asthma.

Each Hb molecule can transport how many oxygen?

4

What is Anemia?

A condition in which the blood's oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism.

What is Leukemias?

A group of cancerous conditions involving overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

What is bilirubin?

A yellow pigment that is released to the blood and binds to albumin for transport. Liver cells pick up bilirubin and in turn secrete it into the intestine.

Albumin

Accounts for 60% of plasma protein. It acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation. It is a blood buffer. It is the major blood protein contributing to the pressure that helps keep water in the bloodstream.

Describe the process of leukopoiesis.

An early branching divides the lymphoid stem cells, which produce lymphocytes from the myeloid stem cells which give rise to other formed elements.

Where in adults is red marrow found?

Axial skeleton and girdles, and in the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.

What is hematopoiesis?

Blood Cell formation in red bone marrow.

Too many Red Blood cells increase _______.

Blood Viscosity

What is the volume of blood?

Blood is more dense than water and five times more viscous because of its formed elements. Average volume: 5-6 L for males; 4-5 L for female. - pH 7.35-7.45. - 8% of body weight

What is erythropoiesis?

Erythrocyte production.

What are the formed elements?

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets.

What type of tissue is blood?

Fluid Connective Tissue.

Describe the Hemoglobin Structure.

Globin has 4 polypeptide chains. Two Alpha and Two Beta Chains. Heme is the pigment bonded to each globin chain that gives blood the red color.

Leukocytes are grouped into two major categories which are what?

Granulocytes which contain obvious membrane bound cytoplasmic granules and agranulocytes which lack obvious granules.

What does each blood cell arise from?

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

What hormone is the direct stimulus for erythropoiesis?

Hormone Erythropoietin (EPO), a small amount circulates in he blood at all times and sustains red blood cell production at a basal rate. Kidneys release EPO.

Having too few Red Blood Cells lead to ________.

Hypoxia

What are the two glycoproteins that are involved in leukopoiesis?

Interleukins and Colony-stimulating factors.

Agranulocytes

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei.

Monocytes

Largest leukocytes. Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm. Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei.

Where are the formed elements?

Living blood "cells" suspended in the plasma.

Describe the fate of aged and damaged erythrocytes.

Macrophages engulf and destroy dying erythrocytes. The heme of the hemoglobin is split off from globin. Its core of iron is salvaged, bound to protein, and stored for reuse.

What is a healthy percentage for hematocrit for male and females?

Males: 47% ± 5% Females: 42% ± 5%

Neutrophils

Most numerous White Blood Cells. Twice as large as erythrocytes. Multi lobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules. Many shapes of nucleus. Body's bacteria slayers and their numbers increase during bacterial infections.

Granulocytes contains which leukocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils. They are all roughly spherical in shape. Larger and shorter lived than RBC. Lobed nuclei.

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinphils, and Basophils.

What is plasma?

Non-living fluid matrix.

Describe the process of how oxyhemoglobin is made.

Oxygen loading occurs in the lungs and then goes to tissue cells. As oxygen-deficient blood moves through the lungs, oxygen diffuses the from the from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood and the into the erythrocytes where it binds to hemoglobin.

What is hematocrit?

Percent of blood volume that is Red Blood Cells.

What is leukopoiesis?

Production of WBC which is stimulated by chemical messengers that act as paracrines or hormones.

Basophils

Rarest WBCs. Nucleus deep purple with 1-2 constrictions. Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules contain histamine. Are functionally similar to mast cells (found in connective tissue.)

What type of patients have low Red Blood Cell counts?

Renal Dialysis Patients.

Lymphocytes

Second most numerous WBC. Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm. Mostly in lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen); few circulate in bloo. Crucial to immunity.

Where do RBC get trapped?

Smaller circulatory channels.

What are the physical characteristics of blood?

Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste. Scarlet color (oxygen rich) to a dark red (oxygen poor).

Lymphocytes, Types

T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virus-infected cells and tumor cell. B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies:

Explain the diagram that discusses the an imbalance in blood oxygen levels and how they're restored.

The stimulus is hypoxia, which is an inadequate oxygen delivery. It is due to decreased RBC count, decrease hemoglobin, decrease availability of oxygen. The kidney releases EPO, which stimulates red bone marrow, and enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count which increases carrying capability of blood rises.

What is mononucleosis?

Viral disease found in young adults. Excessive numbers of granulocytes.

What is leukocytosis?

When your WBC is over 11,000.

What is diapedesis?

White Blood Cells are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels.

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells, Complete Cells, and usual organelles. Account for less than 1% of total blood volume, far less numerous

Erythrocytes become "old" as they lose their ______, become increasingly ___ and _____ and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate.

flexibility, rigid, and fragile

What are the characteristics of blood plasma?

o 90% Water o 100 Dissolved Solutes o Plasma proteins are the most abundant accounting for 8% plasma weight o Proteins produced mostly by liver o 60% - Albumin a. Substance Carrier b. Blood Buffer c. Major contributor that helps keep water in the bloodstream o 36% Globulins o 4% Fibrinogen

What are the distributing functions?

o Deliver oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to body cells o Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination o Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

What are the regulation functions?

o Maintain body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat o Maintaining normal pH using buffers, alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions o Maintain adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

What are the protection functions?

o Prevent blood loss: When a blood vessel is damaged platelets and plasma proteins initiate clot formation, halting blood loss. o Prevent infection: Antibodies, Complement Protein, and White Blood Cells fight bacteria and viruses.

Red blood cells are unable to _____, ______, or divide.

synthesize, grow