Blood - Chapter 17-5 The various types of white blood cells contribute to the body's defenses

granulocytes

(with abundant stained granules) neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils;

neutrophils

- 10 to 12 microns - multi-lobed nucleus* (3-5) - phagocytes (eat other cells) - acute infection (rapid onset and/or a short course) - 60-70% of circulating WBC's * polymorphonuclear

lymphocytes

- 2nd most abundant in WBC - no visible granules - 6 - 18 microns - 25 -30% of all WBC's - oval nucleus - survive months to decades - Are larger than RBCs - Migrate in and out of blood - Mostly in connective tissue and lymphoid organs - Are part of the bodies specific defense system.

basophils

- blue granules or deep purple - 10 to 14 microns - tri-lobed nucleus - less than 1% circulating, rarest of the WBC's - histamine and heparin

monocytes

- huge cell, no visible granules - 15 microns - macrophage* - phagocytosing** - "U"Shaped - late to respond - prepare site for repair - cells of chronic (inflammation) - 4 to 8% ciculating - Agranulocytes, also known as mononuclear leukocytes, are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus * sometimes called macrophagocytes (Greek: big eaters, from makros "large" + phagein "eat"; abbr. MΦ), ** Phagocytes are the cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells

eosinophils

- red granules - bi-lobed nucleus - 12 to 14 microns - antihistamine, enzymes - works against allergens and infestation

Circulating WBCs have four characteristics

1. All Can Migrate Out oj the Bloodstream 2. All Are Capable of Amoeboid Movement. 3. All Are Attracted to Specific Chemical Stimuli 4. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Monocytes Are Capable of Phagocytosis

Function of luekocytes

1. Defend against pathogens 2. Remove toxins and waste 3. Attack abnormal cells

agranulocytes

Agranular leukocytes, or ____________ (with few, if any, stained granules)—the monocytes and lymphocytes.

monocytes

Agranular leukocytes, or agranulocytes (with few, if any, stained granules)— 1. _________ 2. lymphocytes

lymphocytes

Agranular leukocytes, or agranulocytes (with few, if any, stained granules)— 1. monocytes 2. ___________

histamine and heparin

CHECKPOINT How do basophils respond during inflammation? During inflammation, basophils release a variety of chemicals, including [ ______ and ______ ], that exaggerate the inflammation and attract other types of white blood cells.

leukocytes

CHECKPOINT Identify the five types of white blood cells. The five types of white blood cells, also called ______ are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

lymphocytes

CHECKPOINT Which type of cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus? The blood of a person fighting a viral infection would contain elevated numbers of ___________, because B lymphocytes produce circulating antibodies.

neutrophils

CHECKPOINT Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut? An infected cut would contain a large number of _________, phagocytic white blood cells that are generally the first to arrive at the site of an injury.

leukemia

Extreme leukocytosis (100,000//xl or more) generally indicates the presence of some form of _______*. When you have ________*, the bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, called ________cells. * ______ is cancer of the blood cells. It starts in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside most bones. Bone marrow is where blood cells are made.

neutrophils

Granular leukocytes, or granulocytes (with abundant stained granules) 1. _________ 2. eosinophils 3. basophils

eosinophils

Granular leukocytes, or granulocytes (with abundant stained granules) 1. neutrophils 2. _________ 3. basophils

basophils

Granular leukocytes, or granulocytes (with abundant stained granules) 1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. __________

specific defenses

Lymphocytes, in contrast (to Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocyte) , are responsible for _______: the mounting of a counterattack against specific types of invading pathogens or foreign proteins.

T cells

Lymphocytes: _____ are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, and attack foreign cells directly.

B cells

Lymphocytes: _____ are responsible for humoral immunity, that differentiate into plasma cells, then to a specific antibody

Natural Killer cells

Lymphocytes: _________: are responsible for immune surveillance, that detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells, are important in preventing cancers.

monocytes

Macrophages are _________ that have moved out of the bloodstream and have become actively phagocytic*. *A cell, such as a white blood cell, that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues.

fibrocytes

Monoctyes: Active macrophages also secrete substances that draw ________into the region. The ________ then begin producing scar tissue, which will wall off the injured area.

prostaglandins

Neutrophil: The _____________ increase capillary permeability in the affected region, thereby contributing to local inflammation and restricting the spread of injury and infection.

Leukotrienes

Neutrophil: __________ are hormones that attract other phagocytes and help coordinate the immune response.

microphages

Neutrophils and eosinophils are some-times called ______, to distinguish them from the larger macrophages in connective tissues.

nonspecific defenses

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes contribute to the body's __________________. Such defenses are activated by a variety of stimuli, but they do not discriminate between one type of threat and another.

differential count

The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Profiles The white blood cell __________ determines the number of each type of white blood cell, present in the blood.

lymphocytes

The circulating blood contains three functional classes of _________, which cannot be distinguished with a light microscope: i. T cells: responsible for cell-mediated immunity, and attack foreign cells directly. ii. B cells: are responsible for humoral immunity, that differentiate into plasma cells, then to a specific antibody iii. Natural Killer cells ( NK): are responsible for immune surveillance, that detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells, are important in preventing cancers.

defensins

The vesicle containing the engulfed pathogen fuses with lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes and small peptides called _______.

Degranulation

This is the removal of granules from cytoplasm

hemoglobin

Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells (WBCs) have nuclei and other organelles, but they lack _________*. *___________ is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

margination

When while blood cells in the bloodstream become activated, they contact and adhere to the vessel walls in a process called ________.

neutrophil

While actively engaged in attacking bacteria, a _____ releases prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

leukocytes

White blood cells, or ________, help defend the body against invasion by pathogens, and they remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells.

Basophils

_______ migrate to injury sites and cross the capillary endothelium to accumulate in the damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids. The granules contain histamine, which dilates blood vessels, and heparin, a compound that prevents blood clotting.

Eosinophils

_________ attack objects that are coated with antibodies. Although they will engulf antibody-marked bacteria, protozoa,or cellular debris, their primary mode of attack is the exocytosis* of toxic compounds, including nitric oxide and cytotoxic enzymes. Effective against multi-cellular parasites. * is a process in which an intracellular vesicle (membrane bounded sphere) moves to the plasma membrane and subsequent fusion of the vesicular membrane and plasma membrane ensues.

leukopenia

_________ indicates inadequate numbers of WBCs. _________ means too few lymphocytes

positive chemotaxis

_________, guides WBCs to invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other active WBCs

Leukocytosis

__________ refers to excessive numbers of WBCs. _________ too many lymphocytes.

white blood cells

__________________: ALSO CALLED LUEKOCYTES 1. Do not have hemoglobin 2. Do have a nuclei 3. Do have other organelles 4. Located in connective tissue proper or in the organs of the lymphoid system. 5. Small numbers in blood 5000-10,000 per microliter ( RBCs are 4.2-6.3 million per microliter)

Amoeboid movement

_________is a gliding motion accomplished by the flow of cytoplasm into slender cellular processes extended in front of the cell. (The movement is so named because it is similar to that of an amoeba, a type of protozoan.)

heparin

a compound that prevents blood clotting.

histamine

dilates blood vessels.

Phagocytosis

engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome