Blood Pressure MCQ
100 mmHg pressure equates to how many cm of water? A. 134 B. 13.4 C. 760 D. 76
A
A resting blood pressure stated as 120/80 (in units of mmHg) refers to A. maximum pressure in the aorta/minimum pressure in the aorta B. maximum pressure in the aorta/maximum pressure in the vena cavae C. diastolic pressure/systolic pressure D. left ventricular systolic/right ventricular systolic
A
A suction pump when used to clear an obstructed airway, expands the volume in its chamber to A. produce a negative pressure and obstructing liquid is pushed out by air pressure in the lungs B. produce a positive pressure and obstructing liquid is pushed out by air pressure in the lungs C. produce a negative pressure and obstructing liquid is sucked up into the chamber D. produce a positive pressure and obstructing liquid is sucked by atmospheric pressure into the chamber
A
As a result of the pumping action of the heart, we are able to feel pulsations in our superficial arteries (e.g. the radial pulse). This effect is an example of which of the following? A. Pascal's principle. B. Torricelli's law. C. The Bernoulli effect. D. Starling's law of the heart.
A
By which means will the sympathetic response raise blood pressure? A. Vasoconstriction due to stimulation of alpha receptors B. Vasoconstriction due to stimulation of beta receptors C. Increase cardiac output due to stimulation of alpha receptors D. Increased stroke volume due to stimulation of alpha receptors
A
Consider Pascal's principle. If the heart exerts a pressure of 120 mmHg on the blood in the aorta, where else in the body will the blood pressure be 120 mm Hg? A. in the brachial artery of a seated person B. in the superior vena cava of a standing person. C. in the capillaries of the feet of a supine person D. in the anterior tibial artery of a person who is standing
A
Consider an arteriole that is 50 cm distant from the aorta. If blood pressure in the aorta is 130 mmHg and in the arteriole is 30 mmHg, what is the pressure GRADIENT between the two? A. 2 mmHg/cm B. 30 mmHg/cm C. 100 mmHg/cm D. 130 mmHg/cm
A
If a person has an arterial blood pressure measurement of 16 kPa (120 mmHg), this equates to which of the following pressures in newtons per square centimetre? A. 16,000 B. 160 C. 1.6 D. 1600
A
If a stenosis reduces the size of a blood vessel to half of the original diameter, the volume flow rate through the vessel will be reduced. Which relationship below determines the extent of the decrease in flow? A. Poiseuille's law. B. Bernoulli's theorem. C. Dalton's law. D. Pascal's principle.
A
If dietary salt intake is excessive, which of the following will NOT occur? A. Less ADH will be secreted B. The osmolarity of extracellular fluids will increase C. The thirst centre will be stimulated D. The extracellular fluid volume increases
A
One of the following does NOT contribute to peripheral resistance. Which one? A. heart rate. B. blood viscosity. C. diameter of blood vessels. D. length of blood vessels
A
One of the following is a vasodilator. Which one? A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). B. angiotensin II. C. epinephrine (adrenaline). D. an increase in sympathetic impulses.
A
Say a diastolic blood pressure reading was 80 mm Hg. This is consistent with which one of the following statements? A. the diastolic reading is 80 mm Hg greater than atmospheric pressure. B. pressure is measured in length units. C. the diastolic reading is 80 mm Hg less than atmospheric pressure. D. this is the maximum pressure produced by contraction of the myocardium.
A
The kinetic molecular theory of gases provides us with some valuable insights into the behaviour of gases. One correct prediction of the theory is: That gas pressure is: A. due to the force exerted by gas molecules as they collide with the walls of their container. B. due to the forces of attraction between gas particles. C. inversely proportional to the gas temperature. D. proportional to the partial pressures of the different gases that make up the gas.
A
The measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure is made while the patient is lying down rather than sitting up. The horizontal posture prevents a false high reading due to A. the weight of the 'head' of CSF in the spinal cord. B. possible movement of the patient while sitting up. C. pressure on the lumbar vertebrae when the back is vertical. D. the greater muscle tone needed to maintain a sitting position.
A
The pressure inside a working suction bottle is most likely to be; A. 740 mmHg B. 760 mmHg C. 780 mmHg D. 800 mmHg
A
What does administering Beta-Blocking medication do? A. It targets adrenergic neurotransmission to Beta receptors B. It targets cholinergic neurotransmission to decrease blood pressure C. It acts principally upon Beta 2 and Alpha 1 receptors D. It exposes the Beta 1 receptors to enhance neurotransmission
A
What is "systolic pressure"? A. The peak pressure in the blood due to contraction of the left ventricle B. The minimum pressure in the blood prior to contraction of the left ventricle 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control 314 C. It may be obtained by multiplying cardiac output by total peripheral resistance. D. It is also known as mean arterial pressure
A
What is one of the determinants of the resistance to blood flow? A. blood viscosity. B. cardiac output. C. heart rate. D. the blood osmolarity.
A
What units is a blood pressure of 120/80 is expressed in? A. Millimetres of mercury B. Centimetres of blood C. Centimetres of mercury D. Pascals
A
When a person is standing upright, what can be said about the arterial blood pressure in their feet? A. It will be greater than arterial pressure in the aorta. B. It will be less than the arterial pressure in the aorta. C. It will be the same as the arterial pressure in the aorta. D. It will be the same as the venous blood pressure in the feet.
A
Which completed statement is NOT true? Peripheral resistance: A. increases if diameter of blood vessels increases B. is greater if the total length of blood vessels is greater C. increases if viscosity of blood increases D. is greater than pulmonary resistance
A
Which of the following is NOT true about turbulent blood flow? A. turbulent flows exists when blood is flowing in smooth streamlines. B. it may occur when blood passes through a constriction or stenosis. C. it occurs if blood speed is high. D. turbulent flow is noisy
A
Which of the following is closest to a statement of Poiseuille's law? A. Volume flow rate is proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the tube. B. The pressure in flowing fluids is lowest where the speed of flow is greatest. C. The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure. D. When the flow of fluid is producing sound, then turbulent flow is present.
A
Which of the following is most unlikely to increase blood viscosity? A. leucocytosis B. dehydration C. hypothermia D. an infusion of packed red blood cells
A
Which of the following readings (in mm Hg) would be considered within a healthy resting blood pressure range? A. 115/70 B. 120/30 C. 100/90 D. 145/90
A
Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular control centre of the brain is FALSE? A. increased impulses along parasympathetic fibres causes vasoconstriction. B. increased output along the sympathetic fibres Increase heart rate. C. output along of the parasympathetic fibres DEcreases heart rate. D. decreased output along the sympathetic fibres causes dilation of arterioles.
A
Which of the following will increase cardiac output? A. an increase in sympathetic impulses B. an increase in parasympathetic impulses C. a faster stream of impulses from the baroreceptors D. an increase in vasodilation
A
Which of the following would cause a rise in mean arterial blood pressure? A. sympathetic impulses along the cardio-accelerator nerves. B. changing from a standing position to a supine position. C. generalized vasodilation of blood vessels. D. a severe haemorrhage
A
Which situation below would make the heart beat faster? A. an increase in sympathetic impulses along the cardioaccelerator nerves B. an increase in parasympathetic impulses along the cardioaccelerator nerves C. an increase in sympathetic impulses along the vagus nerves D. an increase in parasympathetic impulses along the vagus nerves
A
Which statement regarding the regulation of blood pressure by the endocrine system is correct? A. In comparison to other physiological regulatory processes, it is slow. B. Aldosterone is responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II C. In response to a drop in blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system leads to parasympathetic stimulation D. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is responsible for converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
A
Which three hormones have a role in regulating blood pressure? A. angiotensin II, ADH and ANP B. renin, angiotensin II and ADH C. vasopressin, ADH and ANP D. angiotensin II, ACE and ADH
A
Why is blood pressure stated in units of "mm Hg"? Because... A. the first barometers operated with mercury. B. standard International (SI) units are not required in human biology. C. the haemoglobin molecule contains an atom of mercury. D. blood pressure is a length.
A
oo much salt (sodium chloride) in the diet increases blood osmolarity and can cause increased arterial blood pressure. Which of the following is NOT a way that salt affects blood pressure? A. Salt causes peripheral vasoconstriction. B. Salt stimulates thirst. C. Salt stimulates ADH secretion. D. Salt causes fluid shift from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.
A
120/80 is recorded as a blood pressure measurement. What does this mean? A. systolic pressure is 120 and diastolic pressure is 80. B. left ventricular systolic pressure is 120 and left ventricular diastolic pressure is 80. C. the average of the left and right ventricular systolic pressure is 120 and the average of the left and right ventricular diastolic pressure is 80. D. left ventricular diastolic pressure is 120 and left ventricular systolic pressure is 80
B
A rise in arterial blood pressure stretches the vessel walls which contain baroreceptors. Which of the following responses does this produce? The baroreceptors send a: A. slower stream of impulses to the vasomotor centre which inhibits it. B. faster stream of impulses to the vasomotor centre which inhibits it. C. slower stream of impulses to the vasomotor centre which stimulates it. D. faster stream of impulses to the vasomotor centre which stimulates it.
B
A scuba diver swimming at a depth of 10 m will experience a pressure of how many atmospheres? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 1.5
B
A statement of Boyle's law could be: A. as pressure of a gas increases, its solubility increases B. as volume of a gas increases, its pressure decreases. C. as volume of a gas decreases, its pressure decreases. D. as pressure of a gas increases, its solubility decreases.
B
According to Boyle's law, what will happen in a fixed amount of gas if its volume decreases? A. the pressure of the gas will decrease B. the pressure of the gas will increase C. the temperature of the gas will decrease D. the temperature of the gas will increase
B
An increase in parasympathetic impulses along the vagus nerve causes A. dilation of the arterioles B. a decrease in blood pressure C. an increase in vasoconstriction D. increases the force of myocardial contraction
B
An ophthalmologist using a tonometer measures the pressure in an eyeball to be 10 mmHg. What does this mean? A. gauge pressure is atmospheric pressure plus 10 mmHg. B. actual pressure is atmospheric pressure plus 10 mmHg. C. actual pressure is atmospheric pressure minus 10 mmHg. D. 10 mmHg is a negative pressure.
B
Approximately how much pressure does a science lecturer who has a mass of 70 kg and is standing on one foot (which has an area of 0.0165 m2 ), exert on the ground? (acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 ) A. 4.2 kPa B. 42 kPa C. 420 kPa D. 2.4 × 10−5 Pa
B
Blood flow is largely regulated at a tissue level. Which of the following could be said regarding this process? A. A rise in the blood level of O2 will result in vasodilation B. A raised CO2 level results in vasodilation C. Acidaemia directly increases vasopressin (ADH) release D. A raised CO2 blood level will result in an increased serum alkalinity
B
Consider a capillary where the blood hydrostatic pressure is 3300 Pa at the arterial end and 2000 Pa at the venous end. If the difference between the osmotic pressures inside and outside the capillary is 2900 Pa, what would be the net pressure difference between the surrounding tissue and blood in the venous end of the capillary? A. 400 Pa. B. 900 Pa. C. 1300 Pa. D. 4900 Pa.
B
Due to an atheromatous plaque, a man's coronary artery has narrowed to one third of its healthy diameter, all other things being equal, his blood flow rate (ml/min) in that artery would A. be one third of the unobstructed value B. be one eighty-first of its healthy value C. be one ninth of its healthy value D. be one twenty-seventh of its healthy value
B
During an auscultatory blood pressure determination, the Korotkoff sounds that are listened for are produced because A. the partial pressure of the blood has been increased. B. the blood flow is turbulent. C. of the viscosity of the blood. D. the volume flow rate has decreased.
B
If the blood pressure at the arterial end of a blood capillary is 4000 Pa (30 mmHg) and at the venule end of the capillary is 2000 Pa (15 mmHg), and the capillary has a length of 1 mm, what will the pressure gradient in the capillary be? A. 4000 Pa/mm B. 2000 Pa/mm C. 15 mmHg D. 45 mmHg
B
In a resting heart pumping 5 litres of blood per minute, the average aortic blood pressure is 13.3 kPa. Suppose arterial blood pressure falls to 3.3 kPa at the start of a capillary that is 50 cm from the heart. What is the pressure gradient along the path from heart to capillary? A. 5 l/min. B. 200 Pa/cm. C. 2000 Pa/m. D. 10,000 Pa.
B
In which of the following situations would the greatest pressure be produced? A. A force of 500 N acts on an area of 0.1 m2 . B. A force of 800 N acts on an area of 0.1 m2 . C. A force of 300 N acts on an area of 0.2 m2 . D. A force of 500 N acts on an area of 0.2 m2 .
B
Pressure is a quantity derived from force and the area in contact with the force. What is it that pressure measures? A. the force being exerted on an area. B. the force divided by the area. C. the force multiplied by the area. D. the force divided by the area squared.
B
The antihypertensive drugs known as "ACE inhibitors" function by doing which of the following? A. preventing the release of ADH B. blocking the formation of angiotensin II C. blocking the release of renin D. preventing the entry of Ca++ to vascular smooth muscle.
B
The quantity called 'pressure' is defined as the A. mass per unit area. B. force per unit area. C. height of mercury supported by the atmosphere. D. newton per square metre
B
The symbols in Poiseuille's law have the following meanings: V represents the volume flow rate; ΔP the pressure drop; R the radius of the tube; η the viscosity of the liquid; l the length of the tube. Which of the following relationships from Poiseuille's law is NOT correct? A. V R ∝ 4 B. V l ∝ C. V ∝ 1/η D. V P
B
The unit of pressure called the 'pascal' (symbol Pa) is the name given to which of the following combination of units? A. newton per metre (N/m). B. newton per square metre (N/m2 ). C. millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). D. force per area (F/A).
B
To what does the term "cardiac output" refer? A. the speed of blood flow through the aorta. B. the volume of blood flowing through the aorta per minute. C. the volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat. D. the number of heart beats per minute.
B
What does Angiotensin II do? A. It is a weak vasoconstrictor and requires activation by Angiotensinogen B. It acts via several mechanisms that cause blood pressure to increase C. It reduces blood pressure through decreasing vascular smooth muscle tone D. It causes an increase in urine output by triggering ADH release
B
What does the term "systolic pressure" refer to? A. the value, in mmHg, that appears in the denominator of a blood pressure measurement B. the peak pressure in the blood due to the contraction of the left ventricle. C. the minimum pressure in the aorta prior to left ventricular contraction D. the difference between maximum and minimum arterial blood pressures.
B
What formula, or law or principle refers to the partial pressure of a gas? A. Boyle's law B. Henry's law C. Pascal's principle D. Poiseuille's law
B
What is the consequence when ADH is released? A. blood osmolarity increases B. the permeability of the collecting ducts to water is increased C. peripheral vasodilation increases D. blood pressure decreases
B
What is the role of angiotensin II? To: A. decrease blood pressure by promoting vasodilation of veins. B. increase blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction of arterioles C. decrease blood pressure by promoting excretion of water in urine. D. increases blood pressure by promoting absorption of Na+
B
What would be the effect produced if the cardiovascular centre increased the rate of parasympathetic impulses it sends out? A. heart rate would increase B. heart rate would decrease C. vasoconstriction of blood vessels would increase D. vasodilation of blood vessels would increase
B
When an 80 kg person is seated on a stool so that the area of contact is 400 cm2 , the pressure on the stool due to the person's weight is very nearly A. 2 kPa B. 20 kPa C. 200 kPa D. 2000 kPa
B
When blood pressure drops, which of the following responses would happen? A. atrial natriuretic peptide is released from the heart B. the kidneys release renin which catalyses the formation of angiotensin I C. the rate of sodium excretion by the kidneys increases D. the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone is inhibited
B
Which hormone produces a decrease in arterial blood pressure? A. vasopressin B. ANP C. ADH D. angiotensin II
B
Which of the following statements about stationary liquids is FALSE? A. At the liquid surface, pressure equals atmospheric pressure. B. The volume of liquid in an enclosed space can be compressed. C. Pressure increases with depth. D. Pressure due to weight of liquid is called 'head of pressure'.
B
Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular centre of the brain is FALSE? A. it consists of the cardiac centre and the vasomotor centre. B. output along fibres of the sympathetic nervous system DEcrease heart rate. C. output along fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system DEcrease heart rate. D. output along fibres of the sympathetic nervous system INcrease heart rate.
B
Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular control centre of the brain is TRUE? A. increased impulses along parasympathetic fibres causes vasoconstriction. B. output along the sympathetic fibres INcrease heart rate. C. output along the parasympathetic fibres INcrease heart rate. D. output along the sympathetic fibres DEcrease heart rate.
B
Which of the following statements from kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain why a region of low pressure will result in gas particles rushing into that region? A. Particles of a gas are widely separated, consequently can be easily compressed. B. Gas particles are moving at very high speed in random directions. C. There are a great many sub-microscopic particles per unit volume. D. Gas particles will exert a force on colliding with the walls of their container
B
Which statement about cardiac output is correct? Cardiac output is: A. the sum of volume of blood pumped by left and right ventricles per minute. B. the mean arterial pressure divided by total peripheral resistance C. the mean arterial pressure multiplied by stroke volume. D. the blood volume multiplied by heart rate.
B
Which will produce a decrease in arterial blood pressure? A. vasoconstriction. B. increased parasympathetic stimulation. C. increased blood osmolarity. D. increased cardiac output.
B
A man who is standing has a resting systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg at the start of his aorta. What will be the pressure in the arteries of his feet? A. about 40 mmHg, as arterial blood pressure decreases with distance from the heart. B. about 120 mmHg as arterial blood pressure does not fall appreciably until just before blood enters the capillaries. C. about 200 mmHg as the "head" of liquid increases the blood pressure in the feet. D. about 80 mmHg as blood pressure will drop in the absence of venous return when the "skeletal muscle pump" is not operating
C
A patient lying on a mattress of enclosed air is less likely to develop decubitis ulcers because the: A. mass of the patient is decreased. B. force exerted by the patient is decreased. C. patient's surface area in contact with the mattress is increased. D. pressure exerted by the patient on the mattress is increased.
C
A systolic blood pressure which is stated as 16 kPa (120 mmHg) means that the pressure in the arterial blood is: A. negative 16 kPa. B. 16 kPa above zero kilopascals. C. 16 kPa greater than atmospheric pressure. D. 16 kPa less than atmospheric pressure.
C
A walker carried a balloon filled with 10 L of air, from sea level (where the atmospheric pressure was 101 kPa), up a mountain to a height of 3000 m (where the atmospheric pressure was 70 kPa). What would be the approximate volume of the balloon at 3000 m? A. 7 L B. 10 L C. 14 L D. 30 L
C
According to Poiseuille's law of fluid flow, the volume flow rate, V, is proportional to radius to the fourth power. What would happen to the volume flow rate of blood if the diameter of an artery decreased to 20 % (1/5) of its original diameter? V would: A. be one fifth (0.2) of its original value. B. be one twenty-fifth (0.04) its original value. C. be 1/625 (0.0016) of its original value. D. five times its original value.
C
An increase in which of the following would NOT produce an increase in cardiac output? A. heart stroke volume B. heart rate C. peripheral resistance D. venous return
C
An intravenous (IV) infusion flows into a vein because of hydrostatic pressure. This depends LEAST on which of the following? A. gravity B. the density of the IV solution C. the volume of liquid in the IV bag D. the "head" of liquid
C
Blood may flow in the aorta with a speed of 30 cm/s and in the capillaries with a speed of only 0.1 m/s. Why is there such a large difference in speed? A. the capillaries are much further from the heart than the aorta. B. the very narrow capillaries present a large resistance to blood flow compared to the large diameter aorta. C. the total cross-sectional area of the lumens of the capillaries is much greater than the cross-sectional area of the aorta. D. the length of the aorta is short compared to the length of a capillary
C
Boyle's law states: 'when the volume (V) of a fixed amount of gas decreases, its pressure (P) will increase, and vice versa (provided that the temperature (T) doesn't change)'. In symbols, this law is: A. P ∝ V B. P ∝ T C. P ∝ 1 ÷ V D. P ∝ V × T
C
Cardiac output does NOT depend on one of the following, which one? A. the rate of venous return to the heart B. the blood viscosity C. the volume flow rate through the circulatory system D. the pressure drop (between start of aorta and start of capillaries)
C
Complete the following sentence. When standing, the arterial blood pressure in the feet is: A. less than the arterial blood pressure of the hands. B. reduced due to the action of valves in supporting the blood in the veins of the legs. C. increased by the hydrostatic pressure due to the "head of blood" in the vessels. D. less than the venous blood pressure in the feet
C
Given that 20 % of the air at the normal pressure of 100 kPa is oxygen, then what is the partial pressure of oxygen? A. 0.2 kPa B. 2.0 kPa C. 20 kPa D. 80 kPa
C
Given that a healthy resting blood pressure may be stated as 16/10.6 (in units of kPa). What would the reading on the pressure gauge of a sphygmomanometer that was measuring blood pressure in the posterior tibial artery of a standing patient be closest to? A. 6 kPa, the average blood pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries. B. 12 kPa, the hydrostatic pressure due to head of blood. C. 28 kPa, the hydrostatic pressure plus average aortic pressure. D. 107 kPa, atmospheric pressure plus average pressure at the start of the capillaries.
C
How much pressure in units of centimetres of water pressure is equivalent to10 mmHg pressure? A. 1.36 cm of water B. 10 cm of water C. 13.6 cm of water D. 136 cm of water
C
If mean arterial pressure is kept constant while a small artery changes its radius from 1 mm to 2 mm, what will happen? A. blood volume flow rate through the artery will double. B. blood volume flow rate through the artery will increase to four times its previous value. C. blood volume flow rate through the artery will be sixteen times the original value. D. blood speed will halve so there will be no change in volume flow rate.
C
If the composition of air is 20 percent oxygen with an atmospheric pressure of 700 mmHg, what would the partial pressure of oxygen be? A. 14 mmHg. B. 20 mmHg. C. 140 mmHg. D. 700 mmHg
C
Pascal's principle ('pressure applied to an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the containing vessel') may be used to understand which of the following phenomena? A. An air mattress minimises the pressure applied to a bed-ridden patient's body. B. A worker can walk on wet concrete without sinking by standing on wide boards. C. That a pulse can be felt as blood flows through a superficial artery. D. The collapsing of a plastic intravenous bag as the liquid runs out.
C
Suppose that a person who is standing still, has a mean arterial pressure in the aorta of 13 kPa (98 mmHg). The blood pressure at the start of the arterioles of the feet will be: A. about the same since healthy arteries present very little resistance to blood flow. B. less because blood pressure decreases along arteries as distance from the heart increases. C. more because of the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the column of blood in the arteries. D. less because of the decreased venous return which results from the person's inactivity.
C
The Korotkoff sounds that are listened for during a blood pressure measurement by the auscultatory method are caused by: A. turbulent blood flow in the aorta B. the difference between systolic pressure and cuff pressure. C. turbulent flow in the collapsed brachial artery D. the opening and closing of the heart valves
C
The definition of mean arterial pressure (MAP) may be written as: A. MAP = stroke volume × heart rate B. MAP = (diastolic pressure + systolic pressure) ÷ 2 C. MAP = cardiac output × peripheral resistance D. MAP = diastolic pressure + pulse pressure
C
Using "suction" to drain fluid is described correctly by which choice below? Creating a: A. positive pressure so that it can suck the fluid in the direction of the positive pressure. B. negative pressure so that it can push the fluid towards the positive pressure. C. negative pressure so that atmospheric pressure will push the fluid towards the negative pressure. D. positive pressure so that atmospheric pressure will push the fluid towards the positive pressure
C
What are the receptors that are sensitive to blood pressure called? A. pacinian corpuscles B. nociceptors C. baroreceptors D. chemoreceptors
C
What effect will increasing the concentration of red cells in blood have? It will: A. decrease blood viscosity and increase aortic pressure B. increase blood viscosity and decrease aortic pressure C. increase blood viscosity and increase aortic pressure D. decrease blood viscosity and decrease aortic pressure
C
What is the pressure gradient produced by the left ventricle equal to? A. the mean arterial pressure. B. the difference between mean arterial pressure and pressure at the start of the capillaries. C. the difference between mean arterial pressure and pressure at the start of the capillaries, divided by the distance between the start of the aorta and capillaries. D. the mean arterial pressure divided by the distance between the start of the aorta and capillaries.
C
What law is being "obeyed" by a gas bubble as it expands inside a person's colon as the aeroplane ascends to cruising height? A. Dolphin's law B. Henry's Law C. Boyle's Law D. Aames's law
C
What may correctly be said about baroreceptors? A. They are located in the walls of the aortic arch and the inferior vena cava B. A drop in blood pressure triggers the baroreceptor reflex which causes vasodilation and an increased heart rate C. They promote vasoconstriction and an increased force of myocardial contraction in the hypotensive patient D. They respond directly to alterations in circulating oxygen levels
C
What will be the result of an increase in sympathetic impulses along the vasomotor nerves? A. increased heart rate and force of contraction B. decreased heart rate and force of contraction C. generalised vasoconstriction D. generalised vasodilation
C
When arterial blood pressure is stated as 120/80, what do the numbers refer to? A. 120 ÷ 80 = 1.5 = mean arterial pressure B. pulse pressure/mean arterial pressure C. systolic pressure/diastolic pressure D. arterial pressure/venous pressure
C
When blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery by the auscultatory method, why should the arm be at the same level as the heart? A. if the arm is lower than the heart, brachial artery pressure will be lower as blood flow is assisted by gravity. B. if the arm is higher than the heart, brachial artery pressure will be higher as more force is required to pump blood up hill. C. to avoid any hydrostatic pressure effects on the brachial artery pressure. D. there is no reason for it, the practice is part of "nursing ritual".
C
When performing cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) why do you use the "heel" of the hand rather than the whole palm and fingers? A. A greater force can be exerted by the "heel" of the hand which results in a greater pressure being exerted. B. Using the "heel" places a smaller area of the hand in contact with the sternum, hence allows a greater force to be exerted. C. The same force can be applied to a smaller area of the sternum which is less able to resist the greater downward pressure. D. The resuscitator's wrist is less likely to be damaged by applying CPR in this way
C
When taking a subject's blood pressure you are actually measuring the difference between total pressure and which other pressure? A. gauge pressure B. blood pressure C. atmospheric pressure D. standard atmospheric pressure
C
Which choice correctly completes the sentence? Pressure is a: A. force and is measured in newtons (N). B. force multiplied by an area and is measured in newton-square metres (N.m2 ). C. force per unit area and is measured in newtons per square metre (N/m2 ). D. length and is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg).
C
Which of the following events would you expect to observe in response to a drop in a patients' blood pressure? A. Renin is converted to Angiotensinogen B. Angiotensin 2 is converted into Aldosterone C. ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) will be released by the posterior pituitary gland D. Baroreceptors signal the SA node to slow
C
Which of the following is a class of antihypertensive medication which specifically target a reduction in blood volume? A. Beta blockers B. Calcium Channel Blockers 12.6 Blood Pressure and Its Control 300 C. Diuretics D. Anticoagulants
C
Which of the following is a statement of Boyle's law? A. If the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is doubled, then that same pressure is transmitted to all parts of the fluid. B. If the pressure gradient between two places in an artery is doubled, then the rate of blood flow will double. C. If the pressure of a fixed amount of gas is doubled, then its volume will be halved. D. If the pressure of the gas above a liquid is doubled, then twice as much gas will dissolve.
C
Which of the following is the best definition of hypertension? A. a systolic pressure of more than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of more than 90 mmHg B. a diastolic pressure of more than 140 mmHg and a systolic pressure of more than 90 mmHg C. a blood pressure of more than 140/90 mmHg measured after 5 minutes of inactivity D. a blood pressure of less than 110/70 mmHg measured after 5 minutes of inactivity
C
Which of the following statements about pressure is true? A. As boxes are stacked on top of each other, the pressure that they exert on the floor decreases. B. Very small forces will exert small pressures. C. By standing on wide flat boards, the pressure exerted on the floor by your body is decreased. D. Objects of large mass will produce large pressures.
C
Which of the following statements regarding antihypertensive medication is correct? A. Calcium channel blockers are a class of drug used to reverse a decrease in blood volume. B. Diuretic medication principally affects peripheral resistance. C. Beta blockers target cardiac sympathetic innervation. D. ACE inhibitors promote the effects of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system.
C
Which one of the following will make blood pressure fall? A. increased cardiac output B. increased heart rate C. increased vasodilation D. increased peripheral resistance
C
Which statement about cardiac output is correct? A. cardiac output is peripheral resistance multiplied by stroke volume. B. mean arterial pressure multiplied by peripheral resistance is cardiac output. C. cardiac output is heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. D. cardiac output is blood volume multiplied by heart rate.
C
Which three factors affect blood pressure? A. heart rate, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance. B. cardiac output, heart rate and pulse pressure. C. total peripheral resistance, cardiac output and blood volume. D. diastolic pressure, systolic pressure and pulse pressure.
C
ncreasing the number of red cells per millilitre of blood will: A. increase the viscosity and increase the rate of flow of the blood B. decrease the viscosity and increase the rate of flow of the blood. C. increase the viscosity and decrease the rate of flow of the blood. D. decrease the viscosity and decrease the rate of flow of the blood.
C
A bedridden patient is less likely to develop bed sores while lying on a water bed. This is because: A. the force applied to their bony projections is acting over a tiny area. B. the flexibility of the bed assists the blood circulation. C. the weight of the patient is being supported by parts of the body that are adapted for weight-bearing. D. the patient experiences a uniform pressure over most of the lower surface of their body
D
A plaque in a coronary vessel wall will result in a decrease in the lumen diameter of a coronary artery and in less oxygen being delivered to the heart muscle. Why is this? A. A protruding plaque increases the distance blood needs to travel and this increases resistance to flow. B. A narrow artery restricts blood flow by increasing blood's viscosity. C. The constricted artery causes the pressure gradient to decrease which results in lower blood flow. D. The decrease in artery radius will cause blood volume flow rate to decrease
D
According to Poiseuille's law, volume flow rate through a blood vessel is proportional to its radius to the fourth power (V ∝ R4 ). If an atheroma reduces the radius of an artery from 4 mm to 2 mm, what effect would this have on the blood flow through the artery? A. blood flow would decrease to half (1/2) the value for an artery with radius 4 mm. B. blood flow would decrease to a quarter (1/4) of the value for an artery with radius 4 mm. C. blood flow would decrease to an eighth (1/8) of the value for an artery with radius 4 mm. D. blood flow would decrease to one sixteenth (1/16) of the value for an artery with radius 4 mm.
D
Angiotensin II does all of the following except one. Which one? A. stimulates thirst B. causes the release of aldosterone C. causes the release of ADH D. stimulates peripheral vasodilation
D
Colloid osmotic pressure A. is due to all of the dissolved particles in blood B. is the difference in pressure between the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary C. is the difference in pressure between the inside of a capillary and the interstitial fluid D. is due to the plasma proteins in the blood
D
Complete the following sentence correctly for a person at rest. Hypertension A. occurs when blood volume is too low B. refers to the increased blood pressure in the legs while standing C. indicates that resistance to blood flow is low D. is when systolic blood pressure is more than 140 mmHg
D
Consider Boyle's law. If the pressure being exerted on an enclosed volume of gas (at a constant temperature) is increased by 20 %, by what percentage would its volume change? A. volume would increase by 20 % B. volume would increase by 44 % C. volume would decrease by 44 % D. volume would decrease by 20 %
D
Given that a heart pumps out 70 ml of blood with each stroke and beats 70 times per minute, what is the cardiac output? A. 70 ml/min B. 490 ml/min C. 700 ml/min D. 4900 ml/min
D
Hypertension in adults may be defined as: A. Excessive decrease in blood pressure. B. Mean arterial pressure greater than 110 mm Hg. C. Systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg when resting D. Systolic blood pressure persistently greater than 140 mm Hg when resting
D
If a blood pressure is stated as 120 over 80 (in units of mm Hg) this means: A. pulse pressure is 120 mmHg. B. diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg below atmospheric pressure. C. systolic pressure is 80 mmHg above atmospheric pressure D. systolic pressure is 120 mmHg above atmospheric pressure
D
If a blood pressure is stated as 16 over 10.6 (in units of kilopascals) this means: A. pulse pressure is 16 kPa. B. diastolic pressure is 10.6 kPa below atmospheric pressure. C. systolic pressure is 5.4 kPa above atmospheric pressure D. systolic pressure is 16 kPa above atmospheric pressure
D
If an atheroma reduces the diameter of an artery from 2 mm to 1 mm, what effect would this have on the blood flow through the artery? (According to Poiseuille's law, volume flow rate through a blood vessel is proportional to its radius to the fourth power i.e. V ∝ R4 ). A. blood flow would decrease to half (1/2) the value for an artery with diameter 2 mm. B. blood flow would decrease to a quarter (1/4) of the value for an artery with diameter 2 mm. C. blood flow would decrease to an eighth (1/8) of the value for an artery with diameter 2 mm. D. blood flow would decrease to one sixteenth (1/16) of the value for an artery with diameter 2 mm.
D
If the radius of a blood vessel is halved, the blood flow through it drops to one sixteenth its previous value. This statement could be describing which of the following? A. a decrease in pressure gradient B. atherosclerosis C. vasoconstriction D. Poiseuille's law
D
In the circulatory system, why does an increase in cardiac output cause an increase in volume flow rate (of blood)? Because: A. an increased cardiac output causes vasoconstriction. B. as cardiac output increases so blood viscosity increases. C. as cardiac output increases, the resistance of the systemic circulation to blood flow decreases. D. cardiac output and volume flow rate are the same thing
D
In which of the following situations would blood pressure be increased? A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is inhibited. B. the kidneys absorb less water before it is excreted as urine. C. the extracellular fluid volume decreases. D. the extracellular fluid volume increases.
D
In which part of the brain is the cardiovascular control centre located? A. the neurohypophysis B. the cerebrum C. the hypothalamus D. the medulla oblongata
D
The consideration of pressure in gases differs from pressure in liquids because A. pressure at any point in a gas acts differently in different directions. B. in a gas mixture, the pressure exerted by each different gas must be considered. C. the pressure in a liquid increases with depth but does not for a gas. D. liquids are virtually incompressible whereas gases are compressible
D
The intravenous cannula that will give the largest flow rate is: A. 0.7 mm diameter 32 mm length B. 0.7 mm diameter 19 mm length C. 1.8 mm diameter 32 mm length D. 1.8 mm diameter 19 mm length
D
The millimetre of mercury (mm Hg) is one of the non-SI units used in the measurement of pressure. It is used because: A. mercury is much denser than water so a much shorter tube can be used than if cm H2O was the unit. B. one of the factors that determine pressure is the length of the object supplying the force. C. a manometer that utilises mercury does not require an electrical power supply. D. historically the first measurement of air pressure was made using a glass tube containing mercury.
D
The pressure, P, exerted by an intravenous infusion of saline at the level of the cannula must be great enough to overcome the venous blood pressure in the vein. It's magnitude is given by: P = 10 × 1000 kg/m3 × head of liquid (in m), where 1000 kg/m3 is the density of saline. If the venous pressure is 5 kPa, what is the smallest head of liquid required for the infusion to flow into the vein? A. 25 cm B. 35 cm 12.4 Pressure: The Physics of Pressure 280 C. 45 cm D. 55 cm
D
The volume of gas trapped within a space will increase as pressure decreases, the physics law that refers to this is: A. Henry's law B. Poiseuille's law C. Hugh's law D. Boyle's law
D
To what does the term ventricular systole refer? A. relaxation of the ventricles. B. relaxation of the atria. C. contraction of the myocardium. D. contraction of the ventricles
D
What achieves short term control of blood pressure? A. hormonal mechanisms B. the kidneys C. changes in concentration of chemicals such as O2, CO2, H+, K+. D. neural mechanisms
D
What does measuring a patient's blood pressure using the auscultatory method do? A. It offers valuable information related to cardiac preload B. It involves the reporting of audible venous turbulence created by an inflated arm cuff C. It relates to a systolic relaxation of the ventricles D. It reports the Korotkoff sounds heard from a partially compressed artery
D
What is "autoregulation"? It is the adjustment of blood flow to each tissue due to: A. hormonal control B. neural control C. systemic factors D. local factors
D
What is a normal pressure in the venous system returning blood to the heart? A. 35 mmHg B. 35 cm water C. 80 mmHg D. 10 cm water
D
What is the class of anti-hypertensive drug that prevents smooth muscle contraction, and hence promotes vasodilation called? A. ACE inhibitors. B. beta blockers. C. diuretics D. calcium channel blockers
D
What will be the partial pressure of oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber where the atmosphere contains 30 % oxygen and is at a pressure of three atmospheres (300 kPa)? A. 20 kPa. B. 30 kPa. C. 60 kPa. D. 90 kPa
D
When "colloid osmotic pressure" is used in relation to the blood. What is being referred to? A. the movement of water molecules across the membrane of a red blood cell. B. the filtration pressure in the glomeruli of the kidneys. C. the osmotic pressure forcing water and solute out of capillaries. D. the osmotic pressure due to the plasma proteins.
D
Which of the following are two of the factors that influence arterial blood pressure? A. peripheral resistance and gravity. B. cardiac output and the partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in blood. C. blood volume and blood osmotic pressure D. cardiac output and peripheral resistance
D
Which of the following chemicals would cause blood pressure to decrease when they appear in blood? A. anti-diuretic hormone B. angiotensin II C. aldosterone D. atrial natriuretic peptide
D
Which of the following does Angiotensin II cause to happen? A. Atrial natriuretic peptide to be released. B. The collecting ducts in the kidney to become permeable to water. C. The release of antidiuretic hormone to be supressed. D. Aldosterone to be released.
D
Which of the following does NOT influence the resistance to blood flow? A. diameter of the arterioles B. temperature of the blood C. haematocrit D. diameter of the veins
D
Which of the following does NOT influence the resistance to blood flow? A. diameter of the arterioles B. temperature of the blood C. haematocrit D. radius of the veins
D
Which of the following is NOT used as a unit of pressure? A. pascals B. newtons per square metre C. millimetres of mercury D. millilitres of water
D
Which of the following is a statement of Henry's law? A. The partial pressure of a gas, in a mixture of gases, is the contribution it makes to the total pressure of the mixture. B. In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the pressures exerted by each of the gases alone. C. Pressure applied to any point in a gas is transmitted equally and undiminished to all parts of the gas and to the walls of the container. D. The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and to its solubility coefficient
D
Which of the following responses best describes term "pulse pressure" A. A mean measurement of the systolic and diastolic readings B. A measurement calculated from 1/3 of the diastolic added to the systolic value C. The lowest audible Korotkoff sound when recording blood pressure D. A measurement of the difference in pressure between systolic and diastolic readings
D
Which of the following sentences best represents a statement of the Bernoulli effect? Pressure in a... A. flowing fluid is greatest where its speed is greatest. B. fluid acts equally in all directions. C. flowing fluid is lowest where its speed is lowest. D. flowing fluid is lowest where its speed is greatest.
D
Which of the following statements about resting blood pressure is correct? According to the Australian Heart Foundation Classifications: A. High blood pressure is considered greater than 180/110 mmHg B. A systolic reading alone of greater than 140 mmHg is classed as high blood pressure C. If the pulse pressure remains around 1/3 of the systolic reading, then BP is considered normal regardless of the systolic & diastolic readings D. Blood pressure is classed as high if it is greater than 140/90 mmHg
D
Which of the following will NOT increase cardiac output? A. increasing strength of contraction B. increasing stroke volume C. increasing heart rate D. increasing total peripheral resistance
D
Which of the following would cause blood pressure to DECREASE? A. an increase in heart rate B. an increase in total peripheral resistance C. an increase in heart stroke volume D. an increase in parasympathetic impulses along the vagus nerve
D
Which of the following would increase arterial blood pressure? A. a decrease in sympathetic impulses along the cardio-accelerator nerves B. an increase in parasympathetic impulses along the vagus nerve C. a decrease in sympathetic impulses along vasomotor nerves D. an increase in sympathetic impulses along vasomotor nerves
D
Which of the following would produce a DECREASE in heart rate? A. sympathetic impulses along the cardioaccelerator nerves. B. increased sympathetic impulses along the vasomotor nerves C. decreased sympathetic impulses along the vasomotor nerves. D. parasympathetic impulses along the vagus nerve.
D
Which of these statements about pressure in static liquids is NOT true? Pressure at a point in a liquid A. depends on the height of liquid above it. B. acts equally in all directions. C. depends on the depth it is below the surface. D. depends on the volume of liquid above it
D
Why is the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries less than in the aorta? A. the expansion and contraction of the lungs pumps blood through its blood vessels. B. blood flowing to the lungs does not need to overcome gravity. C. pulmonary resistance is greater than the peripheral resistance. D. pulmonary resistance is less than peripheral resistance
D