Blood

Functions of blood

1. Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste. 2. Regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids. 3. restriction of fluid losses at injury sites. 4. Defense against toxins and pathogens. 5. Stabilization of body temperature.

Five major events in hemostasis

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet phase 3. Coagulation 4. Retraction 5. Fibrinolysis

Percentage of vol. Whole blood that is formed elements

37 - 54 %

Normal blood temperature

38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit

Percentage of volume whole blood that is plasma

46 - 63 %

Blood pH

7.35 - 7.45, slightly alkaline

Intrinsic pathway of coagulation phase begins with

Activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen fibers at the injury site

Cause of jaundice

After the removal of iron within macrophages, heme is converted into biliverdin, which is then converted to bilirubin. Accumulation of bilirubin in the blood produces jaundice.

plasma proteins include

Albumins, globulins , fibrinogen,

Hemolytic disease results in

Anemia

Leukocytes to enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

Basophils

Erythropoiesis

Blood cell formation in adults

Veins

Blood from capillaries to the heart

Classification determined by specific surface antigens in red blood cell plasma membranes

Blood type

White blood cells or leukocytes participate in

Body's defense mechanisms

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries

Bacteremia

Condition in which bacteria circulate in the blood but do not multiply there

Cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as erythroblastosis fetalis

Cross reaction between fetal and maternal blood types

Color of red blood cells filled with deoxyhemoglobin

Dark red, almost Burgundy

Hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen is called

Deoxyhemoglobin

Hemophilia

Disease cars and reduced production of a single clotting factor

What happens to red blood cells after about 120 days

Either plasma membrane ruptures or it is engulfed by macrophages in the liver, spleen, or bone marrow

Common pathway of coagulation phase begins when

Either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway activate factor X forming the enzyme prothrominase

other plasma solutes include

Electrolytes, organic nutrients, and organic wastes

megakaryocytes

Enormous cells with large nuclei

Leukocytes where is golf antibody labeled materials, reduce inflammation

Eosinophils

In bone marrow these cells actively synthesize hemoglobin

Erythroblasts

Red blood cells are also known as

Erythrocytes

Septicemia

Formerly known as blood poisoning semicolon results and pathogens are present and multiplying in the blood and spreading throughout the body

Leukemia

Futures of blood forming tissues

pigment that makes some blood bright red

Heme

Each of these molecules has two alpha chains and 2 beta chains of polypeptides

Hemoglobin

What oxygen binds to in red blood cells

Hemoglobin

Caused by agglutination or clumping after antibodies of one blood type are exposed to surface antigens another blood type

Hemolysis

Erythropoietin

Hormone released by tissues exposed to low oxygen concentration; stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow

Colony stimulating factors

Hormones released by activated lymphocytes and other cells during in a new response to stimulate blood cell formation

What should be expected to be elevated during infection

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Pernicious anemia

Insufficient red blood cell production that results due to a lack of vitamin B 12

White blood cells are also referred to as

Leukocytes

Leukocytes with round nucleus and very little cytoplasm which are cells of the lymphatic system providing defense against specific pathogens and toxins

Lymphocytes

Very large leukocytes with kidney bean shaped nucleus that enter tissues and become macrophages engulfing pathogens or debris

Monocytes

Leukocytes or white blood cells that do not absorb histological studies

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Hemolytic disease occurs when

Mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+

Hemocytoblasts

Multipotent stem cells found in red bone marrow of adults . Their divisions give rise to two types of stem cells responsible for producing all formed elements.

Two types of leukemia

Myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia

Leukocytes in golf pathogens or debris in injured or infected tissues

Neutrophils

Granular leukocytes or white blood cells which absorb histological stains

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

5 classes of white blood cells or leukocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

Infected cut wood contains a large number of these

Neutrophils, phagocytic white blood cells that are generally first to arrive at the sight of an injury

Iron deficiency anemia

Normal hemoglobin synthesis cannot occur because iron reserves or the dietary intake iron are inadequate

Red blood cells life span

Normally less than 120 days

Red blood cells or erythrocytes are essential for the transport of

Oxygen in the blood

Product of oxygen combined with iron containing heme

Oxyhemoglobin

Malaria

Parasitic disease caused by several species of mosquitoes

Capillaries

Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

Flattened discs that appear round when viewed from above and spindle shaped in section or in a blood smear

Platelets

Hemostasis

Process of clotting

Venipuncture

Process of collecting fresh whole blood from a superficial vein

Hemoglobin

Protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule

Used to treat hemolytic disease of the newborn

RHOGAM injections

Blood cells that contain hemoglobin

Red blood cells

Blood cells with large surface area to volume ratio

Red blood cells

Most abundant blood cells

Red blood cells or erythrocytes

Extrinsic pathway of coagulation phase begins with

Release of tissue factor III

Sickle cell anemia

Results from mutation affecting amino acid sequence. Individual must have 2 copies of the sickling gene, one from each parent

Hemolysis

Rupture of blood cells

Platelets

Small membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to the process of clotting

Rouleaux

Stacks of red blood cells

Determines blood type

Surface antigens on red blood cells, which are glycolipids n the plasma membrane, determine blood type

Hematocrit

The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements, 99.9% of which are red blood cells.

Hematuria

The presence of intact red blood cells in urine

Blood type which contains anti A anti bodies

Type B

Universal donor blood type

Type O

Blood type lacking both A & B surface antigens

Type o

Phases of clotting response

Vascular phase, platelet phase, in coagulation phase

Blood type

What is determined by the surface antigens and red blood cells

The Rh antigen is also referred to as the

d antigen

Blood type that contains anti B antibodies

type A

Blood type that has both A & B surface antigens

type AB