BLY 314 HW 9 - before midterm

the study of all of the RNA produced by an organism.

transcriptomics

he genome sequence of an organism can provide information about the organism's __________. A. genes, function, and evolutionary history B. genes, size, and function C. function, size, and evolutionary history D. function, evolutionary history, and morphology

A

An open reading frame (ORF) encodes for A. a lipid. B. a polypeptide. C. a carbohydrate. D. a carbohydrate or a polypeptide.

B

Linking an ORF with a specific function is an example of gene A. assembly. B. annotation. C. codon bias. D. expression.

B

Within Archaea and Bacteria, one megabase pair (Mbp) of DNA encodes about ________ open reading frames. A. 10,000 B. 1,000 C. 10 D. 100

B

A computer program recognizes an ORF by looking for ribosomal binding sites, start codons, and stop codons with an appropriate number of nucleotides between each element. What is a drawback of this approach? A. We lack the computing power to complete the analyses in a timely manner, thus many genomes are only partially annotated. B. Codon bias causes incorrect annotations. C. Too many ORFS are identified, most of which are stretches on non-coding junk DNA. D. Legitimate genes and non-coding RNA may be missed.

D

the study of the entire genetic makeup of an organism.

genomics

Just by knowing that a bacterium is a autotroph, it is possible to predict that its genome _____ than those of average heterotrophs.

is larger than

Just by knowing that N. equitans is a parasite, it is possible to predict that its genome _____ than those of most other hyperthermophiles.

is smaller than

Just by knowing that a particular organism is an archaean, it is possible to predict that its genome ______ those of most Bacteria.

may contain more unidentified genes than

the study of all intermediates and small molecules produced by reactions within an organism.

metabolomics

the study of all of the genetic material of all organisms in a particular habitat.

metagenomics

the study of all of the proteins produced by an organism.

proteomics

not suggestive for horizontal gene transfer

-identification of a high GC content within the entire genome -identification of a high number of metabolic genes -identification of an unusually large genome

Suggestive of horizontal gene transfer

-identification of genes typically found in other, distantly related species -identification of a DNA segment that has a distinctive GC content compared with other segments of the genome -identification of a segment with an unusual codon bias compared with the rest of the genome

Portable sequencers and other portable, efficient equipment for molecular analysis make genomic analyses easier to do in a wide range of conditions. These types of analyses can provide a great deal of information, from metabolic profiles to genome sizes. How would researchers accomplish this type of work? list the steps

1. isolation of genetic material 2. Genome sequencing 3. Genome assembly 4. Genome annotation/determination of open reading frame 4. Comparative genomics

In Sanger sequencing and in many newer sequencing techniques, labeled precursors are used. What are these precursors? A. primers or nucleotides that will be incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA B. fluorescent dyes C. DNA polymerase D. RNA

A

In general, prokaryotic genome size is linked to its metabolism and interaction with the environment. Which type of prokaryote typically has the smallest genome? A. autotroph B. free-living heterotroph C. parasite D. endosymbiont

D

In DNA replication in vivo, RNA primers are used. However, researchers used DNA primers instead in the lab because DNA primers are more stable. Why might this be the case? A. DNA has a more stable structure because the deoxyribose in DNA is a larger molecule than the ribose in RNA. B. RNA molecules are shorter than DNA molecules, making them more stable. C. RNA has a relatively short half-life compared with DNA and does not need to be as stable to perform its functions in the cell. D. RNA is usually single-stranded, and the double-stranded nature of DNA makes it more stable.

C

The advantage(s) of second-generation DNA sequencing compared to the Sanger method are the result of A. increased computing power. B. miniaturization of reaction size. C. miniaturization of reaction size and increased computer power. D. increased length of DNA sequences obtained.

C

Gene function is annotated based on homology between the ORFs of a genome and proteins whose function has been proven experimentally. What -omic approach could help us determine the function and structure of proteins encoded by uncharacterized ORFs? A. metabolomics B. metagenomics C. transcriptomics D. proteomics

D

Researchers discover a new species of bacterium that has an unusual metabolism. However, it has biochemical and morphological similarities to other species. What is the most comprehensive and effective approach to determine how to classify these bacteria? A. The bacteria should be classified with the other bacteria that use the most similar biochemical pathways. B. The bacteria should be classified with other bacteria that have the most similar morphology. C. Because of their unusual metabolic pathways, the bacteria should be classified in a new group. D. The bacteria should be classified by using genomic analyses to construct phylogenies.

D

Sequencing an organism's genome often leads to identification of hypothetical proteins, which are characterized as __________. A. proteins that are overexpressed B. proteins that are expressed C. proteins that likely exist with known functions D. proteins that likely exist though their function is unknown

D

Which of the following is NOT included in the genome? A. coding regions of DNA B. genes that encode RNAs C. noncoding regions of DNA D. proteins

D

T/F: The largest cellular genomes belong to prokaryotes that are parasitic or pathogenic.

FALSE