BMS 200 test 3
195. Give approximately the recovery or consequence rates post stroke.
28% after 28 days, 41% after 1 year, 60% after 5 years
15.What is the approximate age distribution for the appearance of cancer
75% of cancers happen after age 55 to 60.
162. What is diabetic retinopathy and how does it affect the field-of-view of elderly people
A consequence of diabetes. Blood vessels leak and form abnormal structures. Splotches occur across the field-of-view.
55.Why is the repair of muscle damage from vigorous activity prolonged in the elderly
A declining satellite stem cells
27.What is a motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that the motor neuron innervates.
56.What type of physical activity shows little decline in the elderly. An example is free throw percentage.
Activities based on skill such as free throw shooting
130. ADL mnemonic
Activities of daily living:death mnemonic or death, eat, ambulate, use the toilet, hygiene
185. What is the first treatment given in a hospital for a stroke as well as a heart attack
Administration of the clot buster tPA
13.Many aging changes in the skin are triggered by AGE's. What are these chemical compounds
Advanced glycation end products (glucose attaching to important biological molecules--glycation).
161. What is AMD and how does it affect the field-of-view of elderly people
Age-related macular degeneration. It affects the center of the field-of-view first
37.What are two negative health consequences of gasrtointestinal in the elderly
Aging and castrointestinal dysbiosis
66.What is connective tissue matrix and what properties does it confer to the tissue and therefore the body
All connective tissues secrete nonliving materials around themselves which is called matrix. Matrix gives tissues physical characteristics such as form, elasticity and hardness. Without this would be blobs like jellyfish
212. What are the ACC and AHA
American college of cardiology and American heart association
194. What is the difference between assisted suicide and euthanasia in the elderly as seen in the movie Amour
Assisted suicide is when the patient is aware and makes their own decision but needs help ending their life. Euthanasia is when a suffering patient is no longer aware or could make their own decision and someone "ends their suffering for them"
114. What are two types of drugs used to treat osteoporosis in the elderly
Biphosphonate's and drugs that bind up RANK
200. What is an aging change that takes place in the chest wall and how does it affect the respiration
Bones become thinner, change shape, can't be moved as easily, -- ribcage cannot expand and contract as well during breathing
65.Name two things that Dutch physical therapists are now training older adults to do as a result of reflex change.
Both how to fall and how to get up after a fall to prevent injury
108. What is a danger in everyday life from losing your sense of smell
Cant smell a gas leak
192. What is a non-drug treatment for someone else has had a stroke (referred to in Amour)
Carotid endarterectomy
159. what is the leading cause of blindness in the world
Cataracts
154. What are two structural changes in the eye that result from aging that make night driving difficult for older people
Changes in the cornea cause a decrease in clarity and glare in vision at night
205. What is COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow.
156. What happens in a cataract
Clouding of the lens of the eyes associated with aging leading cause of blindness
98.What is cognitive reserve what is it needed for and following a conversation
Cognitive reserve is all the brainpower you have to bring to understand the nuances of a conversation. you can't follow the conversation if some of your cognitive reserve is use to try to figure out missing words because of your deafness
9. What complicates psoriasis in the elderly
Complicated bc treatment requires use of anti-inflammatories for symptoms resulting in potential polypharmacy.
187. What is congestive heart failure and is it similar to and different from a heart attack
Condition in which fluid builds up around the heart and causes it to pump inefficiently gradually. Heart attack is death of the heart muscle suddenly formed from a blood clot.
191. What are two non-drug treatments for someone who has had a heart attack
Control amount of salt in diet and more physical rest.
72.What does the mnemonic CATS go numb refer to cases of hypocalcemia
Convulsions, Arrhythmias, muscle Tetanus, Spasms, and fingers go numb
94.Why are hearing aids limited in older people
Cost and poor fit. There is a social stigma and wearing them
80.What is something that decreases the secretion of RANKL
Estrogens
136. What is stroke volume and what are two things that can change stroke volume
Is the amount of blood that is pumped from the left ventricle with each beat ofthe heart. It can be changed by the strength of the heart contraction (inotropy) as well as how much the heart is filled or stretched
138. What are two ways that beta adrenergic stimulation can affect the heart
It can increase heart rate and increase the force of the heart contraction increases the stroke volume.
83.How does weight-bearing exercise affect the secretion of sclerosis and in what is the result human bones of this exercise
It causes a decrease in the secretion of sclerostin which causes increased bone mass
152. How does your near point change as you age and why
It gets farther away
58.Why plyometric exercise is now recommended for the elderly
It helps them maintain important capabilities such as chair rising or the ability get out of the chair
164. How does trusting change in the elderly and brain structures associated with this change
It increases and it is associated with changes structure called the insula
110. What is the canary in the coal mine analogy
It is a metaphor. It is when something occurs that in and of itself is relatively harmless, which serves as a warning that something very serious could happen. Deafness while somewhat serious, serves as a warning for high risk of death
84.What is the new "Research Program" that the NIA is recommending about the diagnosis of Alzheimer's, Why do they want to do this
It is a new effort to diagnose Alzheimer's by definitive biomarkers alone instead of using change in neuropsychological exams. This will allow a quick definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's instead of a diagnostic process which is slow and often uncertain
18.Describe the TNM system of cancer staging
It is based on using an examination of the tumors structure, the number of lymph nodes where the cancer spread to, and the presence of metastases to stage the seriousness of the cancer.
86.What is palliative care for the elderly
It is care given at the end of the life when death is inevitable. It is designed only to relieve pain and suffering not to try to cure the disease. So in a terminal cancer patient we may withdraw toxic chemotherapy and substitute painkillers
63.What is the function of the patellar reflex
It is designed to prevent you from falling when you slip
106. Why do elderly people lose their sense of smell
It is most likely due to a change in the brain. There is some evidence there is also loss of smell receptors
3. How and why is capsaicin used by the elderly
It is used in skin creams by the elderly to reduce pain.
88.What is the new concept of an occupational living will
It is where you tell people you trust that if you start to fail at work in a particular ways that they notify you so you can consider retirement. So if you are a physician and people see you give out a date advice to patients they should tell you
5. What does the above make hard to decide
It makes it difficult to determine the elderly are beating or abused or if the bruises happen naturally.
68.What is the effect of PTH on the bloodstream ion content
It raises plasma calcium levels
117. Know basic joint structure.
Joints are freely movable and is a place where 2 bones come together. They also have a range of motion and the Synovial fluid fills the joint as a lubricant and acts as a shock absorber also know the articular cartilage
176. When heart and brain tissue are suddenly deprived of oxygen what happens first in an extremely short time and then what happens next in a matter of minutes to hours
Stops functioning Tissues start to die and damages gets permanent
103. What type of sensations can you detect on the long-lasting sensory receptors on your tongue
Sweet, salt, bitter, sour, and savory
73.What we mean by dynamic bone remodeling
The fact that we are constantly changing the amount of calcium we have in bone. Depending on circumstances we both add to it and take away from. Bone can be remodeled or changed in the healing process as well or by cancer
97.What is presbycusis
The normal reduction in hearing with aging especially high frequencies
202. What is an aging change that takes place in the neurological control of respiration
The part of your brain that controls breathing may lose some of its function: lungs not able to get enough O2, not enough CO2 leaves either: breathing gets difficult
64.What happens to the patellar reflex in older individuals and what is the result of this change
The patellar reflex declines in old age meaning that old people are going to fall more
23.What is wound dehiscence
The reopening of surgical wounds.
105. What is the sense of smell connect to primary emotions
The sense of smell is connected to the limbic system which causes quick association between certain smells and certain emotions
77.Get three reasons why osteomyelitis is much more frequent in the elderly
Their new system is weak have more frequent bone breaks and bone surgeries they have indwelling catheters as a source of infection
125. What are DMARDS in the treatment of arthritis and name the most common
These are a class of drugs called Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug the most common rheumatoid arthritis medication is a drug called methotrexate
126. How do Biologics work in the treatment of arthritis
These are monoclonal antibodies bind to and inactivate inflammatory mediators
33. PPI are often used by the elderly in response to GERD. What are these drugs and what can there chronic use lead to
They are called proton pump inhibitors and decrease secretion of stomach acid. Chronic use is linked to dementia
47.What are two changes in motor units as we age
They declined and increase in size
60.What is the basic finding about the importance of structured exercise programs versus health education in the elderly
They produced increased benefit and lifespan for the elderly under all circumstances: including age, gender, frailty, and pre-existing diseases
2. Describe solar elastosis in the skin of the elderly.
Thickened patches of epidermis (look yellow when thickened); this is when elastin on the skin becomes degraded and inelastic.
124. What are NSAID's in the treatment of arthritis
Things such as ibuprofen which are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. These reduce inflammation and relieve some pain
165. What is tinnitus in the elderly and what are three consequences of tinnitus
Tinnitus, commonly known as a ringing in your ears, can actually involve a wide variety of noises and is more prevalent in older people — sometimes as the first sign of age-related hearing loss. • Depression • Psychosis/ suicide • Sleep disturbance • Substance abuse
150. Describe how your eye makes an adjustment to switch from viewing near light to far light
To focus on near light you contract the ciliary body to cause the lens to take a rounded shape. To focus on far light you relax the ciliary body to cause the lens to take a flat shape
193. From the movie Amour what is a warning sign that a more serious stroke can occur
Transient Ischemic Attack, which led to an absence seizure.
157. How can cataracts be treated
Treatment has been surgical and now laser to dissolve protein complete removal and replacement of lens with a plastics one
169. What is the standard treatment that works for tinnitus
Trick question. There is no effective therapy for tinnitus. People can be taught psychological tricks to help them ignore the sounds.
172. What now can be covered in an advanced directive in case you develop advanced Alzheimer's?
Tube feeding and IV fluids
95.What are Hertz
Unit of frequency
133. What is heart block in the elderly
When the electrical impulses that control the beating of the heart muscle are disrupted
129. How do clinicians suffer if they lack emotional intelligence
Without it they cannot connect to their patients. They will not be able to understand what the patient is saying or feeling. They will not be able to effectively get their patients to understand and follow advice
160. What are Drusen in the elderly I and why are they significant
Yellow fatty deposits in the retina. When they occur there is greatly increased risk of AMD
178. What is the first tissue that is damaged in the development of atherosclerosis
Endothelium
35.What can block the small intestine of the elderly
Intestinal adhesions
26.What is a muscle fiber
Is an individual muscle cell.
38.What are two reasons why gastrointestinal dysbiosis occurs frequently in the elderly
poor diet and the large number of medications they take
127. What are three ways you can demonstrate emotional intelligence
-Ability to listen to people -Ability to read people and know how they are feeling -Ability to control and express one's own emotions
67.What are three functions of bone in the elderly
-Attachment for muscles-movement -Joints -Protection -Support
76.What is osteomyelitis and why is it difficult to treat
-Infection in the bone -hard to treat because antibiotics and immune system have a hard time reaching it
46.How does the mix of these change as we age
-Lose of fast twitch fibers at a greater rate than slow twitch
45.What are the two basic types of muscle fibers
-Slow twitch (Type I) muscle fibers and fast twitch (Type II) muscle fibers.
137. What is ejection fraction of the heart
-refers to the amount, or percentage, of blood that is pumped (or ejected) out of the ventricles with each contraction.
134. what is cardiac output
-the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute -the product of stroke volume and heart rate
112. Rate one through three the factors that most seriously affect the longevity of older people. In alphabetical order these factors are and anosmia, heart attack, stroke.
1 anosmia, 2 heart attack, and 3 stroke
207. What are the primary risk factors for early COPD
.Smoking, environmental factors
189. Describe the New York heart Association classification system for congestive heart failure.
1 no limitations 2 slight limitation ordinary activity shortness of breath 3 marked limitation of physical activity less than ordinary activities 4 unable to carry on any physical activity without discomfort
17.What are three reasons to know your cancer stage
1. To know the % of patients that live 5 years after initial diagnosis 2. To know your eligibility for clinical trials 3. To determine your risk for a treatment plan .
174. What are the two "silent diseases" of the cardiovascular system, especially prevalent in the elderly, that can lead to much more serious conditions
Atherosclerosis and hypertension
197. What new name is now being suggested for a stroke in order older patients to take it more seriously
Brain attack
209. What disease is a blue bloater have and what is the key pathology here
Bronchitis
90.What are two negative consequences of this deficit
By excluding the elderly from clinical trials we don't have good information about what drugs will work for them, or what drugs are dangerous for them because of polypharmacy in their unique conditions
211. What disease does an elderly pink puffer have and what is the key pathology here
Emphysema
170. What might be a future therapy for tinnitus in severe cases
DBS or deep brain stimulation with electrodes
148. What are three structural changes that take place in the brain as a result of normal aging
Decrease in brain mass, decline in the number of neurons, decrease in the number of synapses, decrease synaptic plasticity
34. What aging chains can often lead to constipation in the elderly
Decrease in the intestinal motility, aging of the gut lining gastrointestinal dysbiosis
12.Identify at least three ways quite aging changes in the skin compromise thermoregulation in the elderly.
Decreased insulation due to a a decrease in the subcutaneous layer decreased activity of thermoreceptors decreased eccrine secretion decreased blood vessel vasoconstriction and vasodilation .
100. What disease is greatly increased by deafness
Dementia
179. Name three risk factors in the elderly person that can lead to this initial damage
Diabetes, cholesterol, hypertension
188. What is dyspnea seen in elderly cardiac and respiratory patients
Difficult breathing
141. What three physical characteristics must the circulatory have them both blood vessels and the heart
Distendible (able to be stretched), elastic (able to return to normal shape) and contractile
6. What is eczema in the elderly
Dry flaky skin which becomes itchy and red.
186. Besides patient symptoms what is the way I can confirm a heart attack
EKG, blood tests
140. What is the Frank Starling relationship of the heart
Ejection fraction or stroke volume increase with the stretch of the heart which is caused by heart filling or end-diastolic volume
11.Why is healing in the skin of the elderly compromised
Elderly have reduced angiogenesis. They lack the ability to make new blood vessels when healing so they heal much slower.
128. How does emotional intelligence changes we age
Emotional intelligence improves in the elderly
146. Name three neurological/cognitive capacities that the decline as a result of normal aging?
Spatial memory declines working memory declines processing speed declines learning speed declines
196. What does the FAST acronym stands for in assessing the possibility of a stroke and an elderly person
Face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time to call 911
180. What are foam cells
Fat macrophages that are a hallmark of early stage atherosclertoic formation.
42.What food supplement, originally based on the diet of Eskimos, is probably a scam because there is no real benefit
Fish oil
101. Who is the prominent gerontologist who found this association
Frank Lin
32.What is GERD in the elderly
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), the most common upper gastrointestinal disorder seen in the elderly
182. What is JNC8 and what is its important recommendation for the elderly
Guideline recommendations for hypertension. A BP of 150/90 is recommended.
175. Name three serious conditions they can lead to.
Heart attack, stroke, heart failure
29.What is tetanus both as the symptom of the disease and is a normal function
High-frequency stimulation of the muscle produces a sustained contraction which you do normally in such actions as maintaining your posture. You Get a tetanus shot to provide a bacterial infection which causes a tetanic contraction you cannot release.
92.What structure of the brain does this behavior affect
Hippocampus
151. What is your near point
How close something can be still see it clear
135. What is cardiac reserve and how does it change in the elderly
How much you can increase your cardiac output in times of stress. It declines as we age. Fit athletes can increase their output about 600%. Older Adults half that
22.What is an advanced treatment for bed sores that is also used in diving accidents
Hyperbaric oxygen chamber.
41.What common OTC might be used to prevent or slow the development of Alzheimer's
Ibuprofin
39.What is a consequence of long-term antibiotic use in elderly women
Increased mortality
177. What an area of heart muscle or brain tissue dies in elderly person what we call this area
Infarctions
119. What are the different causes of the two forms of arthritis
Injury, abnormal metabolism, inheritance, infections, immune system dysfunction, etc.
71.In addition to curvatures what spinal column change occurs in the elderly
Intervertebral discs get compressed causing people to lose height as they age
70.What spinal column curvature usually occurs or gets more pronounced later in life especially in women due to poor posture and osteoporosis
Kyphosis
54.Which of these three contractions is damaging in the elderly
Lengthening
198. What is the NIH stroke scale used for, Name three things used in the scale
Level of conciousness, arm drifting, visual gaze. Used to determine if patient has a stroke.
147. Name three neurological/cognitive capacities that are preserved or can increase during normal aging
Long-term memory emotional intelligence, vocabulary
171. What are three characteristics of advanced Alzheimer's or other dementia that would cause you to think about an advanced directive to avoid them
Loss of ability to swallow, significant confusion, inability to manage finances or pay bills
199. What is the Rankin stroke scale used for
Measures the degree of disability in daily activities of people who have suffered a stroke.
16.What is a particularly deadly form of skin cancer in the elderly
Melanoma.
48.What is muscle power
More combination of strength and speed. A power hitter in baseball has to swing a heavy bat fast
28.What does motor unit size affect
Motor unit size affects the degree of control. Small motor unit size muscles have precise control whereas large motor units have less control.
87.What is hospice
Movement to support decision and facilities that give palliative care
167. What are two things that make tinnitus worse
Musicians exposed to loud sound and veterans, depression stress and sleep disorder
75.What is the NIAMS
National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases
43.What does the 100-year-old competitive cyclist study indicate
No matter how old you are physical training will increase your muscle capacity
81.What is something that can prevent the action of RANKL by binding to it
OPG
107. What are two poor choices that the elderly make as a result of losing their sense of smell
One is overcompensating with sugar and salt for taste another is not realizing some food is spoiled. Another is poor hygiene
118. What are the two forms of arthritis
Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid
208. What are three symptoms or signs of an elderly "blue bloater"
Overweight, excess mucous, swollen legs and ankles
79.What is something that increases the secretion of RANKL
PTH
116. What is one key difference in the early symptoms of osteoporosis and arthritis
Pain starts early and arthritis while in osteoporosis there is often no pain unless there is a bone break
109. What is anosmic, hyposmic and normosmic individuals
People who have lost the sense of smell, people with the reduced sense of smell, people with the normal sense of smell
210. What are three signs or symptoms of an elderly "pink puffer"
Pink complexion, losing weight, trouble breathing
173. What condition was known as the "old person's friend" toward the end of life http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/ask-the-expert/cancer/a10366/why-is-pneumonia-called-the-old-mans-friend/
Pneumonia
166. What is maladaptive plasticity in the brain?
Poor brain rewiring - brain reorganizes after tinnitus
31.What problem at the very beginning of the alimentary canal can lead to poor mastication and blood infections.
Poor dentition
51.What declines at a higher rate as we age power sports activities or endurance sports activities
Power sports activities (Type II Muscles degrade with age)
20.What is the Braden scale
Predicting pressure score risk; assesses risk of developing ulcers
153. What is the name of this change
Presbyopia
91.What very common behavior is now associated with cognitive loss in the elderly
Prolonged sitting see announcements
7. What is pruritus in eczema and why does it occur
Pruritus is itchy skin in eczema and it occurs because sebaceous glands tend to decrease in the elderly (less oil produced to keep skin moisturized).
142. What is pulse pressure?How does the change in the elderly? What does this change make difficult in the elderly?
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, it declines in the elderly which makes it difficult to take the pulse of an elderly person
111. What serious new consequence is now linked to the loss of smell
Put self in danger because you can not smell gases nor expired food
78.What are RANKL and RANK and what is their effect
RANKL is a ligand created by osteoblasts. It binds to RANK receptor on Osteoclasts and activates osteoclast activity
8. What is psoriasis in the elderly
Red oozey autoimmune disease
131. IADL mnemonic
SHAFTT: shop, housekeep, account (manage checkbook), food preparation, telephone, transportation
69. What spinal column curvature usually occurs early in life but has consequences for the elderly later in life, Why
Scoliosis occurs early in life. However later in life as arthritis occurs the openings for nerves get small and nerves get pinched and cause pain and back problems
93.What is the difference between conducted and sensorineural/nerve deafness in which is the more difficult to treat
Sensorineural is more difficult to treat Conductive deafness is trouble conducting sound waves sensorineural deafness involves the loss of inner ear hearing receptors. It is extremely difficult to treat
102. What is sensory accommodation in what sense undergoes full accommodation, What sense undergoes partial accommodation
Sensory accommodation is the loss of receptor sensitivity in response to a constant or unchanging stimulus. A sense of smell accommodates completely (you don't smell the manure anymore if you're on a farm for an hour) the sense of sound partly accommodates
21.What are four factors considered in the Braden scale
Sensory perception, moisture, activity, nutrition.
121. What is a severe risk of having severe arthritis
Severe depression and the risk of suicide
120. What is the common end mechanism and damage seen in arthritic joints both types
Severe inflammation that destroys both the synovial membrane and the articular cartilage with abnormal bone growths or spurs as well as severe swelling
190. What are three signs of congestive heart failure you could observe in an elderly patient
Shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heartbeat
183. Name two problems with drug treatment for hypertension in the elderly.
Since we don't know what causes hypertension and most of the elderly often several drugs are tried before one is found works.
4. What is seen on Purpura
Skin hemorrhages or bruises that easily happen in the skin of the elderly because of the weekend blood vessels.
24.Why is this a special problem in the elderly
Skin of the elderly is thinner and heals less readily.
203. Name a condition that shows up in the elderly as a result of an aging neurological change in respiratory control.
Sleep apnea
1. What is a cherry angioma in the elderly
Small bright red blood vessel tumors that appear on the skin of the elderly
14.What are two things that can increase AGE's in the skin of the elderly
Smoking and diet of fried food.
10.What is a secondary organ that psoriasis can involve
Some people have their joints and have psoriatic arthritis.
184. What is the SPRINT study and what is its somewhat contradictory recommendation
Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trail. SBP<120 result in significant cardiovascular benefit in high risk patients with hypertension.
85.What are two known biomarkers for Alzheimer's
Tau & amyloid
96.What Hertz range or level are lost first in the hearing of older people
Ten to 30 Hz or the sound of quiet conversation
57.What is plyometric exercise
Tense, stretch and explosive movement
132. What is the gist of the "Let it Go" article in announcements
That psychological setbacks or stresses that affect youmore than 24 hours seem to have negative effects on health 10 years later.
163. What is a Snellen Chart and how might the elderly cheat on a Snellen test in the DMV
The Snellen chart is the chart with letters of different size and all doctors offices. It measures the sharpness of your vision.. 20/20 on the Snellen test is normal for a while 20/100 which is significantly visual impairment. The elderly cheat on this by memorizing the letters on the chart before they go to the doctor
30.What is muscle recruitment
The activation of additional motor units to increase contractile strength in muscle.
122. What three key factors are used to assess the degree of arthritis
The amount of pain range of motion limitation radiographic observed structural change
149. What is the conjunctiva and what problem do older people have as a result of an aging change in the conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is the secretory membrane on the front of the eye. In age its activity declines causing what is called dry eye
123. What is the specialized assessment protocol is used for the assessment of knee and hip joints
WOMAC functional assessment for OA Knee & Hip
143. What are two normal aging changes in arteries and what do they cause
We become less able to vasoconstrict and vasodilate, they become thicker and more rigid. Both these changes contribute to increases in blood pressure.
36.What is your micro biome and gastrointestinal dysbiosis
Your microbiome is the sum total of all the bacteria in your gut and it affects your overall health. Gastrointestinal dysbiosis is when this microbial community is abnormal
59.BMD, grip strength, balance and gait speed all change with aging. A) which changes more rapidly in females, B) which changes more rapidly in males, C) which persists without much decline through the 50s, D) which falls very rapidly when someone is over 70
a. BMD changes more rapidly in women b. Grip strength declines more rapidly in men c. Balance persists without much decline through 50 d. Gait velocity falls rapidly
139. What are cardiac preload and afterload
a. Preload is the end-diastolic volume (EDV) at the beginning of systole. B. Afterload is the ventricular pressure at the end of systole (ESP).
155. What is glaucoma and how does it initially affect the field of view
pressure build up on Aqueous Humor, transmitted back through the rigid eye, internal pressure builds up on retina, relatively painless, affects peripheral field of vision
204. What is an obstructive pulmonary disease
disease where it is hard to move air in and out --- chronic bronchitis or emphysema
181. How does the development of an atherosclerotic lesion or atheroma affect the performance of blood vessels, name three.
estrict blood flow, completely block arteries, form blood clots.
158. What is the leading clause of blindness of elderly African-Americans in the United States
glaucoma
44.What are three characteristics of young healthy muscle
lots of mitochondria, less fat, a healthy mix of slow twitch and fast twitch fibers
50.What is VO2 max and how does it change
measurement of maximum amount of O2 that an individual can utilize during maximal/intense exercise. It changes by declinging after age 30
104. What does most of your sense of taste come from
olfactory , smell
25.What is a muscle filament
proteins found inside individual muscle cells which can slide and cause the muscles to contract
82. What is sclerostin?
regulates bone remodeling, synthesized by osteocytes and potent inhibitor of bone formation, plays a role in regulating bone mass, reduces osteoblastic activity and bone formation
89.What is a new deficit we now recognize in clinical trial structure
that the elderly have been systematically kept out of clinical trials. We therefore don't know how the elderly will respond
49.What is muscle endurance
the ability of muscle(s) to sustain repeated contractions against resistance for extended periods of time
201. What is an aging change that takes place in the structure of the internal organs of the respiratory system and how does it affect respiration
the diaphragm becomes weakened which may prevent you from breathing enough air in our out
99.How is this affected by presbycusis
· You need all of your cognitive facilities, your reserve, the truly follow a conversation. But only you have to recognize words, you have to read facial expression, you have to analyze tone, you have to think of questions, etc. you can't follow the conversation if some of your cognitive reserve is use to try to figure out missing words because of your deafness
74.Review the functions of osteophytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
• Osteocyte: mature bone cells, maintain bone tissue • Osteoblast: bone generating cells (b for build) • Osteoclast: bone destroying cells
168. What three things are needed to happen in the brain for tinnitus to appear
• Ototoxic event/lesion • Maladaptive rewiring • Failure of higher brain gate
19.Describe the four stages of bed sores or decubitus ulcers.
• Stage 1- redness, but not penetrated that far • Stage 2- obvious skin loss, might see cratering, blistering • Stage 3- going down through the entire skin and into the subcutaneous gland, more damage than can visibly see, can go into layers underneath the adjacent skin • Stage 4- extensive obstruction below the skin, the bone is exposed and damaged .
53.Distinguish between isotonic, isometric and eccentric muscle contraction?
• isotonic contraction results in the muscle shortening • eccentric contraction results in the muscle lengthening • isometric contraction the muscle is under tension but neither shortens nor lengthens
62.What is the patellar reflex?
• sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, which lies just below the kneecap. • The sharp tap on the tendon slightly stretches the quadriceps, the complex of muscles at the front of the upper leg. In reaction these muscles contract, and the contraction tends to straighten the leg in a kicking motion.
40.What new announcement has been made about the early detection of Alzheimer's
• they wish to do research in an intensive manner on moving Alzheimer's diagnosis to a completely biological definition based on biomarkers. • The three biomarkers they are going to focus on are: Tau, Amyloid, and Neurological damage that can be visualized and quantified by scans • Hope to give people definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's based on a series of tests that could be done in a day. Another hope is to get an early diagnosis when the process of Alzheimer's is just beginning and not really starting to affect the memory. If diagnosis is early perhaps damage could be prevented.
