BnB Exam 3

for a typical, healthy person, about how long does an average sleep cycle last?

90 minutes

most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus release _____.

GABA

it is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is _____.

a contributing factor in some cases of parkinsons disease

melatonin supplements are most effective if taken ______.

a few hours before going to bed

An electroencephalogram (EEG) displays

a net average of all the neurons potentials

circadian rhythms all last ______.

about hours

what does cataplexy involve?

an attack of muscle weakness while awake

in comparison to nrem dreams, rem dreams _______.

are more likely to include complicated plots

damage to which area of the brain would make it difficult to do things like writing and clapping hands?

cerebellum

saccades are initiated by the _____.

cerebellum

the corticospinal tract extends from the _______.

cerebral cortex to spinal cord

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they _______.

continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm.

allergy medication may cause sleepiness because it ______.

counteracts histamine

Emmanuel has periodic limb movement disorder. When does he have the most trouble?

during nrem sleep

genetic factors have their greatest impact on parkinons disease in cases that involve _____.

early onset of the disease

After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal:

enters a prolonged state of sleep

a 'zeitgeber' is a(n) ________.

environmental cue that resets a biological clock

the eye muscle can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because _____.

eye muscles have a lower ration of muscle fibers to axons

the greater the number of purkinji cells activate, the ______.

greater the collective duration of the response

an individual whose eeg recording shows sleep spindles and k- complexes _____.

has entered stage 2 sleep

the nuclei of the cerebellum are most important in ________.

holding a finger in a steady position

people with damage to which portion of the brain report having no dreams?

inferior parietal cortex

During REM sleep, the EEG shows:

irregular, low-voltage fast waves

the premotor cortex _______.

is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself

a dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease because _____.

it does not cross the blood- brain barrier

early symptoms of huntington's disease usually include _____.

jerky movements and body tremors

a motor program is a ____.

movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion

Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ .

muscle contraction

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.​

occur during nrem sleep

a proprioreceptor is sensitive to the _______.

position and movement of a part of the body

the cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ______.

precise timing

a ballistic movement ______.

proceeds automatically once it has been triggered

neurons in the pontomesencephalon ______.

receive input from many sensory systems

drugs that decrease acetylcholine activity will result in muscles becoming ________.

relaxed

the basal ganglia are crucial to ______.

self-initiated movements

the motor cortex _______.

sends axons to the brain stem and spinal cord

after several hours of sleep, most people are _______.

spending more time in REM sleep

Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?

spinal cord

slow-wave sleep is comprised of ______.

stages 3 and 4

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ________.

staying awake

after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body _______.

still has rhythms, but they are less consistent

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?

the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

during lucid dreaming, what areas of the brain are most likely to be active?

the frontal and temporal cortices

how does the amount of hippocampal activity during sleep relate to memory performance?

the greater the amount of hippocampal activity during sleep, the greater the improvement in performance.

After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test?

the initial rapid movement to the nose

a recent hypothesis proposed that the role of rem is ______.

to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes

an individual whose eeg is predominantly alpha waves is most likely ______.

very relaxed but still awake

an individual with posterior parietal damage _____.

will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it