BNS 306 Final study guide
The pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex are located in which cortical layer? - 4 - 2 - 5 - 3 - 1 - 6
5
A right-handed epileptic patient underwent surgery where their corpus callosum had been severed. What consequence would it have on being able to verbally identify an object presented to their left visual field? Assume no drawing. - They could verbally identify the object - They could verbally identify the object but more slowly than someone with an intact corpus callosum - They could verbally identify its color but not where the object is in space - They could not verbally identify the object
They could not verbally identify the object
Place the following steps of central auditory processing in order First: Second: Third: Fourth: Fifth: - Superior olive - Superior colliculus - Medial geniculate complex - Primary auditory cortex - Lateral geniculate nucleus - Cochlear nuclei - Inferior colliculus
- First: cochlear nuclei - Second: superior olive Third: inferior colliculus Fourth: medial geniculate complex - Fifth: primary auditory cortex
Which answers describe the contribution of the pinna to auditory processing? select all that apply - Detects interaural timing differences - Monitors nature and environmental sounds and acts as a low pass filter - Detects interaural intensity differences - Amplifies high and low frequency sounds outside of spoken language - Help captures sound waves and directs it to the external auditory meatus - Help localize sound above and below the horizontal plane
- Help captures sound waves and directs it to the external auditory meatus - Help localize sound above and below the horizontal plane
Select all the ways in which low levels of calcium decrease a photoreceptor's sensitivity to increase in illumination. (select all that applies) - Increase rhodopsin kinase - Reduce arrestin binding rhodopsin - Increase the affinity for the cGMP-gated channels for cGMP - Increased guanylate cyclase
- Increase rhodopsin kinase - Increase the affinity for the cGMP-gated channels for cGMP - Increased guanylate cyclase
Imagine walking into a friend's house that has a unique odor. After a short while, the smell is weakened and you hardly notice it any longer. Which of the following mechanisms contribute to this odor adaptation? Select all that apply. - Excess cGMP blocks the pore of the Ca2+-gated chloride channel - Ca2+ prevents the binding of the Golf protein to its receptor - Increased Ca2+ levels activate phosphodiesterase which breaks down cAMP - Removal of intracellular Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (return to resting levels) - Ca2+ binds to calmodulin which together binds to the cAMP-gated channel and reduces its affinity for cAMP
- Increased Ca2+ levels activate phosphodiesterase which breaks down cAMP - Removal of intracellular Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (return to resting levels) - Ca2+ binds to calmodulin which together binds to the cAMP-gated channel and reduces its affinity for cAMP
Which features are responsible for the superior acuity of the fovea? (Select all that apply) - Increased concentration of rods - Large amount of cortical representation - 1:1 ration of photoreceptors to bipolar cells - Lack of retinal blood vessels - Maximum photon scattering before reaching the photoreceptor
- Large amount of cortical representation - 1:1 ration of photoreceptors to bipolar cells - Lack of retinal blood vessels
Binocular neurons are found in which areas (select all that apply)? - The primary visual cortex (V1) - The optic chiasm - The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) - V4 - MT (middle temporal)
- The primary visual cortex (V1) - V4 - MT (middle temporal
Hearing loss in the range of _______ is most detrimental to speech recognition. - 2 - 5 kHz - 20 - 50 Hz - 100 - 400 Hz - 700 - 900 Hz - 15 - 20 kHz
2 - 5 kHz
Which frequency would be detected by a 23-year-old with normal hearing, but not be heard by a 72-year-old with normal hearing? - 5 kHz - 10 Hz - 40 kHz - 300 Hz - 20 kHz
20 kHz
Listed below are the events that occur during basal ganglia functioning. 1. Disinhibition of ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei 2. Inhibition of globus pallidus 3. Excitation of caudate and putamen Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events? - 3 ; 2 ; 1 - 3 ; 1 ; 2 - 1 ; 2 ; 3 - 2 ; 3 ; 1 - 1 ; 3 ; 2
3 ; 2 ; 1
In which scenario would an ON-center ganglion cell fire the most robustly - No light shining in the receptor field - A small light shining in the center of the receptive field - A light filling the center of the receptive field - A light filling the center and surround of the receptive field - A light filling only the surround of the receptor field
A light filling the center of the receptive field
If neurons in the right medial nucleus of the trapezoid body were overly excitable (i.e., they fire more action potentials to the same magnitude stimulus as the neurons in the left MNTB), how would that impact sound localization? - A person would erroneously assume that a sound being emitted from directly in front of them was coming from the left side of their body - None of the above - A person would not be able to spatially locate low frequency sounds as well as high frequency sounds - The MNTP isn't involved in sound localization - A person would erroneously assume that a sound being emitted from directly in front of them was coming from the right side of their body
A person would erroneously assume that a sound being emitted from directly in front of them was coming from the left side of their body
The mechanism that accounts for light-induced hyperpolarization of photoreceptors is - A sudden increase in the concentration of cAMP, leading to activation of potassium channels - Light-induced photoisomerization of membrane—bound calcium channels - The gating of ion channels by released retinal monomers - A rapid fall in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+ / Ca2+ channels - A rapid rise in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+ / Ca2+ channels
A rapid fall in the concentration of cGMP, leading to closure of Na+ / Ca2+ channels
What is the functional result of long-term depression in the cerebellar cortex? - A weaker neuronal response of the cortical excitatory loop - A stronger neuronal response of the deep excitatory loop - A stronger neuronal response of the cortical inhibitory loop - A weaker neuronal response of the deep excitatory loop - A stronger neuronal response of the deep inhibitory loop
A stronger neuronal response of the deep excitatory loop
You hit your thumb with a hammer and immediately grab your finger and squeeze the injured area. The pain subsides slightly. Activation of what type of neuron is responsible for the reduction in pain sensation? - Dorsal horn projection neurons - Descending enkephalin efferents - A-beta mechanoreceptor stimulation of inhibitory neurons - Ia afferents - C fibers afferents
A-beta mechanoreceptor stimulation of inhibitory neurons
Loud music will trigger what autonomic response? - Dampen the magnitude of activation of inner hair cells through efferent inputs directly to the hair cells - Activation of the tensor tympani and stapedius to decrease efficiency of the middle ear - The facilitation of stronger sound conduction by the ossicles and amplification of frequencies within the range of spoken language - Only enable the conduction of sound frequencies within the range of human language
Activation of the tensor tympani and stapedius to decrease efficiency of the middle ear
Connect the target of afferent olfactory information to its processing role Affective components (e.g., aggression, threat: Inputs information into long-term memory: Pleasant qualities of smell: Motivational drives associated with smell: Conscious perception and identification of smell: - Hippocampus - Parietal lobe - Pyriform cortex - Hypothalamus - Insula - Amygdala - Thalamus and orbitofrontal cortex - Cingulate cortex - Occipital lobe
Affective components (e.g., aggression, threat: Inputs information into long-term memory: Hippocampus Pleasant qualities of smell: Amygdala Motivational drives associated with smell: Hypothalamus Conscious perception and identification of smell: Pyriform cortex
Estrogen and androgen receptors can be found in the hippocampus as well as the - Hypothalamus - Cerebellum - Amygdala - Cerebral cortex - All of the above
All of the above
Applying a drug that increases cGMP levels in photoreceptors would cause which effect on a photoreceptor's response to a photon of light? - An intensified hyperpolarization from normal - An attenuated hyperpolarization from normal - An attenuated depolarization from normal - An intensified depolarization from normal - There would be no effect
An attenuated hyperpolarization from normal
The ["amplitude", "frequency"] of the sound wave determines the magnitude of depolarization of the auditory hair cell. When the cilia are displaced in the direction towards its kinocilium, the hair cell ["depolarizes, "hyperpolarized"].
Answer 1: Amplitude Answer 2: Depolarizes
A scientist studying auditory transmission of low frequencies would take a recording from nerves at the ["apex", "base"] of the cochlea and look for ["phase locked"] firing in response to a stimulus.
Answer 1: Apex Answer 2: Phase locked
Proprioceptive information from the lower limbs synapse in ["Vestibular nuclei", "Clarke's nucleus", "Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus"] and project to the ["contralateral cerebellum", "ipsilateral cerebellum"] .
Answer 1: Clarke's nucleus Answer 2: Ipsilateral cerebellum
Activation of outer hair cells mostly stems from ["efferent input from brainstem nuclei", "shearing force by tectorial membrane"] . Their primary function is to ["stimulate auditory nerve cells via gap junctions", "convert mechanical pressure waves into an electrical signal", "increase levels of extracellular potassium which thereby increases the driving force in inner hair cells", "modulate membrane motion as part of the cochlear amplifier"] .
Answer 1: Efferent input from brainstem nuclei Answer 2: Modulate membrane motion as part of the cochlear amplifier
Sound waves at the frequency of human speech are amplified by the ["external auditory meatus", "pinna", "stapes", "tympanic membrane"] , and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. This vibration is transferred to the oval window of the cochlea via the ["auditory nerve", "tectorial membrane", "tympanic membrane", "spiral ganglion", "ossicles"] of the middle ear. The vibration is transferred to the endolymph in the scala media to move the stereocilia of the hair cells against the ["tectorial membrane", "basilar membrane", "auditory nerve", "spiral ganglion", "tympanic membrane"] . This creates a shearing force that induces tip links on the stereocilia to modulate the opening of ["voltage-gated cation channels", "potassium leak channels", "ligand-gated ionotropic channels", "G-protein coupled channels", "mechanically-gated cation channels"] channels. An influx of ["glutamate", "chloride", "potassium", "sodium"] ions then ["depolarizes", "repolarizes", "hyperpolarizes"] the cell, increasing internal Ca2+, and releasing transmitter onto the auditory nerve in [ Select ] ["a graded manner", "an all-or-nothing manner via action potentials"] .
Answer 1: External auditory meatus Answer 2: Tympanic membrane Answer 3: Ossicles Answer 4: Tectorial membrane Answer 5: Mechanically-gated cation channels Answer 6: Potassium Answer 7: Depolarized Answer 8: A graded manner
Exposure to a single odor activates ["few", "many"] glomeruli and activates ["few", "many"] cells in the pyriform cortex..
Answer 1: Few Answer 2: Many
A human's perception of pitch corresponds to the frequency/amplitude of a sound wave; perception of loudness corresponds to the frequency/amplitude of a sound wave.
Answer 1: Frequency Answer 2: Amplitude
Dopamine projections from part of the substantia nigra facilitate movement by ["decreasing", "increasing"] the influence of cortical input to MSNs in the direct pathway and ["increasing", "decreasing"] the strength of cortical input to MSN in the indirect pathway. Therefore, dopamine ["increases", "decreases"] the strength of the direct pathway and ["has no effect", "increases", "weakens"] the strength of the indirect pathway.
Answer 1: Increasing Answer 2: Decreasing Answer 3: Increases Answer 4: Weakens
Activation of medium-sized spiny neurons in the ["Direct", "Indirect"] pathway inhibits movement, and these cells express dopamine receptor ["D1", "D2"] .
Answer 1: Indirect Answer 2: D2
People suffering from Parkinson's disease have increased ["inhibition", "excitation"] of the VA/VL complex of the thalamus, leading to decreased excitation of the ["globus pallidus interna", "frontal cortex", "subthalamic nucleus"].
Answer 1: Inhibition Answer 2: frontal cortex
During accommodation, the shape of the ____ is changed by the ______ in order to see objects accurately at varying. First option: Cornea, lens, iris, or pupil Second option: Edinburg Westphalia nucleus, ciliary muscle, or zonule fibers
Answer 1: Lens Answer 2: ciliary muscle
The primary afferent axons conveying mechanosensory signals from the right arm would be found in the ["right", "left"] ["ventral roots", "gracile tract", "cuneate tract"] of the spinal cord.
Answer 1: Right Answer 2: Cuneate tract
Sound localization in the medial superior olive relies on interaural [ Select ] ["frequency", "intensity", "timing", "amplitude"] differences for frequencies below 3 kHz. In the case of frequencies above 3 kHz, interaural [ Select ] ["timing", "frequency", "intensity", "current"] differences can be used for sound localization via the [ Select ] ["medial inferior olive", "lateral superior olive", "lateral inferior olive", "medial superior olive"] and MNTB.
Answer 1: Timing Answer 2: Intensity Answer 3: Lateral superior olive
Sound frequencies above 3 kHz cause a ["alternating response between depolarization and hyperpolarization (AC)", "tonic depolarization (DC)"] in the auditory hair cells. This is due to the ["symmetrical", "asymmetrical"] response of transduction channels which has a ["stronger", "weaker"] depolarizing effect than the competing hyperpolarizing mechanism when they're closed.
Answer 1: Tonic depolarization (DC) Answer 2: Asymmetrical Answer 3: Stronger
Movement of the head to the left automatically triggers the eyes to move to the right. This reflex is known as the vestibulo-ocular reflex . It involves excitatory input to the ["abducens nucleus", "oculomotor nucleus", "vestibular nucleus"] from axons that travel through Scarpa's ganglion. This input leads to the excitation of neurons in the contralateral vestibular nucleus and inhibition of the ipsilateral ["vestibular nucleus", "oculomotor nucleus", "abuducens nucleus"] . These connections in turn prevent the excitation of neurons in the contralateral vestibular nucleus and excite neurons in the ipsilateral ["abducens nucleus", "oculomotor nucleus", "vestibular nucleus"] (relative to the input to the brainstem). The consequence is that the right eye's ["medial rectus", "lateral rectus"] contracts and its ["medial rectus", "lateral rectus"] is released. The ["opposite", "same"] occurs for the left eye.
Answer 1: Vestibulo-ocualar reflex Answer 2: Vestibular nucleus Answer 3: Abducens nucleus Answer 4: Abducens nucleus Answer 5: Oculomotor nucleus Answer 6: Oculomotor nucleus Answer 7: Lateral rectus Answer 8: Medial rectus Answer 9: Opposite
The primary motor cortex processes information for muscles on the ["contralateral", "ipsilateral"] side of the body; the cerebellum processes information for muscles on ["contralateral", "ipsilateral"] side(s) of the body.
Answer 1: contralateral Answer 2: Ipsilateral
The ["Aβ sensory afferents from the skin", "la sensory afferents from the muscles"] have the largest axon diameter. Therefore, they transmit information the ["fastest", "slowest"].
Answer 1: la sensory affterents from the muscles Answer 2: Fastest
Lower motor neurons responsible for posture are found in the ["medial ventral horn", "lateral dorsal horn", "lateral ventral horn"] and primarily receive input from upper motor neurons in the [ ["brainstem", "cerebral cortex"] .
Answer 1: medial ventral horn Answer 2: brainstem
The following image displays the response of a ["slowly", "rapidly"] adapting sensory afferent and is best at conveying attributes relating to ["movement", "texture and shape"] of an object.
Answer 1: slowly Answer 2: texture and shape
Which of the following best supports the notion that the auditory cortex is influenced by nonauditory information? - Neural responses to speech spread from posterior to anterior regions of the superior temporal gyrus. - Damage to the auditory cortex reveals an inability to discriminate temporal differences in speech. - Electrophysiological recordings reveal that primary auditory neurons have decreased response to sounds played in reverse. - Auditory cortex activity decreases during speech production.
Auditory cortex activity decreases during speech production.
Which type of somatosensory afferents transmit information from touch mechanoreceptors to the central nervous system? - Ia - A-delta - C - Aβ - II
Aβ
For an OFF-center ganglion cell, which stimulus on the cell's receptive field (shown to the right) would cause the highest rate of AP firing? (In the figure, black fill indicates darkness, and white fill indicates light in the receptive field.) A: Black inside and out B: Black outside, white inside C: White inside and out D: Black center and white outside
B
Neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) are specifically tuned to respond to which type of stimulus? - Light-dark curves - Bars or edges in a particular orientation - Changes in luminance - Light-dark spots - Complex/irregular shapes
Bars or edges in a particular orientation
Circulating alpha-fetoprotein in the fetus... - is not found in fetuses of placental mammals - binds to circulating estrogens - is only found in female fetuses - is a substance (in addition to the gonadal steroid hormones) that has direct effects on sexual brain dimorphisms - binds to circulating testosterone
Binds to circulating estrogen
Which cell produces the mucus layer that protects the cells of the olfactory epithelium? - oligodendrocytes - astrocytes - neural stem cells - olfactory receptor neurons - Bowman's gland
Bowman's gland
Which statement most accurately describes the postsynaptic mechanism for synapse stabilization of experience-modulated circuits during the critical period? - Ca2+ influx through gluR2 subunit-lacking AMPA receptors increase cAMP and sodium influx through cAMP gated sodium channels - Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation decreases calmodulin levels and increases BDNF production - Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors activates the CREB pathway which leads to an increase in BDNF production - Decrease in calmodulin and ERK actively disinhibit BDNF production
Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors activates the CREB pathway which leads to an increase in BDNF production
Which part of the cerebellum is highly developed in humans and involved with the planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences? - Vestibulocerebellum - Spinocerebellum - Cerebrocerebellum - Foccular-nodular lobe
Cerebrocerebellum
Which synapses have the strongest excitatory connection? - Climbing fibers synapsing on Purkinje cells - Basket cells synapsing on Purkinje cells - Deep cerebellar nuclei cells synapsing on climbing fibers - Purkinje cells synapsing on deep cerebellar nuclei cells - Mossy fibers synapsing on granule cells
Climbing fibers synapsing on Purkinje cells
Which feature is characteristic of the pseudounipolar neurons of the somatosensory system? - Fibers with particularly high myelin content - Continuous fibers, with the cell body attached by a single process - Central and peripheral components of the fibers are of a similar length - Multiple dendrites - Thick fibers that enables fast signal transduction
Continuous fibers, with the cell body attached by a single process
Which part of the brain precisely maps sound tonotopically? - Inferior colliculus - Belt region - Core region - Parabelt region - Medial geniculate complex
Core region
The striatum receives the most input from this type of cell - Medium-sized spiny neurons - Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons - Cortical pyramidal neurons - Cajal-retzius neurons
Cortical pyramidal neurons
A man has trouble determining when to politely say "hello" to people walking past him on a sidewalk. He notices people in the distance, but they don't seem to be getting closer. When he decides to say "hello," he realizes the person has already passed him. What general type of brain damage has this man experienced? - Damage to the dorsal stream of visual processing - Macular sparing - An imbalance of ocular dominance columns - Prosopagnosia - Damage to the ventral stream of visual processing
Damage to the dorsal stream of visual processing
In rats, which procedure, when applied during adulthood, results in increased visual acuity after visual deprivation during development? - Flashing light exposure - Optical illusion training - Dark exposure - Bright light exposure - Induction of retinal waves
Dark exposure
How would you predict dendritic branching of prefrontal cortical neurons to differ in rats that were grown up isolated in standard caging compared to those grown up in group housing with a running wheel and toys? - Dendrites from the isolated rat would be more complex - Dendrites from the isolated rat would show less dendritic branching - Dendrites from the isolated rat would have more spines - Dendrites from the isolated rat would be found in more cortical layers - Dendrites from the isolated rat would be longer
Dendrites from the isolated rat would show less dendritic branching
Genetic knockdown of the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors in the rat barrel cortex has what effect on cortical neuron dendritic morphology? - There is no change as AMPA receptors, not NMDA, are responsible for normal development of the barrel cortex - Dendritic growth shows an orientational preference away from the edge and towards the center of the barrel - Dendritic growth extends similarly in all directions and beyond the boundaries of the barrel. - Dendrites growth is stunted and shriveled
Dendritic growth extends similarly in all directions and beyond the boundaries of the barrel.
Where would the cell body of a sensory neuron that transmits touch information from the fingers to the central nervous system be located? - Dorsal root ganglion alongside the spinal cord - Ganglion immediately underneath the skin of the cheek - Nucleus inside the brainstem - Ventral root ganglion alongside the spinal cord - Nucleus inside the spinal cord
Dorsal root ganglion alongside the spinal cord
A man is brought to the emergency room after a car crash. A doctor shines a light in his eye but his pupil fails to contract. Which of the following regions is most likely damaged? - Lateral geniculate nucleus - Primary visual cortex - Striate cortex - Edinger-Westphal nucleus - Internal capsule
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
You're a scientist sitting on the approval board for a new medication that the drug company is hoping to begin clinical testing in children and adolescents. One of the side effects from pre-clinical redolent studies is that the new medication boosts circulating estrogen well beyond normal levels in the brain. What's one physiological consequence that concerns you about this side effect? - Estrogen acutely hyperpolarizes glutamatergic neurons and dampens the induction of LTP - Estrogen acutely depolarizes glutamatergic hippocampal neurons and may aberrantly effect synaptic plasticity - Estrogen inhibits apoptosis of neurons in the INAH-3 region of the hippocampus (interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus)
Estrogen acutely depolarizes glutamatergic hippocampal neurons and may aberrantly effect synaptic plasticity
Assuming similar developmental mechanisms as in mammals, treating a male zebra finch during development with which drug would lead to a female-like neuron song circuit? - Androgen receptors antagonist - Estrogen receptor agonist - Androgen receptors agonist - Progesterone receptor antagonist - Estrogen receptor antagonist
Estrogen receptor antagonist
T or F: Direct and indirect pathway MSNs have opposing effects because they release different neurotransmitters on their targets.
False
T or F: Each region of the body is represented only once in the cerebellum
False
T or F: If your right visual cortex was damaged, you would not be able to consciously process any information from the left eye
False
T or F: Inner hair cell ciliary displacement in the direction away from its kinicilium leads to potassium efflux
False
T or F: OFF-center ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells expressing mGluR6 receptors
False
T or F: The basilar membrane at the apex of the cochlea is flexible and wide, conferring maximal response to high-frequency tones.
False
T or F: The saccule and utricle are specialized for detecting head rotation
False
How would the firing rate of a person's vestibular nerve fibers change as she accelerated from zero to 40 mph in a car, and then sustained that speed? - Firing rate would increase only while she accelerated. - Firing rate would increase during acceleration, then decrease below baseline while at 40 mph. - Firing rate would increase and remain increased until she came to a stop again.
Firing rate would increase only while she accelerated.
Match the various components of the olfactory transduction process in the order in which they occur: First step: Second step: Third step: Fourth step: Fifth step: - Calcium-activated chloride channels open - Activation of adenylyl cyclase III - cAMP-gated ion channels open - Calcium is extruded and sodium enters the cell - Activation of Golf G-protein
First step: Activation of Golf G-protein Second step: Activation of adenylyl cyclase III Third step: cAMP-gated ion channels open Fourth step: Calcium-activated chloride channels open Fifth step: Calcium is extruded and sodium enters the cell
T or F: Someone with conductive hearing loss would not be able to hear the ringing of a tuning fork when touched to the skull.
Flase
Medium-sized spiny neurons release which of these neurotransmitters on their targets? - Glycine - Serotonin - Dopamine - GABA - Glutamate
GABA
Which neurotransmitter is most important for the cortical changes that occur during a critical period? - Norepinephrine - Glutamate - Acetylcholine - Serotoin
Glutamate
Functional neuroimaging studies examining sex differences in the amygdala's response to an emotional memory have shown - Bilateral amygdala activity is reduced in females and increased in males - Bilaterally greater activation in the amygdala in females compared to males - No difference between females and males - Greater activation in the left amygdala in females compared to males - Bilaterally greater activation in the amygdala in males compared to females
Greater activation in the left amygdala in females compared to males
For which sense is the primary cortex found in the insula? - Vision - Audition - Somatosensation - Olfaction - Gustation
Gustation
If a monkey is presented with an image of a train, neurons specific for which orientation would fire vigorously in V1? - Horizontal - Parallel - Left to right 45 degree diagonal - Vertical - Right to left 45 degree diagonal
Horizontal
A patient sustains a head injury resulting in damage of some glomeruli. Which effect would most likely result from this damage? - No effect; glomeruli would regenerate from stem cells - Decreased sensitivity to smells but all smells would be detectable - Inability to detect all smells - Proliferation of periglomerular cells - Inability to detect certain smells
Inability to detect certain smells
Applying dopamine to medium-sized spiny neurons will ________. - Increase firing in both D1 and D2 neurons - not enough information provided - Decrease firing in both D1 and D2 neurons - Decrease firing in D1 and increase firing in D2 neurons - Increase firing in D1 and decrease firing in D2 neurons
Increase firing in D1 and decrease firing in D2 neurons
A scientist creates a mouse model with dysfunctional cyclic-AMP gated channels. Which of the following would not occur in this model? - Odorant binding to odor receptor proteins - Dissociation of α subunit from Golf - Increase in cAMP - Activation of adenylyl cyclase III - Influx of calcium
Influx of calcium
The lateral superior olive uses which of the following properties of interaural sound for localization? - Time - Frequency - Waveform - Intensity - Period
Intensity
A 32-year old male presents with a wound that has caused left hemisection of the spinal cord at the thoracic level (mid to upper back). Which sensory loss would you expect to find? - Ipsilateral loss of touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature below the level of the lesion - Ipsilateral and contralateral loss of touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature below the level of the lesion - Ipsilateral loss of touch and proprioception below the level of the lesion; contralateral loss of pain and temperature below the level of the lesion - Contralateral loss of touch and proprioception below the level of the lesion; ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature below the level of the lesion - Contralateral loss of touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature below the level of the lesion
Ipsilateral loss of touch and proprioception below the level of the lesion; contralateral loss of pain and temperature below the level of the lesion
What effect would a phosphodiesterase activator be predicted to have on odorant detection? - It would extend the duration by which the odorant can be detected by preventing the closing of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels - It would enhance the sensitivity to odorants by enhancing cation influx - It would prevent odorant detection because Ca2+ influx would be prevented - It would have only a small effect on odorant detection because Cl- efflux would still depolarize neurons - No effect; glomeruli would regenerate from stem cells
It would prevent odorant detection because Ca2+ influx would be prevented
How are hair cells arranged in the semicircular canals? - They completely line the semicircular canals along the striola. - They line the semicircular canals and the ampulla. - The kinocilia direction alternates within the ampulla. - Kinocilia point in the same direction within an ampulla but are arranged oppositely to the corresponding ampulla in the other ear. - They are oppositely arranged within each ampulla along the striola.
Kinocilia point in the same direction within an ampulla but are arranged oppositely to the corresponding ampulla in the other ear.
A 68-year-old notices that the boxes of their crossword puzzle look wavy and blurry for the word they are working on, but the boxes in the periphery of their focus remain clear. This symptom suggests that the individual has which condition? - Presbyopia - Glaucoma - Macular degeneration - Cataracts
Macular degeneration
In the anteroventral paraventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the hypothalamus, developmental testosterone has apoptotic effects on dopaminergic neurons that regulate the ovulatory cycle. What effect would you predict there to be on AVPV dopamine neurons if you knocked out the gene for the estrogen receptor in male mice? - There'd be no change - Male mice would have more neurons than females - Female mice would have more neurons than males - Male mice and female mice would have a similar number of dopamine neurons
Male mice and female mice would have a similar number of dopamine neurons
You're tasked with identifying the proportion of retinal ganglion cells that project to the prefecture or suprachiasmatic nucleus. You obtain primate retinal tissue and decide to apply immunohistochemistry techniques to identify the presence of a specific protein that would be indicative of this class of retinal ganglion cells (i.e., those that project to the pretectum or SCN). Which of the options should you be staining for? - Transducin - Melanopsin - mGluR6 - Rhodopsin - Photopsin - AMPA
Melanopsin
Which evidence best supports the idea that the critical droid for the organization of the visual cortex lasts a finite time? - Monocular deprivation in an adult cat has little effect on the distribution of cortical neurons activated by stimulation of both eyes - A normal adult cat will have the majority of cortical cells activated by some degree to stimulation in both eyes - Monocular deprivation in a kitten leads to the majority of cortical cells responding to only the open eye - Monocular deprivation in a kitten leads to the majority of cortical cells responding to only the closed eye - Dark exposure after monocular deprivation will increase the visual acuity in the previously closed eye
Monocular deprivation in an adult cat has little effect on the distribution of cortical neurons activated by stimulation of both eyes.
A kitten is deprived of visual stimulation in one eye for the first 2 months of life. After the cat reaches adulthood, you record from cells in the visual cortex in response to light stimulus in both eyes. Which outcome would you expect? - There is an even distribution of cells that are activated by stimulation to only the non-deprived eye (1/2 of cells), only the deprived eye (1/3 of cells), and a combination of both eyes (1/3 of cells). - Most cells are non-responsive - Most cells are activated only by stimulation to the non-deprived eye - Most cells are activated to some degree by stimulation in both eyes - Most cells are activated only by stimulation to the deprived eye
Most cells are activated only by stimulation to the non-deprived eye
How does simultaneous activation of the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways promote volitional movements and prevent unwanted ones? - The MSNs are excitatory in the direct pathway and inhibitory in the indirect pathway - The globus pallidus external segment inhibits the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus internal segment - The subthalamic nucleus projects to the globus pallidus internal segment are strong and diffuse whereas the MSN inputs to the globus pallidus internal segment are weak and diffuse - Neurons originating in the subthalamic nucleus project weakly and diffusely to the globus pallidus internal segment, whereas MSNs from the caudate/putamen concentrate their synapses to a smaller area and have stronger effect
Neurons originating in the subthalamic nucleus project weakly and diffusely to the globus pallidus internal segment, whereas MSNs from the caudate/putamen concentrate their synapses to a smaller area and have stronger effect
A student who is working on a cure hearing loss develops a hair cell MET channel agonist (i.e., it directly activates the channel). Would you expect this drug to be effective? Why? - No; the MET channel can only be altered by mechanical means. - Yes; it would increase the flow of cations into the hair cell. - Yes; it would open the MET channel without sound stimuli. - Yes; it would induce a second messenger cascade that will hold MET channels open longer. - No; it would decrease the flow of cations into the hair cell.
No; the MET channel can only be altered by mechanical means.
Refer to the figure (black and white stripes) A radioactive tracer is injected into the eye. Which tissue does this autoradiograph show? - White and grey matter of Layer 4 - Ocular separation in the LGN - Binocular cells of Layers 2/3 - Ocular dominance columns of Layer 4 - Retinal waves of Layers 2/3
Ocular dominance columns of Layer 4
What contributes to the particularly strong emotional response that we have to certain smells? - Olfactory signals project directly to limbic regions in the brain without having to first pass through the thalamus - Olfactory signals directly synapse in the thalamus without top-down modulation - Our olfactory mucosa has an especially high sodium concentration, leading to higher amplitude EPSPs and stronger signals to the brain - Olfactory signals couple with taste to provide a strong sensory experience
Olfactory signals project directly to limbic regions in the brain without having to first pass through the thalamus
Which of the following would cause conductive hearing loss? - Damage to the auditory nerve - Attending many loud concerts - Genetic predisposition to hair cell damage - Frequent exposure to gunfire sounds - Ossification of the middle ear bones
Ossification of the middle ear bones
Afferent fibers that lack specialized receptors at their terminals detect which type of stimuli? - Pressure - Vibration - Pain - Touch
Pain
Which deficit would a lesion restricted to the right side of the spinal cord produce? - Mechanosensory deficit on the left side of the body only - Mechanosensory deficit on the right side of the body only - Pain deficit on the right side and mechanosensory deficit on the left side of the body - Pain deficit on the left side and mechanosensory deficit on the right side of the body - Pain deficit on the right side of the body only
Pain deficit on the left side and mechanosensory deficit on the right side of the body
Logan has been managing chronic pain in his leg and back from bike accident injuries for over a year. His doctor has suggested that they stimulate his brain in an attempt to relieve some of the pain. Stimulation of which region would be most likely to produce relief? - superior colliculus - Somatosensory cortex - Periaqueductal gray - ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus - anterior cingulate
Periaqueductal gray
Which is not an established odorant-mediated response or capability of humans? - Gagging or vomiting in response to a particularly noxious odor - Pheromone-based sexual attraction mediated by the vomeronasal organ - Increased gastric motility in response to appetizing odors - Infant recognition of, and increased suckling in response to, their mother's odor - A mother's ability to recognize her own baby based upon odor
Pheromone-based sexual attraction mediated by the vomeronasal organ
A photoreceptor cell is exposed to a flash of light. How does the membrane potential of this cell and its corresponding ON-center bipolar and ganglion cells change? Photoreceptor hyperpolarize/depolarize Bipolar cell: hyperpolarize/depolarize Ganglion cell: hyperpolarize/depolarize
Photoreceptor: hyperpolarize Bipolar cell: depolarize Ganglion cell: depolarize
Which cortical motor area of the brain containing receives extensive multisensory input from the parietal and frontal lobe? - Premotor cortex - Red Nucleus - Basal Ganglia - Primary motor cortex - Cerebellum
Premotor cortex
Which synaptic connection would be most affected by the presence of a GABA antagonist in the cerebellum? - Climbing fiber input onto Purkinje cells - Purkinje cell input onto deep cerebellar nuclear cells - Mossy fiber input onto granule cells - Mossy fiber input onto deep cerebellar nuclear cells - Parallel fiber input onto Purkinje cells
Purkinje cell input onto deep cerebellar nuclear cells
Which type of cell provides the only output from the cerebellar cortex? - Purkinje cells - mossy fibers - climbing fibers - Granule cells - deep cerebellar nuclear cells
Purkinje cells
Which experimental evidence best supports the idea that retinal waves are responsible for initial organization of the visual cortex? - Calcium influx changes at a rapid and significant rate across the retinal surface - Radioactive tracers injected into the retina allow visualization of ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex. - Recorded activity in the retina correlates highly with recorded activity in the visual cortex - Calcium transients correlate highly with EPSPs in retinal cells - Monocular deprivation at one month of age in the cat leads to altered ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex
Recorded activity in the retina correlates highly with recorded activity in the visual cortex.
Due to a genetic modification, a mouse has no horizontal cells in its retinas. what impact will this have on the mouse's vision? - Inability to detect light - Dichromatic color blindness - There will be no effect on the mouse's vision - Increased ability to detect luminance - Reduced ability to determine relative stimulus intensity
Reduced ability to determine relative stimulus intensity
If a person had a mutation in the gene that codes for interphotoreceptor retinnoid binding protein, what would be the most likely downstream effects? - Retinal could not be transported to and from the outer segment for the retinoid cycle. - PDE would not hydrolyze cGMP to reduce its concentration - The conformational change from cis-retinal to trans-retinal could not take place during photoisomerization - Opsin would not be able to activate the intracellular messenger transducin - Arrestin would not be able to bind to rhodopsin
Retinal could not be transported to and from the outer segment for the retinoid cycle.
If a subject undergoes an fMRI scan while listening to their favorite song, which area of the brain would you expect to show the greatest activity? - Left belt - All brain areas would show similar activity - Left core - Right belt - Right core
Right belt
Which statement about the SRY gene is false? - Activation of the SRY gene during the first trimester of gestation results in male gonadal development - SRY is the single gene that defines male genotypic and phenotypic sex characteristics - SRY is responsible for producing TDF (testis-determining factor) - In XXY males, the presence of SRY results in male gonadal development - SRY is expresses in the brain
SRY is expresses in the brain
A father notices that his daughter does not respond to him when she isn't facing him, nor does she turn her head toward loud noises. After several appointments with doctors, the family is informed that the girl has malformed hair cells, but has fully functioning auditory nerves. What type of hearing loss does this girl have, and what would be the best treatment option? - Conductive hearing loss; cochlear implant - Sensorineural hearing loss; brainstem implant - Sensorineural hearing loss; traditional hearing aid - Conductive hearing loss; traditional hearing aid - Sensorineural hearing loss; cochlear implant
Sensorineural hearing loss; cochlear implant
A decrease in extracellular H+ would decrease the ability to detect which taste? - Salty - Umami - Bitter - Sour - Sweet
Sour
A woman has a stroke that damages her secondary auditory cortex. Which sounds will she have the most trouble making sense of? - Car horns - Computerized tones - Speech - White noise - Sounds of nature (e.g., wind)
Speech
Damage to the dentate nucleus would be expected to result in impairment to __________. - Balance - Posture - Vestibulo-occular reflex - Trunk (i.e., core muscles) tone - Speech
Speech
The most profound loss of cells in Huntington's disease occurs in which area of the brain? - Striatum - Cortex - Globus pallidus interna - Substantia Nigra
Striatum
Damage to the striate cortex ventral (below) to the calcarine sulcus would result in difficulty processing information from which visual field? - Temporal - Nasal - Monocular - Inferior - Superior
Superior
Retinal ganglion cells that project directly to the ____ entrain the circadian rhythm using light-based cues - Superior colliculus - Hippocampus - Lateral hypothalamus - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
If you blocked aromatase activity in male rats during gestation - The SDN-POA volume would enlarge - There would be no change in SDN-POA volume - There would be an increase in number of neurons but not overall volume - The SND-POA volume would shrink
THe SDN-POA volume would shrink
A rodent animal model has a mutation in the androgen receptor (AR), making it dysfunctional. If you looked at the SDN-POA of adults of this mutant AR animal model, what would you expect to see? - The SDN-POA would be bigger in the mutant females than in control males - The SDN-POA would be bigger in mutant females than in mutant males - The SDN-POA would be smaller in mutant males than in control females - The SDN-POA would be the same size in mutant males as in control males
The SDN-POA would be the same size in mutant males as in control males.
In a scenario where the middle ear bones show a reduction in their dynamic range of motion, what effect does this have on the transmission of the sound wave to the inner ear? - The frequency is decreased - The frequency is increased - The amplitude is increased - The amplitude is decreased
The amplitude is decreased
In the illusion above, which statement is accurate regarding the relative depolarization of the OFF-center bipolar cells processing receptive fields A (intersection) and B (between intersection)? - The bipolar cells are similarly hyperpolarized - The bipolar cells from receptive field A is hyperpolarized relative to the bipolar cell in receptive field B - The bipolar cell from receptive field A is depolarized relative to the bipolar cell in receptive field B - The bipolar cells are similarly depolarized
The bipolar cell from receptive field A is depolarized relative to the bipolar cell in receptive field B
Which evidence suggests that upper motor neurons in the primary cortex have a preferred direction? - Spike-triggered averaging indicates that a single upper motor neuron activates a muscle field. - Stimulation of the primary motor cortex can elicit movements in different areas of the body. - The firing rate of a particular upper motor neuron is highest when the hand moves from left to right. - Mapping of the primary motor cortex indicates that many body regions overlap - Firing rates of upper motor neurons change prior to movements involving small forces.
The firing rate of a particular upper motor neuron is highest when the hand moves from left to right.
Which of the following statements about the location of photoreceptors in the outermost layer of the retina is true. - The proximity to the pigment epithelium allows nourishment for the photoreceptor cells and recycling of photopigment - This placement allows light to stimulate the photoreceptors via the most direct path and devoid of shadows - This placement allows a light stimulus to be filtered when it travels through the other layers of the retina to reach the outermost layer - The proximity to the pigment epithelium determines if a photoreceptor cell differentiates into a rod or a cone - This placement allows more synapses to be formed between amacrine cells and ganglion cells
The proximity to the pigment epithelium allows nourishment for the photoreceptor cells and recycling of photopigment
If you pass an electrode vertically through the primary visual cortex (from cortical layer 1 to 6), you'd see that the neurons in each layer respond to ______ of light - The same orientation - Different colors - Different orientations - Different orientations - Motion at the top layers and color in the bottom
The same orientation
What experimental evidence suggests that cones are more effective at light adaption and better for daylight vision than rods - A flash of light causes a shorter response in rods than cones - The time course of the cone response to a flash of light is shorter than rods - Cones are not more effective at light adaption or better for daylight vision than rods - The decay rate of the cone response is substantially longer after exposure to a bright light than a dim one
The time course of the cone response to a flash of light is shorter than rods
Which property best differentiates the types of cones? - Their shape and processes - Their location in the retina - Their overall ratio to other types of cones - The number of synapses on bipolar cells - The wavelength sensitivity of their opsins
The wavelength sensitivity of their opsins
Why is the flexibility of the round window vital for proper functioning of the cochlea? - The traveling wave in the fluid produces a shearing motion of the hair cells, which causes a voltage change in the round window. - It is responsible for the differing flexibility of the basilar membrane. - It allows for a traveling wave to reach a point of maximum displacement based on its frequency. - It gives rise to the topographical mapping of frequency in the cochlea, which allows for the decomposition of sound. - There must be a space for liquid to move after displacement from the oval window because liquid does not compress.
There must be a space for liquid to move after displacement from the oval window because liquid does not compress.
If you were to sever the connections between the V1 and the pulvinar nucleus in a mouse, what effect would it have on postrhinal cortical activity in response to a moving stimulus across their receptive field? - All activity would stop in the postrhinal cortex - There would be an increase in postrhinal cortical activity - There'd be a decrease in postrhinal cortical activity - There'd be no major change in postrhinal cortical activity
There'd be no major change in postrhinal cortical activity
Use the following visual illusion to answer the next two questions Image of black squares with white spaces around it, the illusion is you see black dots in the intersections of the white spaces. There is the letter A in the intersection and the letter B on the sides below A Why does the "illusion" only exist in the periphery? - There's greater convergence of photoreceptors to bipolar cells in our periphery than foveal vision - Rods are only present in the periphery - Amacrine and horizontal cells are reversed in the periphery - Only rods process black and white
There's greater convergence of photoreceptors to bipolar cells in our periphery than foveal vision
Refer to the graph below. What conclusion about the neuronal basis of pain is consistent with the graph? (thermoreceptor increasing around 43º, nociceptors gradually increasing around 45º) - The nociceptors and thermoreceptors respond to a thermal stimulus by decreasing the frequency of action potentials - These nociceptors respond only to stimuli that are sufficiently warm (approximately 43°C or above). - There is a linear relationship between thermoreceptor response and temperature of the stimulus. - Any thermal stimulus can activate both the nociceptors and the thermoreceptors. - Stimuli of certain temperatures can activate nociceptors but not thermoreceptors.
These nociceptors respond only to stimuli that are sufficiently warm (approximately 43°C or above).
Which statement about the functioning of cochlear implants (CIs) is false? - They require an auditory signal processing device that decomposes sounds into component frequencies - They are designed to induce electromechanical pressure waves within the cochlear fluid. - They require an electrical connection from an implanted stimulator to a cochlear electrode array. - They electrically stimulate residual hair cells and/or primary auditory afferents.
They are designed to induce electromechanical pressure waves within the cochlear fluid.
What is the major difference between ON-center and OFF-center bipolar cells that explains their selective response to light increments? - They release different neurotransmitters onto ganglion cells - ON-center cells have larger cell bodies - They have different GABA receptor types - They have different glutamate receptor types - OFF-center cells have larger dendritic fields
They have different glutamate receptor types
How do ocular dominance columns representing a monocularly-deprived eye during the critical period compare to those from the non-deprived eye? - Those from the deprived eye are larger in total volume - They are of equal volume - They are only of equal volume outside of layer 4 - Those from the deprived eye are smaller in total volume
Those from the deprived eye are smaller in total volume
Which structure(s) connect(s) adjacent stereocilia? - microtubules - kinocilium - Tip links - inner hair cells - outer hair cells
Tip links
Which statement about the mechanotransduction mechanism of vestibular hair cells is true? - The tip link's spring-like structure causes the cells to vibrate in resonance with the frequency of the sensory stimulus. - The tip links are connected to cAMP-activated ion channels. - Stereocilia are linked by small fibrous strands of gelatin. - Protein strands that span four or five tips of stereocilia provide structural integrity. - Transduction is biphasic, in that movements toward and away from the kinocilium can produce increased or decreased firing of vestibular afferents
Transduction is biphasic, in that movements toward and away from the kinocilium can produce increased or decreased firing of vestibular afferents
Which symptom would you expect a person with damage to the fovea to experience? - Trouble reading - Difficulty seeing large objects - Poor peripheral vision - Total blindness - Increased sensitivity to light
Trouble reading
T or F: Cortical thickness in the prefrontal cortex decreases from early childhood to adulthood
True
T or F: Increasing indirect pathway signaling will increase the firing rate of the globus pallidus interna.
True
T or F: Parvocellular projections covey information relating to color while magnocellular projections convey information relating to the environment
True
T or F: Sound originating from the right side of the head will lead to net inhibition of the outputs from the left lateral superior olive neurons
True
T or F: The absence of zebrin II expression in Purkinje cells is associated with higher baseline action potential frequencies and more prominent long-term depression induction.
True
T or F: The otoconia-containing organs of the vestibular system signal tilt and linear acceleration by virtue of their crystals being heavier than surrounding tissue.
True
T or F: The parvocellular pathway contributes most strongly to the ventral stream of visual processing
True
T or F: There are more rods than cones in the retina
True
Our underwater vision is poor because... - Water seeps into the iris, causing temporary cloudiness - Water disperses light, making it impossible to focus - Underwater there is no longer a refractive index difference between the cornea and the surrounding media - The hydrostatic pressure of water changes the shape of the eyeball - The ions in the water cause hyperpolarization in the photoreceptor cells
Underwater there is no longer a refractive index difference between the cornea and the surrounding media
After a car accident, a man reports that he has lost his color vision. It is determined that his retina is still functioning normally even though he now sees in shades of gray. He most likely has sustained damage to area... - MT - V2 - VP - V4 - V1
V1
Which statement accurately contrasts V4 and MT regions of visual processing? - V4 contributes to the dorsal stream and MT contributes to the ventral stream - V4 is involved in motion perception and MT feeds into color detection regions - V4 processes shift in luminance white MT processes shifts in wavelengths - V4 processes color and MT is involved in motion preception
V4 processes color and MT is involved in motion preception
Which cerebellar structure is correctly paired with its function? - Cerebrocerebellum - proximal muscles - Folia—highly skilled movement - Vestibulocerebellum—posture - Spinocerebellum—speech - Cerebrocerebellum—vestibulo-ocular reflex
Vestibulocerebellum—posture
What functional difference in the brain exists between heterosexual and homosexual men - When presented as an odorant, estrogens activate the hypothalamus in homosexual but not heterosexual men - When presented as an odorant, androgens activate the hypothalamus in homosexual but not heterosexual men - When presented as an odorant, androgens activate the cingulate cortex in heterosexual but not homosexual men - When presented as an odorant, estrogens activate the cingulate cortex in homosexual but not heterosexual men - When presented as an odorant, androgens activate the hypothalamus in heterosexual but not homosexual men
When presented as an odorant, androgens activate the hypothalamus in homosexual but not heterosexual men
A room is filled with the pleasant scents of lavender and roses during a woman's fMRI. Where would a researcher expect to see increased brain activity? - parietal cortex - both cingulate and insular cortex - both orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex - cingulate cortex - insular cortex
both orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex
The emergence of a negative emotional state following a painful injury would be reflected by activity in the ___________. - Somatosensory cortex - ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus - cingulate cortex - hippocampus - no one region responds to pain
cingulate cortex
Which structure separates the olfactory epithelium from the olfactory bulbs? - olfactory tract - sphenoid bone - pyriform cortex - cribriform plate
cribriform plate
There is a high degree of convergence from the medium spiny neurons to the neurons of the _______. - caudate - putamen - substantia nigra pars compacta - globus pallidus - subthalamic nucleus
globus pallidus
What difference would you expect to see between mice that had fetal retinal waves blocked and control animals? - The bipolar cells in experimental mice release GABA - The visual cortex would be separated into ocular dominance columns in layers 3 and 5 in experimental mice - Photoreceptors in experimental mice do not hyperpolarize in response to light - There is a decrease in the number of fibers that cross at the optic chiasm in the experimental mice - The LGN in experimental mice is not segregated into monocular layers
he LGN in experimental mice is not segregated into monocular layers
In terms of conduction velocity, the axons arising from peripheral nociceptors... - are the second fastest group of fibers, slower only than muscle and joint proprioceptors. - include the slowest-conducting of the peripheral sensory afferents. - are the third fastest group of fibers, being slower than the group I and II sensory afferents. - are of indeterminate conduction velocity. - are the fastest conducting nerve fibers.
include the slowest-conducting of the peripheral sensory afferents.
Optogenetic stimulation of the direct pathway in mice would likely have which of the following effects? - have no effect on activity - decrease activity - increase activity - not enough information provided
increase activity
When photons strike the photoreceptors in the surround of a receptive field, horizontal cells cause the photoreceptors int he center of the receptive field to ____ glutamate release. The response in an OFF center bipolar cell is to ______ - decrease; Hyperpolarize - decrease; depolarize - increase; depolarize - Increase; hyperpolarize
increase; depolarize
A "muscle field"... - includes all of the upper motor neurons that innervate a particular lower motor neuron. - is the force vector produced by stimulating a small field of cortical premotor neurons. - includes all of the muscles that are co-activated during any given behavior. - is the group of muscles whose activity is directly facilitated by a given upper motor neuron. - is the force vector produced by stimulating an individual upper motor neuron.
is the group of muscles whose activity is directly facilitated by a given upper motor neuron.
Increased middle ear pressure through the Eustachian tubes acting upon the tympanic membrane would have what effect? - it would reduce sound frequency - it would increase sound frequency - it would dampen sound volume - it would increase sound volume
it would dampen sound volume
Which critical period closes first? - Both critical periods close at the same time - Layer 4 of the primary visual cortex - Layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex
layer 4 of the primary visual cortex
The right gracile nucleus projects (i.e., sends action potentials) to the - right lumbar spinal cord - right thalamus - left thalamus - left somatosensory cortex - right cuneate tract
left thalamus
Which sensory information would reach the brain first? - stepping on hot sand - Stepping on a sharp rock - location of your foot when it's flexed stepping in cold water - onset of itch from a mosquito bite on your foot
location of your foot when it's flexed stepping in cold water
Cells with pronounced selectivity for specific combinations of sound frequencies are found in the __________________. - medial geniculate complex - inferior colliculus - lateral and medial superior olive - nuclei of the lateral lemniscus - ventral cochlear nucleus
medial geniculate complex
Rapidly adapting fibers are most likely to provide information about the _______ of a stimulus. - texture - temperature - shape - movement - weight
movement
Olfactory receptors are found at the highest concentration in the... - olfactory receptor cell cilia - Bowman's gland cells - olfactory receptor cell somas - olfactory stem cells - cribriform plate
olfactory receptor cell cilia
Which cell type has the greatest presence in the glomerulus? - granule - mitral - periglomerular - tufted - olfactory receptor neuron
olfactory receptor neuron
When Graziano and colleagues extended cortical microstimulation in monkeys to time epochs approximating those of natural movements, they observed - repetitive movements of a limb or trunk muscle. - sequential movements that were disrupted by "interfering" movements. - increasingly strong movements eventually leading to spasticity. - purposeful movements distributed sequentially across multiple joints. - seizure-like contractions of a small group of muscles.
purposeful movements distributed sequentially across multiple joints.
A loss of mechanosensation (touch), pain, and temperature sensations localized to the lower right leg would most likely be the result of - injury to the left side of the lower spinal cord. - bilateral spinal cord injury at lower spinal levels. - injury to the right side of the lower spinal cord. - left peripheral nerve damage. - right peripheral nerve damage.
right peripheral nerve damage.
If you blocked non-voltage gated sodium channels on taste cells near the pore of the taste bud, what taste would be lost? - sour - sweet - bitter - savory (umami) - salty
salty
The _______ is inversely proportional to the density of the fibers supplying an area. - average stimulus strength - speed of conduction - diameter of the afferent fiber - distance between an area and the central nervous system - size of the receptive field
size of the receptive field
Which auditory structure integrates sound localization cues for the creation of a spatial auditory map? - the inferior colliculus - Heschel's gyrus (belt region) - the superior colliculus - the medial geniculate complex - the medial superior olive
the inferior colliculus
In vestibular hair cells, after stereocilia move toward the kinocilium... - there is an efflux of calcium. - there is increased signaling in the vestibular nerve. - the hair cell hyperpolarizes. - there is a decreased release of transmitter from the hair cell. - mechanically-gated channels close.
there is increased signaling in the vestibular nerve.
On which body part would the two-point discrimination threshold be shortest? - arm - foot - thigh - ear - thumb
thumb
A person with damage to the primary motor cortex but intact premotor cortices would have the most difficulty - swimming - tying shoes - climbing a ladder - Walking up steps - running
tying shoes
The sense of self-motion when, for example, a train adjacent to the one you are sitting on begins moving, is called _____________. - convection - disperception - vection - commutation - extrasensory perception
vection
