BOARD Embalming
Which method is used to treat discolored fingernails?
1. Separating the nail bed and using a cauterant. 2. Injecting a bleaching agent under the nail bed.
The permissible exposure level (PEL) of formaldehyde is which of the following for a 15 minute short term exposure limit (STEL)
2 ppm
8 ounces of a 20 index arterial fluid would be required to make 32 ounces of
5% solution
The optimum temperature for rigor mortis to take place
98 to 100 degrees F
Borax is used in embalming fluids to
Adjust ph
The cooling of the body after death to the surrounding temperature is referred to as
Algor mortis
One condition governing the rate of algor mortis might be
Amount of clothing covering the body
A tube used to inject embalming fluid into the blood vascular system; a.k.a. cannula.
Arterial tube
During life, blood will travel through the circulatory system. Select the proper sequence as blood leaves the heart, travels to tissue, and returns back to the heart.A
Artery, arteriole, capillary, venule
Apparatus used for sterilization by steam pressure, usually at 250 degrees F (121 degrees C) for a specific time.
Autoclave
Destructive to bacteria
Bactericidal agent
Biological agent or condition that constitutes a hazard to humans.
Biohazard
A carcinogen potentially produced when formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite (found in laundry bleach) come into contact with each other; normally occurs only in a controlled laboratory setting and requires a catalyst.
Bischloromethyl ether (BCME)
A one-piece scalpel used for making incisions and excisions
Bistoury
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Bloodborne pathogens
This artery lies posterior to the medial border of the belly of the biceps brachii muscle
Brachial
Coma results from the arrested function of the
Brain
A major agency of the Department of Health and Human Services with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and is concerned with all phases of control of communicable, vector borne, and occupational diseases.
CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention - CDPC)
Dead human body used for medical purposes; including transplantation, anatomical dissection and study
Cadaver
The dome-like superior portion of the cranium; that portion removed during cranial autopsy
Calvarium
A device used as a means of fastening the calvarium after a cranial autopsy.
Calvarium clamp
Which compound will be useful in bleaching a blood discoloration?
Carbolic acid
Direct treatment, other than vascular embalming, of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and then injection chemicals using a trocar.
Cavity embalming
A noise made by a moribound person caused by air passing through a residue of mucous in the trachea and posterior oral cavity
Death rattle
The primary purpose of embalming fluids is to
Disinfect and temporarily preserve the body
According to the glossary, an agent, usually chemical, applied either to inanimate objects/surfaces or to living tissues to destroy disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores.
Disinfectant
The destruction and/or inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body
Disinfection
Continuous drainage
Drainage taken without interruption
OSHA required safety device for a release of a copious amount of water in a short time.
Drench shower
A governmental agency with environmental protection regulatory and enforcement authority
EPA
The surroundings, conditions, or influences that affect an organism or the cells within an organism.
Environment
Factors governing decomposition such as air, environmental temperature, and moisture in the atmosphere are known as
Extrinsic factors
The hand pump develops the pressure by means of a piston and depends on gravity.
False
If a 'putty-grey' color develops in the skin after a body is embalmed it is probably due to
Formaldehyde and blood mixing because of poor drainage
Instrument used to guide vein tubes into vessels.
Groove director
A vaccine that must be offered (by the employer) to removal personnel
Hepatitis B
Apparatus that is connected to a water supply; when the water is turned on a suction is developed and is used to aspirate the contents of the body's cavities.
Hydroaspirator
Injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues through the use of a syringe and needle or a trocar.
Hypodermic embalming
Which of the following is also considered an agonal change
Hypostasis
Low moisture content in a body may be treated successfully with an arterial solution that is
Hypotonic to cell hydration
An arterial thrombus would cause what type of conditions?
Limited arterial solution distribution and intravascular resistance
The following discoloration usually can be removed by venous drainage
Livor mortis
One method of stimulating drainage is
Massage
One method of mouth closure is the hypodermic injection of embalming fluid into the
Masseter muscle
his must accompany a hazardous product; a requirement of the Department of Labor and OSHA under the Hazard Communication Standard.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
An official appointed to investigate suspicious or unnatural deaths
Medical examiner
Inflammation of the membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
Assume you are preparing to embalm a body exhibiting dehydration and short postmortem interval. What is reasonable treatment for said body?
Mild solutions, add humectants to last injection, restricted drainage.
An example of ante-mortem cellular death is
Necrosis
The death of cells within the living body (pathological death).
Necrosis
Microsopic organisms found in the human body; they are so adapted to their environment that they do not normally cause infection
Normal flora
The hazard communication standard that requires employers to provide employees with information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work areas is promulgated and enforced by
OSHA
In contaminated air, the parts of vapor or gas (formaldehyde) per million parts of air by volume; in solution the parts of chemical per million parts of solution.
Parts per million (ppm)
The eye of the aneurysm needle is used to
Pass ligature around vesse
Effected through unbroken skin.
Percutaneous
The femoral artery begins at the
Point behind the center of the inguinal (poupart's) ligament
Imbibition causes
Postmortem edema
Synonymous with "autopsy."
Postmortem examination
Treating the body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition
Preservation
Chemical in powder form; typically used for surface embalming of the remains
Preservative powder
The artery just lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle
Radial
A line drawn on the surface of the body from the center of the bend of the elbow to the base of the index finger is the linear guide for the
Radial artery
Examples of characteristics of ecchymosis
Raised above surrounding skin, flow of effused blood, a bruise
Supplemental fluid used with the regular arterial solution, whose purpose is to retain body moisture and retard dehydration
Restorative fluid (humectant)
Dyes that are incorporated in embalming fluids are used to
Restore tissue to a natural color
Assume you are preparing to embalm a body exhibiting the following conditions: postmortem stain present, body in or out (secondary flaccidity) of rigor mortis, dead more than six hours. Which of the following is a reasonable treatment for said body?
Restricted cervical injection
Massage cream applied to the face before embalming will
Retard dehydration
When arterially injecting the infant, which of the following would be acceptable vessel sites?
Right common carotid artery, ascending aorta, and abdominal aorta
The post-mortem stiffening of the muscles of the dead body through natural processes is
Rigor mortis
According to the glossary, a cloth, wet or dry, folded and applied firmly to a body part.
Surface compress
According to the glossary, the direct contact of body tissues with embalming chemicals
Surface embalming
If one made an incision between the tendons of the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, the person would be attempting to find which artery
Ulnar
Plastic garment designed to cover the entire body from the chest down to and including the feet.
Unionall
Apparatus that prevents the back-siphoning of contaminated liquids into potable water supply lines or plumbing cross-connections within the preparation room.
Vacuum breaker
The use of the blood vascular system of the body for temporary preservation, disinfection, and restoration; usually accomplished through injection of embalming solutions into the arteries and drainage from the veins.
Vascular (arterial) embalming
Controls that reduce the liklihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed. Examples include; prohibiting recapping needles, not allowing blood to splatter, not allowing aerosolization of blood while draining during the embalming process.
Work practice controls
A unautopsied body dead from natural causes is refrigerated for 24 hours prior to embalming. To limit abdominal distention and prevent purge, the embalmer will
inject the arterial solution at a slower rate of flow.
What serves as an example of extravascular resistance to fluid distribution (during arterial solution injection)?
rigor mortis
Cosmetic fluids are so called because they contain
staining dyes
To clear the hand and fingers, an embalmer would select which artery as a secondary injection point?
ulnar
The final and most positive sign of death is...
generalized decomposition
The arterial hemostat (arterial fixation forceps) helps the embalmer to
hold an arterial tube within the lumen of a blood vessel (or clamp a vessel).
The usual color of an artery is
Creamy white
The pressure developed by the gravity bottle for every foot of elevation above the point of injection is approximately
.43 pounds per square inch
Assume you are using a 25 index arterial fluid. How much of this fluid will you need to create one gallon of a 2% dilution?
10.24 oz.
Determine the number of ounces of 33 index arterial fluid needed to make two gallons of a 2 % solution.
15.5 oz.
A fluid used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of vascular (arterial) solutions.
Co-injection fluid
Signs of decomposition may include
Color change, odor, purge
A disease that may be transmitted either directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent
Communicable disease
Disinfection practices carried out during the embalming process
Concurrent disinfection
According to the glossary, a disease that may be transmitted between individuals with reference to the organism that causes the disease.
Contagious disease
The presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface
Contaminated
Laundry which has been soiled with blood or other potentialy infectious materials or may contain sharps
Contaminated laundry
Any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to needles, scalpels, broken glass, and exposed ends of wires.
Contaminated sharps
An official of a local community who holds inquests concerning sudden, violent, and unexpected deaths.
Coroner
Embalming fluid that contains dyes and coloring agents intended to restore a more natural skin tone through the embalming process.
Cosmetic fluid
According to the glossary, a disease caused by growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the body.
Infectious disease
Hemoglobin causes post mortem stain because
It contains hematin
Condition characterized by the multiplication of bacteria in blood.
Septicemia
Legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without damage or injury. Exposures at this level should not be for more than fifteen minutes and not repeated more than four times per day.
Short term exposure limit
First call personnel should do which of the following before removing remains from a hospital morgue.
Sign release forms, verify the identity of the decedent, put on appropriate (for the task) protective clothing
Assume you are preparing to embalm a body exhibiting generalized edema. What is reasonable treatment for said body?
Start with solution strength above normal; continue to increase.
A delicate instrument, used for detecting almost inaudible sounds is
Stethoscope
To achieve the most complete solution distribution to the upper extremities of the AUTOPSIED body, the embalmer should inject which artery?
Subclavian
Institution of disinfection and decontamination measures after the preparation (embalming) of the remains
Terminal disinfection
Vascular embalming fluids are injected directly into
The arterial system
Following the embalming of a body dead form tuberculosis, an autopsy was performed. Viable tuberculosis bacteria were found. (Assume the body was embalmed with formalin based arterial and cavity fluids. The autopsy was performed three months after embalming.) Which of the following best explains this result?
The cell wall of the tuberculosis bacillus contins a high lipid content. This wax substance causes the cell wall to resist penetration by water soluble disinfectants or embalming fluids.
One disadvantage in the use of the common carotid arteries as points of injection in arterial embalming is
The face may be over-injected
Solution distribution is the movement of
The injected embalming solution through the blood vascular system
Alternate drainage is the drainage taken during embalming in which
The injection and drainage are not allowed to run concurrently
One advantage in the use of the common carotid arteries as points of injection in arterial embalming is
They are close to the center of circulation
Perfuming material such as spice oils are used in embalming fluids because
They mask the formaldehyde odor
An exposure that is time-weighted over an established period. It allows the exposure levels to be averaged generally over an eight hour time period.
Time weighted average (TWA)
Disinfection of the surface of the body or an object
Topical disinfection
An agonal or postmortem redistribution of host microflora on a hostwide basis.
Translocation
Sharply pointed surgical instrument used in cavity embalming to aspirate the cavities and inject cavity fluid. This instrument may also be used for supplemental hypodermic embalming.
Trocar
In areas where formaldehyde cocentrations exceed any exposure limits (PEL, TWA, or STEL), the employer must post signs reading 'danger, formaldehyde irritant and potential cancer hazard; authorized personnel only'.
True
When closing the eyelids, the upper and lower palpebrae should
abut
