Boise State Bio 100 Exam 2 (Ch. 5, 6, 7, M2, 8)
What are the 3 main stages of aerobic respiration?
1) glycolysis 2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport cycle
What is the process of DNA replication?
1) hydrogen bonds that hold base pairs together are broken and the helix is unwound 2) An enzyme called DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the new strand using the rules of base pairing (A with T and G with C)
What's a point mutation?
Alters nucleotide sequence
Which statement accurately summarizes the process of photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts capture sunlight, water is split, oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide is used to convert chemical energy into glucose.
What are used in our body as short term energy storage?
Glycogen
What would happen if algae, cyanobacteria, and plants were wiped out?
Heterotrophs would not be able to use autotrophs as an energy source.
Type 1 diabetes results from a loss of insulin production from the pancreas. People with diabetes take recombinant human insulin expressed in bacteria. How would you cure the disease instead of treating it?
Replacing the defective insulin gene in a patient through gene therapy would allow for a cure.
Where do plants store energy?
Starch
What is potential energy?
Stored energy in chemical bonds
What makes it possible to exactly copy DNA during interphase?
The 2 DNA strands that form the DNA double helix are complementary to each other (one strand is basically an inverse image of the other)
What is translation?
The process of making proteins
Heating a protein can cause it to denature, or unfold. What do you think would happen to the function of a protein in a denatured state?
The protein would not be functional because the three-dimensional shape dictates protein's function.
What is the ultimate source of energy on Earth?
The sun
What is trans fat?
Vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated to make it solid at room temperature (used to prolong the shelf life of processed foods)
How does cellular respiration begin?
With glycolysis
What is a genetically modified organism?
any modified organism that produces a product it does not normally make
What's a transposition mutation?
individual genes move from one place to another
The fuel used to run our cars contains _____ energy.
potential
What's an STR?
sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated
What are the 2 main steps of gene expression?
transcription and translation
What is chemical energy?
. Potential energy stored in bonds of biological molecules (macromolecules) . Break bonds to release stored energy to do work
Photosynthesis
. Process by which plants and other autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to make energy rich molecules Carbon dioxide and water >>> glucose and oxygen
What is DNA?
. deoxyribonucleic acid . a hereditary molecule that is passed from parents to offspring through sperm and egg . common to all living organisms . serves as the instruction manual for how to build an individual . an organic macromolecule constructed with C-H bonds
What is a genome?
1 complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism
Process of photosynthesis:
1) Chloroplasts capture the energy of sunlight, and during the process water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct 2) The captured energy is used to convert C02 into the energy rich sugar glucose
Rosalind Franklin used x-ray diffraction to record how x-rays scatter when bounced off the surface of DNA molecules. Which of the following conclusions about the structure of DNA did her images support?
1) The DNA molecule was likely helical. 2) The DNA helix was likely made of two strands. 3) The DNA molecule was uniform in width. 4) The DNA molecule was hydrophilic and extends upon exposure to water.
Rosalind Franklin did not receive the credit she deserves for her contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA because _____.
1) her paper was perceived merely as supporting evidence for Watson and Crick's model. 2) she died before the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins 3) at the time, prevailing attitudes were negative toward women in science
Which of the following pieces of critical information did Watson and Crick use to build and propose their model of the structure of DNA?
1) x-ray diffraction images that suggest DNA is hydrophilic and elongates upon exposure to water 2) %A always equals %T and %G always equals %C 3) x-ray diffraction images that show DNA as a double helix 4) an incorrect model that depicts DNA as a triple helix with the phosphate groups on the inside
How many STRs are typically used to create a profile in forensic investigations?
15
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
The _____ chromosomes in a human cell from inside the cheek are found in the _____.
46; nucleus
Which statement accurately describes how genes, chromosomes, and proteins are related?
A gene on a chromosome encodes a protein.
What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
A laboratory technique used to replicate and amplify a specific DNA segment?
What is chlorophyll?
A pigment present in the green parts of plants, that absorbs photons of light energy.
What is aerobic respiration?
A series of reactions that converts stored food energy into ATP, and occurs in the presence of oxygen
What nucleotides complement each other?
A-T C-G
When does the body burn fat?
After it has used up food molecules in the blood stream and in stored glycogen
How do the environmental costs of growing algae for biofuel production compare to other crop options?
Algae require less fertilizer than corn
What is an autotroph?
An organism that captures and transforms the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms
_____ can directly use the energy of sunlight to make their own food, and _____ must rely on other organisms to provide the energy they need to survive.
Autotrophs; heterotrophs
You can detect DNA that is specifically from the X chromosome in a DNA sample from a person. Why can't you definitively determine the sex of that person (male or female) from the presence of the X chromosome?
Both males and females have an X chromosome and you would have to check for the presence of a Y chromosome.
How is energy extracted from food?
Breaking bonds releases energy, energy is converted to ATP, and ATP is the energy currency of our cells
If you ingest carbon in the form of sugar, then that carbon is released from your body as _____.
CO
How do we get energy from food?
Calories Food contains macromolecules (broken down into subunits and used to make new molecules as sources of energy)
____ on mRNA interact with _____ on tRNA to allow the _____ to connect amino acids in the correct order during translation.
Codons; anticodons; ribosome
What naturally occurring process does PCR mimic in a test tube?
DNA replication
What is semiconservative replication?
DNA strands separate and act as templates on which new strands are built. Results in one original strand being preserved in each new molecule
What is electron transport?
Electrons stripped during the citric acid cycle are carried to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons are passed down a chain of molecules to oxygen. Oxygen accepts the electrons produce water. Produces most of the ATP.
If you frequently crave French fries, how could you modify your lifestyle to eat fries without gaining weight?
Exercise more to burn more calories than the fries you add to your diet.
How did evolution drive energy storage?
Famine was common. Human bodies evolved to hoard energy in the form of fat to get through times when food was scarce. + An abundance of high fat, processed food became increasingly common in developed countries
What are unsaturated fats
Fats extracted from plants that are liquid at room temperature, and believed to be healthier
In humans, why can't fermentation sustain life?
Fermentation is not efficient at using the energy sources we eat to make ATP.
Which of these photon wavelengths contains the greatest amount of energy?
Gamma rays
What is fermentation/anaerobic resperation?
Glycolysis that occurs in the absence of oxygen. Occurs in cytosol. Makes lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. Replenishes the supply of NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
Which sequence correctly describes the input (I) and output (O) of photosynthesis.
I - carbon dioxide, photons, water; O - oxygen, glucose
Why did searching for unique algae species open new opportunities for their use as a biofuel?
It can make the process independent of sunlight
How does changing an amino acid in a sequence affect a protein?
It changes the 3D shape of the protein
How do we balance looking good with being healthy?
Maintain physical activity, sleep, laugh and manage your stress
Stages of the cell cycle
Mitosis (cell division) - PMAT Interphase - G1, S phase, G2
Can energy be created or destroyed?
No, but it can be converted from one form to another
Is energy transformation efficient?
No. with each energy transformation, some energy is lost as heat
What is glycolysis?
Occurs in the cytosol, can occur without oxygen. Series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units (pyruvate)
Photosynthesis can be broken down into two basic mechanisms (photo and synthesis). Which sequence describes these two mechanisms?
Photo - absorption of light; Synthesis - carbon fixation
The energy of sunlight exists in the form of _____.
Photons
What do forensic scientists use to create a DNA profile?
STRs
Which statement about genetically modified organisms is true?
Scientists can produce more complex proteins made by eukaryotes by genetically modifying eukaryotic cells instead of prokaryotic cells.
What's a chromosomal rearrangement mutation?
Sections of chromsomes change their relative location or get duplicated
What is the citric acid cycle?
Series of reactions that break bonds and help extract energy (high energy electrons) from food. NAD picks up and transfers electrons, and releases carbon dioxide.
What's a primer?
Short segments of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy
If the sequence of one strand of DNA is AGTCTAGC, what is the sequence of the complementary strand?
TCAGATCG
What country is the largest consumer of fossil fuels?
The US
How do photosynthesis and respiration form a cycle?
The carbon dioxide given off during aerobic respiration is used by photosynthesizers to make glucose and oxygen
What is light energy?
The energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation
What is heat?
The kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms (lost to the atmosphere)
What is transcription?
The process of making messenger RNA (mRNA)
What is carbon fixation?
The process which incorporates carbon atoms into sugar. This is used by autotrophs and heterotrophs, and the main way that carbon enters the global energy chain,
Why are energy-rich lipids from algae more useful as a fuel than energy-rich sugars and other carbohydrates produced by photosynthetic organisms such as corn and wheat?
The sugars contain less chemical energy than the lipids and the lipids can be used directly as fuel.
Why are algae considered more valuable for biofuel than plants (such as corn)?
They are cheaper to grow
How is obesity influenced by biology and culture?
Today people consume many more calories than during any other time in history because food is abundant, and our bodies store extra calories as fat, as they have been evolutionarily programmed to do
What are used in our body for long term energy storage?
Triglycerides (a type of lipid found in fat cells)
Which of the following scientists is incorrectly paired with their contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick; x-ray diffraction images of DNA helix
From the STRs used in a forensic investigation, which STRs on which chromosomes would be particularly useful in determining whether crime scene evidence was left by a female or a male?
Y chromosome STR
Can cells also burn other molecules for fuel?
Yes, fats and amino acids are also fuel for aerobic respiration. Fats have more electrons and therefor produce more ATP.
What is a vector?
a DNA molecule used to deliver a recombinant gene to a host cell
What is a recombinant gene?
a genetically engineered gene (ex- fusing spider silk coding sequences with yeast regulatory sequences)
What is the final product of gene expression?
a protein
What is a gene?
a section of DNA tht contains a nucleotide sequence qith the instructions to make at least one protein
What's an insertion mutation?
adds 1 or more nucleotides
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
A protein is made up of a chain of _____.
amino acids
Photons are critical to the process of photosynthesis because photons _____.
are needed to excite the electrons of the pigment atoms in chlorophyll
What's a recombination mutation?
causes positional change of a gene
What's a base substitution mutation?
changes a base or bases
What energy source drives the carbon fixation process of photosynthesis, and where does it come from?
chemical energy from light absorption stored in ATP
The energy in a cereal bar is _____ energy. The energy of a cyclist pedaling is _____ energy.
chemical; kinetic
What organelle does an algae need to be able to conduct photosynthesis?
chloroplast
Where are genes found?
chromosomes
Scientists altered the gene for spidroin so that it could be isolated from yeast by attaching the _____.
coding sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a yeast regulatory sequence
The purpose of aerobic respiration is to _____, which is used to _____.
create energy-rich ATP molecules; power functions of the cell
Which of these are photosynthetic organisms?
cyanobacteria and plants
What are the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide?
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
What are coding sequences?
determine the identity of the protein
What process(es) is(are) most directly prevented in the absence of adequate oxygen?
electron transport chain
Which type of organic molecule stores the most energy per gram?
fats
Excess energy can be stored for short periods of time in the muscle and liver tissue as _____, and for long periods of time as _____ in fat cells.
glycogen, triglycerides
What does shape of the protein determine?
its function
Glucose is a product of photosynthesis. Where do the carbon atoms of glucose produced during photosynthesis come from?
molecules in the air
Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation (anaerobic respiration) produces _____ ATP.
much less
What are the functions of proteins?
muscle contraction, facilitate chemical reactions, fight infection
Where does transcription occur?
nucleus of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of prokaryotes
What are regulatory sequences?
on/off switches for genes
DNA replication is said to be semiconservative because a newly replicated, double-stranded DNA molecules consists of _____.
one old strand and one new strand
What are transgenic organisms?
organisms that have been m genetically modified to contain genes from other species
What's a deletion mutation?
removes 1 or more nucleotides
What are biofuels?
renewable fuels made from living organisms
Where does translation occur?
ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is the universal genetic code?
set of rules relating particular mRNA codons to particular amino acids. 64 possible codons code for 20 different amino acids.
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA for profiling based on the _____.
size (length)
What is gene expression?
synthesis of a protein from a gene
Once excess calories are stored as triglycerides, it is more difficult to release this energy because _____.
the body utilizes food molecules in the bloodstream and stored glycogen first
What is energy?
the capacity to do work
Kinetic energy is best described as _____.
the energy of movement
What do amino acids determine?
the shape and function of a protein
What determines a protein's function?
the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein
Which of these is NOT a nucleotide found in DNA?
uracil (U)
