Bone, Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage (connective tissues)

symphysis

a joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one (i.e. halves of the mandible) cartilaginous joint

gliding joints

allow slight movement in which one bone slides along the surface of another (radioulnar joint or articulating process between vertebrae)

ball-and-socket joints

allow wide range of motion in many directions (hip and shoulder)

saddle joint

allows motion to flex/extend, adduct/abduct, and circumduct (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)

hinge joints

allows movement in 2 directions, or one plane, only; Flexion(bending), Extensions (straightening)

synovial joints

ball-and-socket (enarthroses or spheroid), arthrodial or condyloid, trochoid or pivot, ginglymus or hinge, and gliding

ligament

band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

tendon

band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

long bones

bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity (i.e. femur)

physis

cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of bone growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage

oss/e

combining form 1

oss/i

combining form 2

oste/o

combining form 3

joints

connections between bones (aka articulations)

cartilage

connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

articular cartilage

covers joint surfaces

short bones

cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (i.e. carpals)

meniscus

curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints that cushions force applied to the joint

bursa

fibrous, fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in ares of friction

ossification

formation of bone from fibrous tissue

diarthroses

free movement (synovial)

cortical bone

hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of the bone compact bone

osteoblasts

immature bone cells that produce bony tissue bone forming cells

medullary cavity

inner space of long bone contains yellow bone marrow

suture

jagged line where bones join and form a nonmovable joint

arthrodial or condyloid joints

joints with oval projections that fit into a socket (carpal joints)

cancellous bone

lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones spongy bone

synovial fluid

lubricant for smooth joint movement

osteocytes

mature bone cells

synarthroses

no movement (suture)

osteoclasts

phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity bone destroying cells

trochoid joints

pulley-shaped joints like the connection between the atlas to the axis

hematopoietic

red bone marrow, located in cancellous bone formation of blood cells (red, white and clotting)

diaphysis

shaft of long bone, composed mainly of compact bone

pneumatic bones

sinus-containing bones (i.e. frontal bone)

amphiarthroses

slight movement (symphysis)

sesamoid bones

small bones embedded in a tendon (i.e. patella)

synovial membrane

the lining of synovial joints and bursae which secretes synovial fluid

flat bones

thin, flat bones (i.e. pelvis)

connective tissue

tissue on which proportion of cells to extracellular matrix is small binds together and supports various structures of the body

endosteum

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity

periosteum

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone

irregular bones

unpaired (i.e. vertebrae)

epiphysis

wide end of long bone, covered with articular cartilage and composed of cancellous bone end of long bone

metaphysis

wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis; considered part of the epiphysis in adults