Botany 224 exam 1
We discussed in the Zoom class that the phylogeny of Eukaryotes overall, and of the SAR vs. Chromalveolata (s.L.) is difficult and incomplete (that's why Wikipedia changes all the time, us sometimes self-contradicting). What makes it so difficult to resolve these clades? because these clades __________, and on top of that experienced much___________ a lot of ________ occurred ___________, obscuring the molecular phylogeny
- -secondary endosymbiosis -horizontal gene transfer -
Appart from molecular data, which following arguments support the assumption that photosynthesis entered the clade Chromalveolata from Rhodophyta through amoeboid ancestors? Which is an example or model for such amoeboid ancestors? Mark all that apply. Certain Chromalveolata lineages ...
- ... have four membranes around the plastids. - ... have a reduced cell wall and are partially internal ingesters. - ... have general carotinoids, not fucoxantins. - The certain group of relatives are Cryptophyta. - ... have general starch, not laminarines (or chrysolaminarines). - ... use phycobilins as secondary photosynthesis pigment along with some chlorophyll c.
Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? Mark all that apply
- Brown algae (Phaeophyta), - Diatoms (Bacillariophyta), -Dinoflagellates, -Some Euglenids
Which of the following groups represents organisms where almost all species lack a rigid cellulose cell wall? (endocytosis or amoeboid forms) Mark all that apply.
- Cryptophyta. - Chlorarachniophyta.
Mark the animals that have photosynthetic endosymbionts.
- Giant clams (Tridacna) -Elysia and several other heterobranch sea slugs of the Sacoglossa-group. -Corals and some other anthozoans
What is the significance of Carolus Linnaeus for Biology?
- Largest record of species descriptions. - Basis for modern nomenclature ("year zero") - Consistent nomenclature and classification
Domains: Mark all elements that are shared by Archaea and Eukarya, but not found in any known Bacteria.
- Start codon for transpation is Methionine (AUG), not Formyl-Methionine (UUG) - Histones present. - Introns present. - Several RNA polymerases.
From the following statements, mark all that are true for Oogamy. Select one or more:
- Sterm cells are selected for mobility. -Egg cells are selected for nutrition content. - Sterm cells are selected for a high number rather than size.
Which is the significance of Diatoms for the mining industry? Mark all that apply, but ONLY those that do apply!
- Their sediment is quarried for industrial purpose (chemistry, pharmacy, heavy industry, etc.) - As oil carrying sediment layer. - As index fossils / indicator fossils / lead fossils. - As compound used in dynamite.
Which of the following taxa are NOT members of the Fungi. Mark all that apply.
- actinomycetes - oomycetes
Which of the following organisms have a zygotic meiosis type? Click all that apply.
- chara - spirogyra
Fill in the cloze: Earlier you learnt the kingdoms according to Whittaker; this system collapsed for Prokarya and was then only applied to ________, leaving only the _______ kingdoms. The stem group of the entire domain corresponds to the kingdom _________. however, this kingdom was found to be _________. Actually, these "kindoms" now have collapsed all together. Instead of these kingdoms, modern biologists now recognize well-supported clades, called the five to six _________
- eukarya - four - protista - paraphyletic -supergroups
After the invasion of organell endosymbionts into Eukaryote cells, genes were transferred_________________. It is ____________ to translate mRNA of the opposite domain. One reason is that __________
- more from organell to the nucleus - easier for an archaean - many introns disrupt the protein synthesis in bacteria
Which of the following features found in Charophyta + Embryophyta are missing in Chlorophytes? Mark all that apply
- multiple chloroplasts per cell. -phragmoplast -plasmodesmata
Considering some eukaryote organelles, "endo-symbionts", what type of symbiosis is this? _______ How is their transmission? _______ Phylogenetically, which of the following diseases is most closely related to mitochondria?_________
- mutual - - scrub typhus
The name Eu-karyota translated literally means _________ Where did the nuclear membrane structure derive from?_________
- truly nucleate - ...
Which of the following algae are member of Chlorophytes? Mark all that apply; read carefully: Chlorophytes, not Chlorophyta
- volvox -spiropgyra -
Which of the following is or are non-vascular Embryophyta containing species that evolved leaf-like structures? Leaf-like as for flat, broad, lateral structures, but not necessarily true leaves and stems as in vascular plants.
-Hepatophyta, -Bryophyta (musci, mosses)
What are Phragmoplast, Phycoplast, or the Cleavage Furrow? Mark all that apply.
-In a Phragmoplast the new cell membrane and wall forms perpendicular to the cytoskeleton fibers that help building it. -In a Phragmoplast the cytoskeleton fibers that help building it derive from the spindle apparatus -A Phragmoplast is typical for Charophytes and Embryophytes -The formation of Plasomdesmata correlates with a Phragmoplast -All three are forms of cytokinesis.
Which of the following groups is or are paraphyletic? Mark all that apply.
-Non-vascular Embryophyta -Green Algae
Mark all of the following that perform photosynthesis (more than 60% of their species maintaining chloroplasts).
-Phaeophyta (Kelp and Bladderwrak) -Chlorophyta -Dinoflagellates. - diatoms
Heterokary occurs in most higher Fungi - under which conditions could it also occur in Plants and Animals (or Eukarya in general)?
-Right after Meiosis Telophase I, if cytokinesis is delayed till after nuclear membrane formation., -If Karyogamy is delayed to Plasmogamy.
Which of the following questions is true for Chitrids? Mark all that apply.
-Some have flagellate mobility. -Some species have a sporic meiosis type. -Some species also have cellulose in their cell wall.
Which of the following are Supergroups?
-chromalveolata -rhizzaria -uniconta -excavata -
Creating a phylogenetic tree is a convenient way to classify groups of organisms. It uses a branching pattern to display an evolutionary history. What type of conflicts/problems could arise from using this type of diagram? How can they be fixed/solved? The most common problem is that we end up with several equally long, that is several________trees that disagree at least in some clades. The first solution is to consolidate those clades where the tree agree, and leaving those groups (clades) where the trees disagree unresolved. The result is________where several clades diverge from a common node. The ultimate solution is to resolve the trees better. For this you need________. If the taxa are only very distantly related and you suspect long branch attraction to occur, then you need_______
-most parsimonious -a consensus tree - more characters -
Which group of the following comprise taxa that harbor Plastids? Mark all that apply.
-rhizzaria - stramenopiles -excavata -alveolata
What makes it more likely for a bacterial or organellar gene to be successfully integrated into the functional genome of a Eukaryote nucleus than the other way? A bacterial gene normally has ... What is required to move and integrate a normal, well-established average Eukaryote gene into the functional genome of a bacterium or organellar genome?
... - -
in Lycopodium, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are ________. The two generations occupy Answerdifferentsimilar_________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is _________ and the Sporophyte is ____________. Energy is supplemented mainly _________ Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? ______________
... ... ... autotrophic both ways between gametophytes and sporophyte, each for the next generation ....
Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through SECONDARY Endosymbiosis ?
... Select one: a. Diatoms. b. Chrysophyta (gold brown algae). c. Dinoflagellates. d. Phaeophyta (brown algae). e. Ulva (sea lettuce).
In the illustration, what is the meiosis type of this organism?
... Select one: a. Sporic. b. Zygotic. c. Gametic.
Why are most Eukaryote lineages basically zygotic in their meiosis type? Or, why is the zygotic meiosis type the ancestral character state of Eukaryotes?
... a. Because Diploid is better. b. Because they still lack a spindle apparatus. c. Because they have/perform mostly Isogamy. d. Because they have photosynthesis and chloroplasts. e. Because they have no sexual reproduction. f. Both other meiosis types require the evolution of the suppression of Meiosis I.
What is Serial Endosymbiosis Theory?
... a. The passage of plastids from Archaeplastida to other supergroups as secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis. b. The inclusion of one or two types of bacteria, forming both, mitochondria and plastids in a common ancestor of all extant Eukaryotes. c. The inclusion of two types of bacteria, first ancestors of plastids, then ancestors of mitochondria, into eukaryote cells. d. The inclusion of two types of bacteria, first ancestors of mitochondria, then ancestors of plastids, into eukaryote cells. e. The recurrent, convergent uptake of external microbes into host cells and their conversion into mitochondria or chloroplasts.
Which of the following does definitely NOT include a mutualistic-symbiosis between a fungus and a member of Animalia.
... a. Humans and mushrooms like Agaricus. b. Leaf cutter ants and some Basidiomycetes. c. Some Mammals and some Chytrids. Rumen of Ruminantia mammals. d. Humans and Mycosis (e.g., Aspergillosis) e. Some Insects and some Zygomycota. f. Humans and some yeasts.
What is a difference between Prokaryote Cell Fission and Mitosis?
... a. In cell fission, the chromosome is attached directly to the cell membrane, but in mitosis not. b. There is no difference, the two expressions are synonyms. c. Cell fission involves a sex pilus, but mitosis not. d. In cell fission the chromosomes are attached to the cell nucleus membrane, but in mitosis not.
Where do Kelp (e.g., Macrocystis) and Bladderwrak (Fucus) live predominantly?
... a. Tropical oceans. b. Warm freshwater bodies (tropical and subtrobical lakes). c. Fast-running, cool freshwater streams. d. Cool, periodically dry freshwater bodies. e. Cool-temperate oceans.
From the perspective of the gametophyte in Marchantia, what is the purpose of the Sporophyte in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics? The sporophyte is active ...
... at the same time, in the same environment, and has a different genome.
What is an exceptional ecological key ability of many fungi with high impact on the environment? It is fungi that...
... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes.
Which of the following elements are true for an epiphyte?
.... Select one or more: a. They are exclusive to the tropical regions. b. They grow on a plant (or on top of another plant). c. They are holo-parasites taking sugars and proteins from the host. d. They occur only in fresh water. e. They are hemi-parasites taking water and minerals from the host.
In the cytoskeleton, how are the contractile proteins called that move vesicles, contract flagellae and muscles?
.... a. Myosin b. Chromatin c. Microtubuli d. Intermediary filament e. Actin
The cell formations called "Crozier" ("hook") and "Clamp" in fungi are similar and have probably a common ancestral formation. Which phylum forms the Crozier?
.... a. Basidiomycetes. b. Zygomycetes. c. Actinomycetes. d. Ascomycetes. e. Chitridomycetes.
In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this belong to? (picture: Scanning Electron Microscope, 1000x)
.... a. Basidiomycota. b. Chitridomycota. c. Ascomycota. d. Deuteromycota. e. Zygomycota.
What is true for an isomorphic life cycle?
.... a. Both genders of gametophytes look the same. Raven p.267 b. Both gametes look the same. c. Both stages, haploid and diploid, look the same. d. The diploid stage is larger (multicellular or dominant). e. Only one stage has the function of propagation (sexual or asexual).
Which of the following group of organisms is an important inhabitant of cow stomachs (Rumen)?
.... a. Chitridomycota. b. Troglodytes. c. Euglenophyta. d. Dinoflagellates. e. Foraminifera.
Which of the following does NOT belong to the Heteroconta/Stramenopila?
.... a. Dinoflagellates b. Oomycota c. Phaeophyta (brown algae) d. Diatoms e. Chrysophyta
Which of the following taxa does NOT contain Fucoxanthin as pigment?
.... a. Golden-Brown algae = Chrysophyta b. Red Algae = Rhodophyta c. Diatoms = Baccillariophyta d. Brown Algae = Phaeophyta
In the illustration, what organism is this?
.... a. Ulotrix b. Polysiphonia c. Fucus d. Batrachospermum
In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong?
.... a. Ulotrix. b. Polysiphonia. c. Chara. d. Ulva. e. Coleochaete
This dispersal unit and branch belong to a species of _______ within in ____
...., conifers
Which of the following is WRONG? Diatoms are important ...
..... a. ... ecological indicators for water quality, temperature changes, and in forensics and archeology. b. ... as Diatomite their fossil sediment is used in Dynamite and other industrial uses. Used for this by Alfred Nobel: Diatomite, Kieselgur. c. ... biogenic deposits of rare ores for semi conductor industry (also called "rare earth elements", e.g., coltan, columbite-tantalite). d. ... lead fossils / indicator fossils. e. ... oil-carrying sediment strata (geological layers).
Which is the gender of this strobilus? The morphology is ______ sexual function is _______
...... male
Assume you have a hypothesis you want to test (e.g., "Barbie's hair is blond"), how many additional, mutually excluding statements or questions do you need AT LEAST? (hint: antithesis, Null-Hypothesis)_________How many such additional alternative hypotheses are allowed at most?_______
1 infinite
Match the following definitions with their terms. 1 Binding of atmospheric Nitrogen (N2), making it available for bio synthesis (e.g., for aminoacids and proteins) 2 This term is general, and does not require that all partners profit.Answer 3 Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one or few, but no costs for the other partners 4 Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for both or all partners 5 Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one, and costs for the other. 6 One organism making another one sick 7 Organisms that live on or from dead material (scavangers) 8 Living in an environment that has only little or now free oxygen. 9 Release of light as a result of metabolic processes.
1 Nitrification 2 symbiosis 3 commensalism 4 mutualism 5 parasitism 6 pathogeny 7 saprobiosis 8 anaeroby 9 bioluminescence
Match the labels with the organs or organ groups. 1part of the stem 2part of the perianth 3a vegetative leaf 4part of the gynoecium 5part of the androecium
1 P 2 Q 3 N 4V 5 S
Sort the following entities according to their appearance on Earth. Warning: Moodle shuffles this question in sequence, follow the verbal sequence(first-second-third..), not the sequence on your screen. First: Second: Sixth: Third: Fourth: Fifth:
1 RNA and ribozymes 2 prokaryota 3 photosynthesis 4 respiration 5 heterotrophous eukaryota 6 algae (plants)
Match the labels in the cladogram with the derived character states as they appeared in evolution. Note: not all labels or states may match, or matches may occur redundant. 1embryo 2leaf 3vascular tissue 4flower 5ovule
1 T 2 W 3 V 4 Z 5 X
This is a BOTANY class, whereas one of the books we use, Raven, is about PLANT BIOLOGY What is the difference between Botany and Plant Sciences? Match the question or a specific topic with the field that would study it. 1 Which is the correct name for Pointsettia? (Euphorbia pulcherrima or Crotus pulcherrimus?) 2 What is the plant that is most closely related to Ginkgo trees? 3 How did Plasmodium, the pathogen causing malaria obtain its plastid? 4 Which species of sea weed grow along the Louisiana coast? 5 How does the C4 photosynthesis of Corn work? 6 What fungi grow under oak trees? 7 What is the genetic difference between purple peas and white peas? 8 How does Coffea arabica produce caffein? Is it the same pathway as in tea? 9 What pollinates the "Traveler's Tree" Ravenala?
1 botany 2 botany 3 plant sciences 4 botany 5 plant sciences 6 botany 7 plant sciences 8 plant sciences 9 botany
Match below the organelles and their cell biological purpose 1Cell shape and motion: 2Transport across the cell and synthesis of proteins, transfer to Golgi Apparatus. 3Cell shape and containment: 4Repiratory pathway: 5Management and containment of DNA 6Photosynthesis:
1 cytoskeleton 2 endoplasmatic reticulum 3 cell wall 4 mitochondrial 5 cell nucleus 6 some plastids
Photosynthesis can be split into Light reaction and Dark Reaction. Match the step of reaction or its location with either light, dark, or none of the two. 1ATP and NADPH consumption 2Synthesis of sugars from C3 molecules (C3 pathway) 3ATP and NADPH synthesis 4Oxygen release 5Absorption of Carbon dioxide (CO2) 6Happens on thylacoid membarnes 7Happens in host Eukaryote cytoplasm 8Chlorophyll excitation 9Happens in Stroma 10Proton pumping (H+) through membranes 11Calvin Cycle is also known as 12Happens in bacterial cytoplasm
1 dark reaction 2 dark reaction 3 dark reaction 4 dark reaction 5 dark reaction 6 light reaction 7 dark reaction 8 light reaction 9 light reaction 10 light reaction 11 dark reaction 12 dark reaction
In land plants (embryophyta), identify the follwing structures as haploid or diploid. 1 zygote 2 sperm 3 sporophyte 4 embryo 5 spore 6 gametophyte
1 diploid 2 haploid 3 diploid 4 diploid 5 haploid 6 haploid
Match which type of Polysaccharide energy storage occurs in which taxon. 1Glycogen 2Floridean starch 3 Laminarin and Chrysolaminarin 4 Amylose starch
1 fungi 2 Rhodophyta = Red algae 3 Phaeophyta = Brown Alage 4 Virdiplantae
In land plants (Embryophyta), identify the follwing structures as haploid or diploid. 1 spore 2 zygote 3 embryo 4 sporophyte 5 gametophyte 6 sperm
1 haploid 2 diploid 3 diploid 4 diploid 5 haploid 6 haploid
What were the conditions on Earth at the time of the origin of life, i.e., What were the concentrations of compounds in Early Earth's atmosphere? 1 Methane concentration (CH4) 2 Hydrogen Sulfite Concentration (H2S) 3 Elementary Nitrogen Concentration 4 Elementary Oxygen Concentration 5 Carbon Dioxide concentration (CO2) 6 Carbon Monoxide Concentration (CO) 7 Elementary Hydrogen Concentration (H2) 8 Water concentration (H2O) 9 Ammonia concentration (NH4)
1 higher than today 2 higher than today 3 same as today 4 lower than today 5 higher than today 6 higher than today 7 higher than today 8 higher than today 9 higher than today
Which of the following are considered formal "Mass Extinctions", and when did they occur? (redundant answers are possible) 1 Permian extinction ____________ 2 Cretaceous extinction _______________ 3 Yucatan-chicxulup impact ________________ 4 Riss Ice age ___________ 5 Cambrian explosion _____________
1 just before the Mesozoic 2 at the end of the Mesozoic 3 at the end of the mesozoic 4 not a mass extinction 5 not a mass extinction
In land plants (Embryophyta), how are the following reproductive cells formed by the tissue or cells that produce them directly? 1 embryo 2 sperm 3 zygote 4 spores 5 protonema and thallus 6 egg 7 seta and capsule
1 mitosis 2 mitosis 3 gametogamy 4 meiosis 5 meiosis 6 mitosis 7 mitosis 8 mitosis
Match the topology (phylogenetic pattern) to each of the embryophyte taxa below. 1 Seedplants (spermatophytes) and ferns (Monilophytes) as a group are 2 Seedless vascular plants (vascular cryptogams) as a group are 3 Based on molecular data, Gymnosperms are 4 Non-vascular land plants ("mosses" in the large sense) as a group are 5Gymnosperms and Angiosperms as a group are
1 monophyletic 2 paraphyletic 3 monophyletic 4 paraphyletic 5 monophyletic
Match the following bacteria 1 Gram negative and highly diverse, including autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobe, anaerobic 2 Gram positive, obligatory anaerobic, forming very resistant endospores, famous for food poisoning by releasing a neurotoxin 3 Not a bacterium at all, but an Archaean, photoautotrophic, extremophyle (extreme salinity) 4 Gram negatives that are strict parasites (mostly inside animal cells); some also known to cause sexually transmitted diseases (STD) 5 Bacteria considered Gram positive, despite their lack of a cell wall; very small cells, and very small genome. 6 Gamma-Proteobacterium that is an important symbiont in our intestine (up 40% of your feces consists of it; if you don't have it, you die); THE VERY model organism and work-horse in microbiology and molecular biotechnology. 7 Proteo-Bacterium, Sulfur bacterium, chemoautotrophous (difficult question, but funny name easy to remember). 8 Gram negatives, strict photoautotrophs with a "modern" photosystem II; colonial or single 9 Gram negatives that are strict heterotrophs and have a spiral shape; include parasites causing Syphilis and Borrelliosis/Lyme Disease
1 proteobacteria 2 clostridium 3 halo bacteria 4 chlamydias 5 microplasma 6 escherichia coli 7 thiomargarita 8 cyanobacteria 9 spirochetes
"Plasmid", "Plastid", "Chloroplast", "Thylacoid", "Grana" ... confusing, isn't it? Plasmid means a plastid means a chloroplast means a thylakoid means a grana means a
1 small ring shaped DNA piece often with a viral behavior 2 Eukaryote cell organelle derived from a cyanobacteria, may or may not perform photosynthesis 3 eukaryote cell organnelle derived from a cyanobacteria, strictly the site of photosynthesis 4 membrane pouch inside of chloroplasts 5 coarse structure inside of chloroplasts consisting of membrane-pouch stacks
Assume a diploid individual has eight chromosomes in total (2n=8), and is heterozygous for each of them. How many different genotypes of gametes can come from this individual? (That is: how many different combinations of chromosomes can be packed into one gamete?)
16
Match fungi taxa and their corresponding MUTUALISTIC symbiosis. Warning: not all that sound like fungi are actually fungi! 1Mycorrhizza and Lichen. 2As Trichomycetes in Insect guts. 3Biotechnology and pharmacology 4In rumen of Ruminantia. 5Corals. 6As fungi garden for Leaf Cutter Ants.
1Some multicellular Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, 2 some Zygomycota 3Some unicellular Ascomycota and Deuteromycota 4Some Chitridomycota 5Not listed 6Some Basidiomycota.
Sort the following entities according to their appearance on Earth. Warning: Moodle shuffles this question in sequence, follow the verbal sequence (first-second-third..), not the sequence on your screen. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
1st RNA and ribozymes 2nd prokaryota 3rd photosynthesis 4th respiration 5th heterotrophous Eukaryota 6th Algae (Plants)
The first Red-Banded Iron Formations were deposited about [nummeric] ______ billion years ago. They indicate the existance of _____________ . At this time, the atmosphere contained____________
2.7 oxygen-releasing photosynthesis almost no oxygen, we still could not breath
What is about the age of the oldest Multicellular Eukaryote?
2.7-2.1 billion years
How old are the red banded iron formations about?
2.7-2.2 billion years ago
If you have THREE taxa in a fully resolved phylogeny, how many different, non-redundant topologies are possible? Type a numeric value:
3
In Chlamydomonas, how many separately located genomes exist (in separated cell compartments)? Type a number.
3
How many percent of your overall-semester grade does the Final exam represent? Type an integer number.
40
Fill in the cloze:The first fossils of vascular plants appeared about_______million years ago. The oldest and most simplest representative is Aglaophyton in the phylum (or major clade)_______. it lived in _____, had _____, and bore its sporangia _________. its vascular system was a ______.
420 rhyniaphyta freshwater no leaves at all directly on the stem protostele
You have a system that provides you following binary code: 10110 Give the number of hypotheses that are identifying this entity? [integer number] ______ How many bit are these [integer number] _____, and how many traditional bytes [integer number or decimal fraction] _______. If this was a fully resolved, most parsimonious phylogenetic tree, how many nodes would this three have at least? [integer number] _______, and how many entities (or species) could you maximally describe with this system of hypotheses [integer number] ___________.
5 5 0.625 5 32
Endosymbiosis: to what does the thylacoid membrane of plastids correspond?
A Bacteria cell membrane.
Cell Cycle: In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What is the result of this?
A Coenocythium.
What is true for the protonema?
A Protonema also exists in Chara, and is similar to some stages of Coleochaete..
What is the definition of a fruit?
A gynoecium at the moment of seed dispersal.
What is a specific and direct ecological precondition for the convergent-analogous evolution of heterospory in land plants?
A heterotrophic gametophyte.
In American law, a key assumption is "innocent until proven guilty" (in dubio pro reo, in Roman law). To which scientific principle does this correspond?
A hypothesis must be considered until it is rejected.
What is the definition of a Gametophyte?
A plant generation with a haploid thallus producing sexual cells.
What is a Plasmid?
A ring-shaped DNA double strand (little chromosome).
What is special about the life cycle and meiosis type of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces? It is the only filamentous fungus with ...
A sporic life cyle.
What is the meaning of the term Cambrian Explosion?
A sudden occurrence of all Eukaryote phyla in the early Cambrian.
What specifically is an Eustele?
A vascular system consisting of independend strands.
What is the difference between a Virus and a Plasmid?
A virus always has a protein capsid, a plasmid not.
Is heterokary an advantage or disadvantage? Under which condition?
ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING.
Explain the term Obligate Anaerobe?
ANY ORGANISM that cannot grow in the PRESENCE of oxygen.
Which of the following substances is used in all life to ready a biomolecule for a reaction by increasing its energy via phosphorylation.
ATP (Adenosin Tri-Phosphate)
In photosynthesis, which of the following proteins allows protons (H+ ions) to move from the thylacoid lumen into the stroma?
ATP synthase
What is the function of the micropyle in seed plants?
Access of the male gametophyte to the nucellus
Which of the following pairs form the Microtubuly?
Actin and Myosin filaments.
What is the implication of the ancient marine sediments referred to as Banded Iron Formations?
Advanced forms of photosynthesis released oxygen.
Which of the follwing is true?
After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.
Cell Cycle: What is the purpose of the S phase?
After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated.
Which of the following fungi has the the longest active heterokaryotic phase? (pedantically, most mitotic divisions during a heterokaryotic phase)
Agaricus (Mushroom)
To which group of flowering plants belong species that form one of the most important submarine ecosystems?
Alismatales (monocots).
Which is true for the relation of endosymbiont organelles and the host cell?
All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them.
Which of the following do you NOT find in a plant cell? (plant = phototroph, multicellular Eukaryote; or specifically Viridiplantae)
All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell.
What is the original feature of an Embryophyta sperm cell?
An expanded spiral, with two flagella inserted asymmetrically-lateral near the front end.
Biomining, Biotechnological Ore leaching, employs microorganisms to enrich rare minerals from poor ores, such as Molybdenium or Manganese. This mostly includes the reduction of metal elements, rendering the ions more soluble, often in an environment of elevated heat or acidity.What type of organisms are most often involved in this technique? Hint: many of these organisms reduce Sulfur.
Anaerobe Chemoautotrophs
What is the metabolism of Lactobacillus we use in food industry?
Anaerobe fermentation.
Which are NOT features of a typical Spermatophyte ovule?
Antheridia
o which group of land plants does this organism belong? (illustration)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts).
Which of the following groups of plants is the phylogenetically basal-most that exhibits proper stomata on the sporophyte, and what does this imply physiologically?
Anthocerophytes, photosynthesis in the sporophyte.
What is the name of this plant?
Aracuaria (Monkey puzzle)
Which of the following does NOT occur in North-temperate or boreal forests?
Araucaria
To which group of prokaryota is your nuclear genome more closely related?
Archaea
Which of the following is a representative of Progymnosperms?
Archaeopteris
Which of the following are Supergroups? Specifically: The "Supergroups" are monophyletic clades of Eukarya that replaced Whittaker's Kingdoms. The concept is still dynamic as new data contunie to resolve the phylogeny. Mark all of the following that are Supergroups and that are NOT contained in any of the other named here (are not undergroup of another one listed).
Archaeplastidae, Uniconta, Chromalveolata, Rhizzaria, Excavata
In all land plants, where does the embryo begin its life?
Archegonium (or structure derived from it).
When you eat a morel (Morchella), what part do you actually eat?
Ascoma/Ascocarp.
In the illustration, to which group of fungi does it belong to?
Ascomycota.
Which of the following phyla has a Woronin body?
Ascomycota.
Where is the Sargasso Sea?
Atlantic between Florida and Africa (Bermuda Triangle)
Endosymbiosis: to what does the inner material (Stroma) of a plastid correspond?
Bacteria cytoplasm.
To which group do Mitochondria correspond
Bacteria.
Which clades (Domains, Supergroups) does botany traditionally NOT include?
Bacteria. b. None of these is included. c. Uniconta. d. All are included. e. Archaea. f. Archaeplastidae. d. all are included
In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this one belong to?
Basidiomycota.
In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this organism belong to?
Basidiomycota.
Which of the following phyla has a Doliopore?
Basidiomycota.
To which does the Ascus correspond with regard of function (reproductive cell cycle), and position in a sporangium or fruit body?
Basidium.
Why can the DNA of a chromosome be duplicated (replicated)?
Because it forms a DOUBLE STRAND with two complementary strings.
Which of the following prokaryotic features or processes involves metabolic cooperation among cells?
Biofilms
What was the purpose of the Miller-Urei experiment? To show that...
Biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth.
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the flower?
Bract.
Which of the following belongs to the "Peristomate Mosses"?
Bryidae, Bryopsida
To which taxonomic group does Polytrichum belong?
Bryophyta (mosses).
Which of the following have phototrophic gametophytes? Mark all that apply.
Bryophyta., Filicales., Equisetaceae.
Illustration: To which taxonomic group does this land plant belong?
Bryopsida (Peristomata)
To which taxonomic group does this land plant belong?
Bryopsida (Peristomata).
Which of the following chemical equations describes the pathway how the photosynthesis of algae causes the permanent removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and its deposition as carbonate sediment.
Ca(HCO3)2 ---> Ca(CO3) + H2O + CO2
In terms of weight, what is the main component of Rhynia chert?
Calcite
Some algae form calcite around their cells (CaCO3). What is the reason?
Calcite precipitates when free carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed due to photosynthesis.
Which of the following is a yeast genus with several pathogen species?
Candida.
Which is the time the seed plants became DOMINANT (outcompeting other tree-like life forms). Hint: it is the fossil layer, where all extant gymnosperm lineages are recognizable the first time.
Carboniferous
What is the name of this plant?Hint: mountain in the background. Note: the relevant name is the Latin genus; the vernacular name in brakets is NOT grade-relevant but just a hint for you, and may be absent sometimes.
Cedrus (Cedar, actually)
Situation: You have a fungus mycelium, but no clue what it is. The specimen you have (the sample) shows no signs of sexual stages (no steps of sexual repuduction are found in your sample). You do have all microscopic equipment you want, but no access to DNA or isoenzyme analysis. Question: Which is the best way to determine to which of the three higher, filamentous, monophyletic phyla the fungus belongs?
Cell cross walls (septa) differ.
Which is true for ALL Fungi? ALL!
Cell walls contain chitin.
What are Transfer cells in non-vascular land plants?
Cells at the base of the sporophyte where nutrients are passed over from the gametophyte to the sporophyte.
If EXTANT(!) eukaryotes have all one recent-most ancestor, which of the following features would this last common ancestor have exhibited? Hint: the question does not ask for the FIRST eukaryote ever, but the last common ancestor of all extant ones.
Cellulose wall and flagellate locomotion.
What is the assumption that a "Maximum Likelihood Analysis" and the implication of a "Molecular Clock" share by default?
Changes ocurred at a constant rate (e.g., genetic mutations)
Which of the following represents the SPECIES name of white muskgrass in the binominal nomenclature?
Chara candescens
Which of the following taxa is NOT a member of Embryophyta?
Charophyceae.
Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and b as photosynthetic pigments?
Chlorophyta
Wherefrom did photosynthetic Euglenoids they get plastids most likely?
Chlorophyta (same pigments).
What organisms do these belong to?
Chlorophyta.
Which is the name for the organisms that carry poisonous scales and Haptonema, and are vernacularly referred to as Killer Algae?
Chrysophtya: Chrysochromulina
To which taxon does the organism in the illustration belong?
Ciliata
Which of the following is the one of the three main protein source for cows and other ruminantia?
Ciliates.
Which of the following is a prokaryote lives normally in the soil and is obligatory anaerobe?
Clostridium botulinum
What is the function of a Woronin body?
Closure of the septal pore in emergency
Which of the following organisms deposited much of the chalk that gave the Cretaceous period its name? (Hint: The White Cliffs of Dover)
Coccolithophorids.
How does Chlamydomonas perform cell division (Cytokinesis)?
Coenocytial: After a polynucleate state (coenocythial): new cells form inside of old cell wall.
What do Oomycota share with fungi?
Coenocytic Hyphen and sexual Conjugation.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding genomes?
Complex bodies tend to have one genome set per cell (haploid).
Which of the following is a type of spore involved in ASEXUAL reproduction?
Conidiospore.
How is the process coresponding to gametogamy called in filamentous fungi?
Conjugation.
Which of the following is the name for the first leaves of a seed plant? hint: they form already in the embryo and often look or function different than all later leaves
Cotyledons
Which of the following is the name for the first leaves of a seed plant? hint: they form already in the embryo and often look or function different than all later leaves.
Cotyledons
This dispersal unit and branch belong to a species of _____within the____
Cupressaceae, conifers
Which of the following examples uses phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments?
Cyanobacteria
Wherefrom did photosynthetic Euglenoids they get plastids most likely?
Cyanobacteria (same pigments)
Which of the following is a difference between Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae?
Cycadaceae have a cone only on the male plant, Zamiaceae have a cone on both genders.
Which of the following is true for Cytokinesis? This may be tricky and requires analythical reading.
Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase.
In this illustration through a microscope you see a cell in division: a new membrane begins to form across the middle of a cell starting in the middle of the cell, and nuclei re-form on either side of the plate. What is this cell most likely?
Cytokinesis of a plant (Viridiplantae).
Which of the functional groups of the cell are the elements of the flagellum of our sperm cell?
Cytoskeleton and cell membrane.
According to thermodynamics, life organisms all represent a status of higher order in terms of system complexity, representing the information required to describe this complexity. The reproduction of this complexity requires that its information be maintained, and decay be counteracted (aka, to stay alive). What is the paramount storage medium for this information on Earth that allows its replication? (considering earth as today)
DNA and RNA
What is true for Leptoids? Select one or more:
Degenerate cell nucleus., Elongate cells with inclinated cross walls., Food conduction (carbohydrates, aminoacids)., Found in fossil protracheophytes.
What organisms do these belong to?
Desmids
To which taxon do the organisms in the illustration belong?
Diatoms
Which of the following are taxa are the most important index fossils (lead fossils) for the oil exploitation?
Diatoms
Which of the following organisms are important Index Fossils for the oil industry? Select one:
Diatoms and Foraminifers.
From the perspective of the Heterotrophous gametophyte in some vascular plants, what is the SITUATION(!) of the sporophyte in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics?
Different environment, different genome, different time.
In the illustration, to which group of organisms do these belong?
Dinoflagellates
Which of the following phyla contains some members that are parasitic and amoeboid? (without cell walls)
Dinoflagellates
Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and c as photosynthetic pigments?
Dinoflagellates.
Many Eurakya depend on mating types to avoid inbreeding. Which of the following is true for the mating types?
Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types.
What is the reason lime stone deposits around some Cyanobacteria?
Dissolved bicarbonate is depleted by photosynthesis.
Which of the conditions below is most likely to lead to the evolution of heterotrophous gametophytes?
Dominant sporophytes that compete with photosynthetic gametophytes.
Which is true for the entire haploid phase of all eukaryotes?
Each nucleus has only one set of chromosomes.
What is the ecological category to which Endo-Mycorrhiza belong?
Endophytic Symbiosis.
Which of the following is NOT a Gymnosperm?
Equisetum (Horsetail).
Which of the following is NOT a member of the Seed Plants? (Spermatophyta)
Equisetum (horse tail
Which of the following is a prokaryote that lives in our intestines?
Escherichia coli
To which groups does the parasite causing Giardia belong?
Excavata
Trypanosoma belongs to the_________ related to ______ and causes _________ Giardia belongs to the _______ , related to ______ and causes ________ Plasmondium belongs to the ________, related to ___________ and causes ________
Excavata/Kinetoblastids euglenids sleep disease Excavata/Kinetoblastids Euglenids diarrhea alveolata ciliates and dinoflagellates malaria
Which of the following is a way of gene exchange in Prokaryota? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty.
Exchange of free DNA bits. Plasmid. Virus (particle of enveloped coding nuceotide sequence).
What nourishes the Gymnosperm embryo during its later development?
Female Gametophyte.
When somebody tells you that Lycopods are "some kind of ferns", why is this not accurate?
Ferns are closer related to seed plants than to Lycophytes.
What is the main difference between ferns (Pteridophyta) and mosses (Bryophyta)?
Ferns have a vascular system and lignin, mosses not.
With which evolutionary mile stone in animals do the oldest known Tracheophyte fossils co-incide?
First tetrapods.
Which of the following organism is an important lead fossil for the oil exploitation?
Foraminifera.
Which of the following is true for flowering plants?
Fossil records reach back to the era of dinosaurs (Cretaceous).
How many different generations of one species can you see in this picture? Hint: think of the Karyology.
Four: male gametophyte, female gametophyte, sporophyte, spore.
What was a planetary pre-requirement for the evolution of Eukaryotes?
Free oxygen.
Which of the following statements is true?
Fully parasitic plants normally do not contain chlorophyll.
What is true for Hydroids and Hadrom? Mark all that apply.
Function as water conduction., Elongate cells with inclinated cross walls., Found in fossil protracheophytes., Similar in function to xylem.
In organism with a zygotic or gametic meiosis type, which control point of the cell cycle is switched to the G0 stage in one karyotype? (hint: which part of the cell cycle is most likely not passed in)
G1
What is the dominant generation in Bryophyta, and what chromosome status does it have?
Gametophyte - Haploid
What is the dominant generation in Hepatophyta, and what chromosome status does it have?
Gametophyte - Haploid
What is a prothallium?
Gametophyte of lycophytes and ferns.
What is the meaning of Conjugation in Prokarya?
Gene exchange involving Pilus and Plasmid.
Mark all members of Gymnosperms.
Ginkgo, Pine (Pinus)
What is a Streptococcus?
Globular prokaryote in a linear colony.
Which of the following groups represents the non-flowering seed plans (spermatophytes) with the most angiosperm-like features?
Gnetales.
What does "Gram Negative/Positive" mean, and what consequence does it have?
Gram positive bacteria dye strongly in a diagnostic dye.
Which of the following are the next relatives of Land Plants
Green algae
Which of the following are structural adaptations of Sphagnum for water transport and absobtion? Mark all answers that apply.
Growth in a pillow-package., Distal cluster of branches and a mop-like head., Dead cells with circular wall thickenings in leaves., Perforated cell walls.
According to current molecular phylogeny, which are the extant monophyletic clades of seed plants? Mark all that apply.
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
Genetics: How is a singular chromosome set called (each chromosome occurs only once in a nucleus)?
Haploid.
Which is the embryophyte with the shortest living sporophyte
Hepatophyta
To which group does this taxon belong?
Hepatophyta-Jungermanniales: leafy liverworts.
Illustration: To which group does this taxon belong?
Hepatophyta-Marchantiales.
To which group does this taxon belong?
Hepatophyta-Marchantiales.
Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ?
Hepatophytes.
Although placentarian mammals are relatively closely related, and may look similar in early life, they may later look grossly different to the human eye (e.g., chimpanzee face vs. human, Chihuahua vs. Great Dane). How is this diversity of developmental processes called?
Heterochrony
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Heterosporous Leptosporangiates.
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Heterosporous Lycophyta (Selaginella and Isoetes)
What is the best concept of a common ancestor of all extant Eukaryota? (Eukaryote prototype)
Heterotroph
Which of the following features is ancestral for Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype)
Heterotrophous.
What causes peat bogs to be difficult for other organisms to grow on? Mark all that apply. Illustration as a hint to the lecture.
High acidity., concentration on phenolic compounds.
What is the advantage of the karyological state of the Endosperm over the karyological state of a gametophyte in any non-angiosperm embryophyte?Specifically: "Angiosperms" as represented by Arabidopsis.
Higher transcription rate and thus higher biosynthetic power.
Which of the following types of mutations change the number or position of organs in an organism (e.g., numbers of legs in an animal)?
Homeotic mutations.
In the illustration of a phylogeny of characters (e.g., genes), what does the relative length of the branches leading to A and D indicate?
Homologous characters have evolved more rapidly in D than in C since their separation.
Which of the following best describes the logic of hypothesis-based science?
If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect non-ambiguous test results.
When are some Antibiotics less effective on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Archaea than on Gram-Positive ones? (e.g., Streptomycin). [Slides and Class, Raven]
If they affect the formation of Peptidoglycan cell walls.
What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy?
In Karyogamy the nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus.
What is a shared strategy or benefit between a diploid genome and heterokary?
Increased likelihood of more than one allele to occur.
What is the key advantage of reproduction with ovules over non-ovule reproduction in vascular plants?
Independence from wet ground or rain for fertilization.
In the illustration: What can you say about the karyological condition of the individual?
Individual has a Trisomie.
In which form of inquiry is data collected BEFORE the hypothesis is formulated?
Induction
In mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which membrane do most of the hydrogen ions flow?
Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).
Which of the following taxa is closest related to the biggest contributor to the early deposit of coal? (the Mississippian sub-period).
Isoetes and Selaginella.
Which of the following organisms is NOT a fossil of the earliest vascular plants and has gone extinct? Mark all that apply.
Isoetes., Selaginella., Psilotum., Ophioglossum.
What is the meaning of Peer Review in scientific publications?
It checks whether the scientific standarts in a publication are met.
What is so dangerous about Botulism? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty.
It has no odor, no flavor, no color. It can occur even after sealing the food air-tight. It can occur even after cooking the food. Minuscule amounts can kill.
What is one of reasons for the assumption that the cell nucleus membrane evolved from a pouch of the cell membrane?
It is a double-membrane.
What is the unit to measure energy in the "metric system" (International System of Units, SI)?
Joule (J)
What happens classically in the Crozier?
Karyogamy.
Cell Cycle: During the separation of chromosomes, how is the element called that is responsible for the lokomotion of the chromosome along the micrutubule?
Kinetochore.
What is the main energy storage in Diatoms
Laminarin-Chrysolaminarin and Fatty Oils.
Which of the following is true for Streptophyta?
Land Plants are monophyletic (have all one common ancestor).
Which of the following is true for leaves in vascular plants?
Leaves in ferns grow mainly at the tip, less at the base.
In the illustration, to which taxonomic group does this organism belong?
Leptosporangiate ferns
Which of the following is the closest relative of Equisetum (horsetails)?
Leptosporangiate ferns (Filicales).
What unexpected organelle does the parasite causing Malaria contain?
Leucoplast
Photoautotrophs use...Hint: CO2 = Carbon dioxide, N2 = nitrogen, H2S = hydrogen sulfide
Light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source.
What enabled vascular plants to rise water high without the conductive tissue collapsing, and supports a higher plant body, and is missing in non-vascular plants?
Lignin.
Which was the key invention that allowed Tracheophytes to grow higher and that has no correspondance in non-vascular plants
Lignin.
Which of the following scientists first recommended to shortly heat substances in order to prevent spoiling by microorganisms?
Louis Pasteur
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Lycophyta (club mosses)
Lepidodendron and Sigillaria were the trees of the first forests on earth and formed much of the coal we mine. To which group of plants did they belong?
Lycophyta (clubmosses).
To which clade do the plants belong that grew to the first trees on earth?
Lycophyta.
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Lycopodiaceae (club mosses)
Which group has the larger spores?
Lycopods.
Ergot (Claviceps): what is the substance found in this fungus, and where does it dwell?
Lysergic Acid, some grasses (Poaceae).
In the illustration is Black Pepper (Piper nigrum). Which of the taxa listed is the closest relative of pepper?
Magnolia (Magnoliidae)
Systematics, you have similar names of a group: Which name is at the category of an Order?
Magnoliales
In the illustration of placentarian mammal chromosomes, what can you say about the karyological condition of the individual?
Male.
How is the stem histology type of Cycads?
Manoxyl.
Which of the following represents the extant basal-most clade of Embryophyta?
Marchantia
Which of the following organisms has a heterotroph sporophyte and a very small seta?
Marchantia and Riccia.
What are the major differences of ferns plus seed plants from lycophytes? (synapomorphies of ferns and seedplants). Mark all that apply.
Megaphyll., Multiflagellate sperm cells.
What are Ascospores?
Meiospores
What can you find in the Ascogonium?
Meiospores
What are spores in Lycophytes?
Meiospores.
What are Thylakoids? Give the most accurate anwer!
Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells and Plastids.
Which of the following group of organisms is an important inhabitant of cow stomachs (Rumen)?
Methanogenes.
What is the name for the leaf type found in Lycophyta.
Microphyl
What part of the cytoskeleton is directly binds to chromosomes in the Meta and Anaphase of the M-phase in the cell cycle?
Microtubuli
Which biomolecules are directly and mechanically responsible for motion and cell shape in Eukaryotes?
Microtubuli (actin and myosin).
In the illustration, which picture indicates NEITHER isogamy NOR oogamy?
Middle (B)
What is the core of the Endosymbionth concept? Originally...
Mitochondria were free-living Bacteria.
Rhizzopus has two types of spores. Which ones occur in several sporophores with a columella per mycelium?
Mitospores
What type of data can undergo a Maximum Parsimony Analysis?
Molecular data and non-molecular data (e.g., morphology).
Synapomorphies between Chara and Embryophyta: Check all of the following points that support the monophyletic relation of the Charophyta and Embryophyta (i.e., Syn-Apomorphy was treated in the Systematics slides: an exclusive innovation of a monophyletic group).
Molecular systematics., Biochemistry: cell wall of spores., Cell biology (cell division pattern and plastids).
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails)
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns)
The name for the clade of "Ferns", the monophyletic sistergroup of seed plants, is referred to as _______.They consist of four to five monophyletic groups; the most successful one in present times are the classes_________; they are distinct by their ________________Horsetails, the putative sister to all other "Ferns", belong to the _________; extant taxa all have a stem that is________and leaves that are________________spores are relaeased from___________Whisk fern, adder'stongue, and grape fern belong to the____________; they have unusual leaves and some miss_________completely; typical is also the gametophyte that is___________
Monilophytes polypodiopsida(=Filicopsida/pteridopsida) lepidospoerangia equisetopsida green, uptight and hollow small and scale shaped, positioned in a sheath-like strobilus an apical strobilus psilotopsida/ophioglossopsida the root heterotrophic and subterraneous
This illustration being a schematic transverse section of a shoot axis: To which group of Seed Plants does this shoot axis most likely belong?
Monocots
Which of the following are the monophyletic Crown Groups of flowering plants? Mark all that apply.
Monocots, Eudicots, Asterids, Caryophyllids, Rosids
Which of these represents Embryophyta without xylem and phloem?
Mosses (Bryophyta)
Which is a synapomorphy in all existing Euphyllophyta? (A feature exclusive for and shared by a group; in some taxa it may be secondarily reduced).
Multi-flagellate sperm.
Some cyanobacteria have heterocysts; what is the function of these cells?
Nitrification: binding of atmospheric nitrogen.
he illustration shows a question from a chemistry exam, and an actual student's answer. What is the SCIENTIFIC value of the answer in this example? "God made it that way"
No predictive power: because the answer is equally correct for the opposite observation.
Some scientist assume that Cycads do not represent the most ancient type of seed plant architecture, but are actually the result of reduction from a more complex, Ginkgo-like ancestor. Can you reject this assumption?
No, this cannot be rejected because in some phylogenetic analyses Ginkgo and Cycads are monophyletic, and Ginkgo has similarities to Pteridosperms (Archaeopteris, leaf and stem).
How is this Gaussian Bell Curve called, as well?
Normal Distribution
What is the antithesis to "All Swans are White"?
Not all swans are white.
In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penatly.
Nucellus., Plastid., Mitochondrium.
In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penalty.
Nucleus., Plastid., Mitochondrium.
On this illustration, how many Sori can you see with each Indusium (=per indusium)?
One (=1)
What is the definition of double fertilization?
One sperm cell nucleus joins the egg cell, the other joins the polar nuclei.
Which type of gametogamy do we humans use?
Oogamy.
Which of the following groups is NOT part of fungi?
Oomycetes
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Ophioglossaceae (a group of Eusporangiate ferns)
What is the definition of Plankton?
Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).
What are Extremophiles?
Organisms that grow better under extreme heat, pressure, salt concentrations, etc.
Mark all key innovation(s) of Spermatophyta over their ancestors (synapomophy)
Ovule, Secondary thickening of the stem and root
How was the atmosphere condition 550 million years ago?
Oxidizing, cold.
Which of the following substances was NOT present in the primevial atmosphere on earth?
Oxygen O2
The discovery of Taq-DNA polymerase was a famous breakthrough that made molecular studies affordable; it is extensively used in one specific process that underlies almost all DNA work - write the acronym for this process __________. It comes from an organism that lives under extreme conditions:_______. Write the DOMAIN this organism belongs to________
PCR Heat bacteria
Looking at this illustration, which of the following statements is NOT correct?
Panthera (leopard) is more closely related to Taxidae than to Canis
What happens to the group of Conifers (Pinopsida), if we consider the Gnetales a group on its own (Gnetopsidae)? They become ...
Paraphyletic
How do Deuteromycetes reproduce SEXUALLY? (Fungi Imperfecti) - pick the most precise answer!
Parasexually or not at all.
Which of the following ecological communities (biocoenosis) is dominated by bryophytes?
Peat bog.
In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong?
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
To which group of algae does Kelp belong?
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Which of the following organisms has the fewest single celled species? (none known)
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Which of the following organisms have Fucoxantins as carrotenoid pigments?
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
What does a vascular system consist of?
Phloem and Xylem, xylem always contains lignin (wood).
Which of the following is NOT a tracheary element?
Phloem cell.
Why do some algae form calcite precipitates in or on cells? Calcite = CaCO3.
Photosynthesis removes free CO2, reduces the bicarbonate concentration, causing calcite to precipitate.
What is the likely cause for Snowball Earth?
Photosynthesis.
Before the Red Banded Iron Formation took place, which step of evolution had to be completed?
Photosystem II had to evolve
Which genus causes Malaria?
Plasmodium
What is the difference of the words "Plastid" and "Chloroplast".
Plastid includes several forms, while chloroplast is only one of three forms.
How is it possible that after cell division plastids are found in all daughter cells? The correct answer to this questions applies equally to ALL Archaeplastidae and ALL plastid-bearing Chromalveolata, and is independent on whether the mother cell contained one chloroplast or several.
Plastids propagate and undergo fission on their own (like cell fission or budding).
In the Illustration, what is the Relation of B and C to D?
Polyphyletic.
In the Illustration, what would a higher taxon be considered if it included the sub-taxa B, C and D, but not A?
Polyphyletic.
Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ?
Polysiphonia.
Which of the following conditions is a way to increase or maintain the DNA content per cytoplasm? Mark all that apply
Polyteny., Polyploidy., Polynucleate cells.
Which of the following is NOT an observation or inference on which Darwin's theory of The Origin of Species is based?
Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
What is the purpose or value of Knowledge in general (e.g., a theory)?
Predictive and explanatory power (Karl Popper).
In terms of reproductive strategy, what is a benefit of strictly unisexual individuals in a species?
Prevent self-fertilization (avoid inbreeding depression).
To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration)
Psilotaceae (a group of Eusporangiate ferns)
Which of the following is NOT a member of the Seed Plants? (Spermatophyta)
Psilotum
Which of the following taxa has or have Megaphylls?
Pteridophyta/Monilophyta (ferns)., Spermatophyta.
Which of the following does NOT represent a mutual symbiosis involving fungi?
Puccinia (rust).
What is the end product of the Photosynthesis in Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria? [Slides and Class, Raven]
Pure Sulfur (S8).
Which of the following was appearing first on earth?
RNA and ribozymes
What does the concept of a RNA world mean?
RNA molecules can function as genetic carrier AND as bio-catalyst.
What is the key difference of sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction? Asexual (= non-sexual) has no...
Recombination of genes.
Which of the following phyla produce most of the alginates (Carrageenan, Agar Agar), but also food like Nori and Dulce?
Red algae (Rhodophyta)
Which of the following is a Postzygotic reproductive barrier?
Reduced hybrid fertility.
What is true for Stromatolites? They...
Resemble structures that are found today in warm, shallow ocean bays.
Regarding the functionality, what is the mechanic advantage of Xylem over its predecessor tissues?
Resistance against atmospheric pressure.
Which of the following fungi has a heterokaryotic or diploid spore that can persist long time?
Rhizzopus
What are Nori, Agar-Agar, and Carrageen made from?
Rhodophyta (red algae)
Which of the following examples uses phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments?
Rhodophyta (red algae)
What ocean organisms do these belong to? Note the calcite armor.
Rhodophyta.
Salt lakes often have a red or yellow color. Which pigment is most often responsible for this coloration?
Rhodopsin (retinal).
In classical Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll is used as pigment. However, non-classical, exotic ways of photosynthesis exist on Earth, too. In Archaea, which is the pigment used instead? (hint: you use almost the same pigment for a similar purpose)
Rhodopsin.
Which free-living organisms are the ancestors or closest relatives of our Mitochondria?
Rickettsiales (among Proteobacteria)
By which enzymatic process of photosynthesis is CO2 incorporated into bio-molecules?
RuBP Carboxylase.
Cell Cycle: Which of the following does include the duplication of chromosomal DNA (formation of a second double strand per chromosome)?
S phase
What is the difference between Saccharomyces and Schizzosaccharomyces?
Saccharomyces is a budding yeast, Schizzosaccharomyces does cell fission.
In terms of population genetics, reproduction ecology: Compare the purpose the anchored gametophyte in Marchantia with the purpose of Gemmae?
Same time, same environment, same genome.
In order to produce vinegar, Acetobacter strains are used: they metabolize wine ethanol to acetic acid that gives vinegar its sour-refreshing taste, and keeps other critters at bay due to its acidity. What was the original ecology of Acetobacter?
Saprobiont
Neurospora is a model organism fungus. How does it live and to what group does it belong?
Saprobiont, Ascomycota.
What is the purpose of the Anaphase of Mitosis?
Separation of identical Chromatids.
Which of the following taxa is or are the major contributor(s) to coal? Mark all that apply
Sigillaria and Leptidodendron, Seed plants (Spermatophyta), Calamites and other Equisetales
What is the cell wall of Diatoms made of?
Silicon dioxide (SiO2).
In which period did the first vascular plants leave fossil records?
Silurian-Devonian.
What did Miller and Urei try to show in their experiment?
Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth.
Under which conditions can Genetic Drift act most likely?
Small populations (few individuals).
Which of the following is true for Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)?
Some developed a strictly apical growth mode of the thallus.
Where is Taxodium native?
Southeastern USA and Mexico
What was the key message of Darwin's proposal?
Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time.
What is the Synapomorphy for the clade including Gnetales and Conifers?
Sperm cells without flagellae.
Which is the basalmost group of the three mayor groups of Bryophyta? (sister clade to the two others, ancestral group)
Sphagnidae (Sphagnopsida).
To which group of land plants does this organism belong? (illustration)
Sphagnopsida (Sphagnaceae)
What is peat mainly formed of?
Sphagnum.
Which of the following organelles is responsible for the arrangement and division of chromosomes in Mitosis?
Spindle Apparatus.
In the illustration, what type of bacterium is this?
Spirillum.
Which of the following examples has no flagellate stages ever in its entire life cycle?
Spirogyra.
What is the meiosis type of Fucus, and why?
Sporic, because mitosis follows meiosis
Which of the following features of Angiosperms does occur also in most Gymnosperms? (shared features, "Symplesiomorphies").
Stamen (microsporphyll; microsporangia exposed to air).
What type of prokaryote is this?
Staphylococcus.
Regarding the evolution and the functionality, what is the mechanic advantage of xylem over its predecessor tissues?
Static support.
What was the cell shape of Lactobacillus?
Stick-shaped
To which group do the Killeralgae of the Haptophyta belong to?
Stramenopiles
Which of the following taxa belongs to the Viridiplantae and contains ALL the Land Plants AND some green algae?
Streptophyta.
In classical Photosynthesis, oxygen is released. However, non-classical, exotic ways of photosynthesis exist on Earth, too. In Purple-Green Bacteria, which of the following is released instead of O2?
Sulfur (S)
What is the main benefit of Mycorrhiza for plants without own photosynthesis (heterotrophous land plants, e.g., Monotropa on Illustration)?
Supply of Energy, Water, and Minerals.
Which disciplines deal with the hierarchical sorting of entities in an order that provides maximum predictive power?
Systematics and Taxonomy.
Which of the following cell types form the Basidiocarp/Basidioma?
Tertiary mycelium.
What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane? Mark all that apply
The cell membrane is fluid, the cell wall is a polymer network. Cell membranes are generally inside of the cell wall (exept. Gram Positives). The cell membrane is more important as an anchorage for proteins tyhan the wall. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell membrane, but not with a complete cell wall. All cells have a cell membrane, but not all have a cell wall
What is a Sorus?
The collective of several sporangia in ferns; mostly as dark dots on the lower side of leaves.
What is a protonema?
The first stage of a bryophyte germinating of a spore
Which of the following steps has NOT been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? Extra brain candy: muse over why this step does not need to be accomplished in the lab, why scientists don't even bother.
The formation of protobionts that use DNA to direct the polymerization of proteins.
How can proteins be anchored in the cell membrane? Read Carefully.
The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane.
On this illustration, what organ do you see? Mark all that apply!
The leaflet of a pinnate-compound leaf., A sporophyll or part of one.
What is the Wallace Line?
The line separating the flora and fauna between Asia and Australia.
Which is true for the gametangia in conifers?
The pollen tube releases two sperm nuclei.
Prokaryote cell fission and eukaryote cell cycles: Which of the following statements is true?
The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells.
In the illustration of a phylogeny of characters (e.g., genes), what does the pattern of nodes leading to the end points indicate?
The separation of A from C is older than the split of A from B.
Crozier ("hook") and Clamp in higher filamentous fungi are similar and have probably a common ancestral formation. Which part of the Crozier corresponds to the actual clamp?
The ultimate cell (terminal cell) of the cell string of a hyphen.
Lycophytes can be used in pyrotechniques; how is this connected to their life styles?
Their gametophyte is heterotrophou
Which of the following is true for Pine cones? (Pinaceae)
There is a sterile bract and a scale-shaped megasporophyll in the female cone.
What is shared between a pilus, a prokaryote flagellum, a viral capsid, and the cytoskeleton?
They all consist of protein subunits that congregate to superstructures.
Which of the following is true for Gram Negative Bacteria?
They are surrounded by a double-membrane.
Which of the following is true for liposomes? Mark all that apply, and only what applies.
They consist of a phospholipid bilayer. They form littles spheres that can grow and break off smaller spheres. They are able to katalyse simple biological reactions. They are produced industrially and used in pharmacologically.
Which is true for ALL Fungi? ALL!
They contain glycogen and melanin.
What is true for Bacteria reproduction involving gene recombination?
They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus).
What is NOT true for Mitochondria?
They have Histones.
Which of the following is true for ciliates?
They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella.
What is true for Plastids?
They have no Histones.
When you build a data matrix, what is the requirement for features to belong to the same character?
They have to be homologous.
What is true for non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)?
They retain the young sporophyte on the gametophyte (Embryophyta).
In the cell of a photosynthetic Eukaryote, how many distinct organellar genomes are present? (how many genomes that are in separate organelles or compartments in the cell).
Three in all three.
What does the word "anthropocentrism" mean?
To look at the world from a view point based on human values and scales.
What is the exclusive feature of Eudicots? (apomorphy)
Tricolpate Pollen.
Which of the following organisms is a pathogen flagellate?
Tripanosoma.
What is the karyological state of the Endosperm of Arabidopsis and most other angiosperms?
Triploid.
Which genus causes the African Sleep Disease and the American Chagas?
Trypanosoma
Which of the following is an identifying feature shared by all member of Heteroconta/Stramenopiles at least at some stage of their life?
Two different flagella.
Which of the following features is ancestral for all Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype).
Two flagella
What are alleles?
Two or more states of a locus.
How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either perform photosynthesis or that are fungi?)
Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups
How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either performs photosynthesis or that are fungi?)
Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups
Which of the following tissues are NOT found in a shoot axis (stem) featuring a classical Protostele?
Vascular Cambium.
In which of the following biotechnological processes is lactic acid fermentation NOT a key factor?
Vinegar production.
Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ?
Volvox.
Which is the current debate about the origin of Angiosperms? (molecular, genome phylogeny vs. anatomical and genetic data).
Whether Angiosperms are related to Gnetales or whether all existing Gymnosperms are monophyletic.
Comparing the life history of the mold Rhizzopus and the fly agaric Amanita muscaria, what is the key difference between the two? Hint: food substrate, reproduction cycle, and life expectancy correlate.
While Rhizzopus is r-selected, Amanita is K-selected
Which label indicates the illustration of one single flower, and not an entire inflorescence?
X
What features shared by by almost all Tracheophyta are absent in non-vascular land plants? Check all answers that apply.
Xylem (proper), Phloem (proper), Sclenenchyma, Lignin, Dominant sporophyte (outliving gametophte).
Does photosynthesis occur in Archaea, and if so, which pigment would be used to capture light energy?
Yes, Rhodopsin.
In multicellular organisms, is an isomorphic life cycle requiring a specific meiosis type?
Yes: sporic.
In terms of reproductive strategy, what is the problem of strictly unisexual individuals in a species? (Examples: Heterosporous plants, dioecious plants, Mammals)
You have only half of the population available for reproduction.
Which of the following statements is true?
Zamiaceae are mostly insect pollinated, Cycadaceae mostly wind pollinated.
Which of the following is NOT a feature shared between basal Embryophytes and Charophytes?
Zygote undergoes mitosis while retained on gametophyte.
Which is the meiosis type where only the Haploid generation can have mitosis?
Zygotic.
What is a Juniper berry?
a cone
Embryophytes have an - embryo. But what does that mean? An embryo is ..._____________ Similar structures are found also in two phyla of algae. Write the genus of two examples of non-viridiplantae that have embryo-like stages and that we have discussed in class (other taxa do occur, but cannot be graded): 1) in the Archaeplastidae______________ 2) in the Chromalveolata______________
a diploid stage retained on the gametophyte polysiphonia laminaria
Regarding the meiosis type or reproductive ancestry: What does the Endosperm in Angiosperms correspond to?
a sporophyte
Where do Methanogenes occur? Mark all that apply.
a. In cold, shallow oceans b. In pond mud c. In deep sea sediments d. In the deep earth crust (heat and pressure) e. In cow stomachs (Rumen)
Decide which conditions you find in a peat bog: The pH is The nutrient mineral concentration is Peat bogs occur in a climate that is and Peat bogs are characterized by a layer of organic material that is and have a significan zone that is
acidic poor cool temperature generally wet large anaerobe
What are arguments for Bryophyta being the closest relatives of vascular plants? Match which the features with the taxa. Apical growth of the sporophyte occurs in... Leptoids and Hydroids occur only in... Stomata are NOT found in... No seta is found in any member of ...
all or any Bryophyta peristomate Bryophyta hepatophyta anthocerophyta
Which of the following families is the Basal-most of all angiosperms still alive? (extant sister to all angiosperms)
amborellaceae
The rejection of a hypothesis can be worded in______. Such an approach using a protocol of confirmation or rejection combined with testing is considered to be_______as in contrast to an aphoristic or anecdotal statement (e.g., the notorious "...because I say so"). Stating the hypothesis BEFORE the test or observation used to be called "critical" and now is defined as_______. If the verbose confirmation or rejection of a hypothesis is "YES/NO", then the cybernetic coding for this is________.Such a two-statement system of information coding is known as_______, and used extensively in your everyday's_______ -technology
an Antithesis systematic deductive 1/10 binary computer
What are the features of an acid? Mark all that apply, false checks will count as penalty.
an acid tastes sour an acid has a high concentration of H+ ions an acid has a low pH an acid has a high concentration of electron acceptors
What is the definition of a key innovation? (=evolutionary innovation)A key innovation is______that either directly_______ or indirectly can be_______. One example for such a key innovation in birds was the__________
an adaption opens new, broad niches exadapted development of feathers
What term describes the evolutionary relationship between the legs of mouse and legs of a spider?
analogous
The classic model organism for plant genetics and physiology is from the genus______ from the cabbage family. it is a _______.
arabidopsis eudicot
This dispersal unit and branch belong to a species of_______ within the _____
araucariaceae, conifers
To which genome is our nuclear genome more similar?
archaea
Which of the following taxa has NO secondary cambium?
areceae (palms)
In the illustration, you have a petrified fossil: the skeleton of an ancient organism. What organism is this most likely?____________ What isotope would you use to radiometrically determine the age of this fossil? __________What would this time evaluation actually tell you? It would tell you when the ________
arthropod U-235 light uranium remains were petrified
Bellflowers (Campanula) belong to the________. Their tubular flowers that are typical for this group: stamen, sepals and [write]_________are fused to a tube. The tube, the blue color, and a precise pollen presentation mechanism indicate that the pollination is most often by_________
asteridae petals bees
To which group of plants does Tomato belong?
asterids
Which of the following is the domain to which your mitochondrial genome most closely related?
bacteria
Which of the following groups of seed plants is a Grade, i.e. paraphyletic (not a clade)?
basal angiosperms
Which of the following uses of yeast has the highest turnover in terms of biomass? (Hint: Brazil).
biofuel
Flowers with narrow tubes, red or red-related contrasts, in the New World sometimes free overhanging. Who pollinates those flowers most likely?
birds
What types of mycelium occur in Ascocarps?
both types
What is the difference between a Model and a Theory?While a Theory gives a______ _____ for an observed ______, a model gives a ______ _______ for a _____. while theories aim to be ________ models are always_______. which of the following is NOT a model?
broad prediction phenomenon representative illustration theory comprehensive simplified evolution
Which of the following causes a mycosis?
candida
Which of the following do you NOT find in an animal cell? (animal = heterotroph, multicellular Eukaryote; or specifically Metazoa)
cell wall
In a statement like The Flower Color of this Rose is Red, what does the term Red represent?
character state
What is the principle if Maximum Parsimony Analysis?Maximum Parsimony evaluates a phylogeny based on the number of ______ required to change one taxon into another. The aim is to find trees that contain______ of this number. This concept follows the theorem of________ In such an analysis you get__________ Maximum parimonous tree(s). A polytomy is always the result of_____________
character state changes the lowest Ockham sometimes more than one or two a Consensus Tree of several conflicting Maximum parsimony trees
Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ?
charophyta
Which is the name for the organisms that deposited the traditional chalk material that we use on the class black board? You have to type the word exactly!
coccolithophorids
Which of the following groups is paraphyletic? (Based on the concept of Chaw et al. 2000)
conifers
In which of the following symbioses are Dinoflagellates essential as primary producers?
corals
Which of the following are the two major clades of Viridiplantae? Mark both correct ones.
d. Streptophytes. e. Chlorophytes.
In cladistics, this roster is referred to as a ________ The labels Moose, Chicken, Bubba, Catfish represent _________ The head labels U-Z represent ________The numbers in the grid, 0-3, represent _________
data matrix taxa characters character states
When you determine an organism using a determination key, are you taking an Inductive approach or a Deductive approach?
deductive
In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong?
diatoms
What organisms do these belong to?
diatoms
Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and c as photosynthetic pigments?
diatoms
In the resurrection fern*, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are _______. The two generations occupy____ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is_______, the Sporophyte is ________. Energy is supplemented mainly_______Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations?
different .... autotrophic autotrophic both ways between gametophyte and sporophyte, each for the next generation .....
In Marsilea and Salvinia, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are ________l. The two generations occupy ________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is mainly _________, the Sporophyte is _________. Energy for gametophyte and baby sporophyte is provided mainly by _____________ Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? _________
different different ... autotrophic both ways, the sporophyte for the gametophytes, and the gametophyte for sporophyte, each for the next generation yes, from sporophyte to gametophyte
in a peristomate moss (Byropsida), the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are ________The two generations occupy ___________ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is _____________, the Sporophyte is _____________. Energy is supplemented mainly _______________ Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? __________
different different autotrophic autotrophic ... yes between sporophytes and gametophytes
In Angiosperms, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte generations are ______. the two generations occupy ______ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is mainly_______, the sporophyte is _______. energy is supplemented mainly _____________________ ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is mainly______________
different different heterotrophic autotrophic from parental sporophyte to infant sporophyte directly no, instead any dormancy happens during the sporophyte phase.
In ancestral seed plants and Gymnosperms, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are ______. the two generations occupy _______ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is mainly___________, the sporophyte is _____. Energy is provided __________________ Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations?________________
different different heterotrophic autotropic both ways between gametophyte and sporophyte, each for the next generation no, both generations follow each other in the same season; if a dormancy occurs the within the sporophyte developed.
Which is NOT a synapomorphy of Spermatophyta? Worded more popularily: Which is NOT a homologous key innovation of all Seed Plants together over non-seed plants?
double fertilization
What is the name of the female gametophyte in flowering plants?
embryo sac
This dispersal unit and branch belong to a ________individual in a species of________
female , cycas
In what habitat did the first Tracheophytes live?
freshwater shores
What is the meiosis type of Diatoms?
gametic
What is the meiosis type of this organism?
gametic
Which is the meiosis type where only the Diploid generation can have mitosis?
gametic
This strobilus belongs to a species of _________ within the _________.
gnetum , ...
This dispersal unit and branch belong to a species of______ with in the ______
gnetum, gnetales
Which taxon listed is a non-vascular embryophyte and considered the sister clade to all other embryophyta?
hepatophyta
With regards to their meiospores, seed plants are_________ . The seed before shedding is called ________. its outermost part consists of protective envelop called ______, which has an opening at the end called_________. the sporangium proper is called _________ , and is a __________. the popular name for a male sporophyll is _______ and all its sporangia together are called ________. this sporangium can be described as __________, producing the spores popularly and commonly known as _______. upon release, the male spore contain ______ nuclei or cells representing an immature __________. Megaspore are surrounded by a cell wall containing cellulose and ___________; microspores are surrounded by a cell wall containing cellulose and _________.
heterosporous ovule integument micropyle nucellus mega-eusporangium stamen anther micro-eusporangium pollen two or three mircogametophyte nothing, cellulose only also sporopollenin
Science (and most human thinking) is________structured, trying to break down a problem into smaller and smaller pieces looking for its elements. The element of such research is a_________ = a statement, that does NOT need to be further_________ in order to be ______ non- ambiguously.
hierarchically hypothesis subdivided tested
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequence of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this observation is...____________ With this decision, you just performed an act of _______________ why is this decision of your the scientifically most likely one? _____________
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor induction it is the most simple explanation with fewest assumptions
Which feature of the following is shared between Archea and Eukarya, and absent in Bacteria? Mark all that apply.
introns histones
To which type of taxonomic terms does the expression SPECIES correspond?
it is a category
In most EXTANT Tracheophyta, on which principal organ are sporangia located?
leaf
Which organ or organs are missing in Aglaophyton (a Rhiniophyte)? Mark all that apply!
leaf root
Some population genetics in spermatophytes: how do spermatophytes exchange genes over long distance for recombination? Before fertilization the geographic translocation of genes between two individuals happens as_______ this happens _____. possible or reported ways for this transport are ________. the female gametophytes is _______and ________, gaining its energy mainly from the ________. the male gametophyte is _________, gaining its food from _________.
microspores only passively insects and wind completely endosporic largely parasitic or heterotrophic mother sporophyte partially exosporic parasitic or heterotrophic father and mother sporophyte
What does the Pollentube in Angiosperms correspond to?
mircogametophyte
Grasses (family Poaceae): to which group do they belong?
monocots
To which group of plants do palms belong? (Arecaceae)
monocots
The gametangia in Charales and Embryophytes differ from all those found in other algae, including Ulotrix and Chlamydomonas. In what way? New is that the gametangia are formed from structures that are__________. and gametes are surrounded with a _______ jacket. in both taxa, the male structure is written __________ ; the plesiomorph features of sperms include a flagella number of _______, and a cell body that is ________. The female structure in embryophyte is called __________ and has distally a ________ , while the egg sits proximally in a belly-shaped _______.
multicellular sterile antheridia 2 spiral archegonia neck venter
Peat is added to potting soil and used as fuel in some areas. When was most of this peat deposited?
neogene
Regarding the origin of plastids, how often did the invasion of free-living photosynthetic Prokarya into Eukarya cells happen?
once
How many flagellae did the most-recent common ancestor of Fungi, Metazoans, and Porifera (sponges) most likely have?
one
Which of the following families comprises the largest number of species?
orchidaceae
In seed plants: What is an Arillus? It grows at the base of the_______ in the shape of a ________ and functions _________
ovule ring or globe as fruit-like attractant for dispersers
What is the name for the science that studies shape and species of pollen? (hint: often used in forensics, archeology, and paleoclimatology)
palynology
In which of the following families takes the ovule maturation from pollination to seed dispersal more than a year?
pinaceae
Which of the following gymnosperm families dominates some of the largest forest systems on Earth today?
pinaceae
What do these ocean organisms belong to?
polysiphonia
In the illustration, what is the relation of D, E and F?
polytomy
In which of the following taxa are hadrom and leptom found?
polytrichum
Which of the following do Bacteria NOT possess?
proper cytoskeleton
In animal cells, in which stage of mitosis is the membrane of cell nuclei in the process of being dissolved?
prophase
Which of the following organs is NOT derived from a leaf (is not a phyllome)?
receptacle
Which of the following trophy styles are found in consumers? Mark all that apply
respiration
To which taxonomic group does the plant in the illustration belong?
rosidae
Which of the following is a synonym for the ecological trophy level of a decomposer?
saprobiont
What is true for prokaryote flagella? Mark all that apply. They...
serve cell mobility. possess a rotating anchor are extracellular consist of protein sub-units.
Prokarya generally host a genome that is________ than eukaryotes. Therefore, a single prokaryote strain (or "species") is able to perform _________different metabolic processes than a single strain of eukaryotes. The number of biochemical processes that can be carried out by "all" species of prokaryotes together is________than by "all" species of eukaryotes together.
smaller less larger
What causes peat bogs to be difficult for other organisms to grow on? A hint: The conditions of bog mummies and the evolution of carnivorous plants are related to these features. Peat bogs are high deposits of plant material mostly produced by different species of the genus______ that belongs to the ________. the bogs occur mainly in climate that is _____ and is fed by _____ that has a naturally ____concentration of essential minerals, a pH that is_______, an oxygen concentration that is ____, and a concentration on phenolic compounds that is ______. due to decay of organic material and structures, a significant increase of _____occurs, together with a decrease of ______
sphagnum other Bryophyta cool and humid rain water low low high low phenolics oxygen
Embryophytes and Characeae share a novelty in their spore cell walls: a very resistant compound. Type the name of this new substance: _________ Where does this compound occur in Characeae _________, where in seed-less embryo-bytes __________, and where in seed plants ______________
sporopollenin oospore meiospore in general microspore/pollen only
Land plants belong to the ______ . Within the Viridiplantae, the strict sister group to land plants are the__________The nofn-vascular landplants consist of the three clades that are_________. The basalmost clade liverworts contains forms with either just a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, or with a leafy form; its Latin-Greek name is written_______. The second group contains only forms with a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, an a horn-like gametophyte; its Latin-Greek name is_______ The third clade contains proper mosses with a thallus differentiated in a leaf-stem pattern and it is writen_______ Different from liverworts, the sporophyte in hornworts and proper mosses is _________ and________occur. Different from liverworts and hornworts, the sporophyte in proper mosses _____. . Different from all proper mosses, old-fashioned Tracheophytes had and have a sporophyte that is _________ , that__________, and has_________
streptophytes charophytes paraphyletic hepatophyta anthocerophyta Bryophyta photosynthetic stomata always has a seta dominant often bifurcates dichotomously in some species lignin
Cold Seeps are sites in_________ with ______________; for example in the area of the ________. there, seeping out from the sea floor, are _________ compounds, namely ______. Cold seeps host an ecosystem based on ___________ organisms that ____________________
the deep sea methane hydrate deposits Gulf of Mexico partially reduced organic methane chemoautotrophous is independent from the sun as energy source
Black Smokers are sites in __________ with __________; for example in the area of the __________.They release waters with a high concentration of ________ compounds, namely _________. They host an ecosystem based on ____________ organisms that __________________.
the deep sea volcanic activity mid-Atlantic ridge partially reduced anorganic chemoautotrophous is independent from the sun as energy source
Which of the following adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in oceans and atmosphere?
the evolution of cellular respiration.
In the illustration: how many trophy levels do you see? ( Baleen whales---> krill-----> phytoplankton)
three
What is another word for "Character state", e.g., "red" for flower color?
trait
Cell Cycle: How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle?
two
How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle?
two
In a heterokaric cell of a filamentous fungus, how many different nuclear genomes are present?
two
Mark all that are a Conidium.
u x z
Flowers without showy perianth or even colors, long dangling anthers with powdery pollen, male flowers in catkins, trees or prairie plants. Who pollinates those flowers most likely?
wind
On this illustration, what label indicates the Annulus?
x
Which of the following illustrations is a Cleistothecium?
x
In the middle of this illustration is a tree "U". Which of the five surrounding trees shows the same topology?
y
Which of the following illustrations is a Apothecium?
y
Which of the following labels indicates the Seta of this species?
y
On this illustration, what label indicates a cell group that is Haploid?
z
Which of the following labels indicates the Capsule of this species?
z
