Botany Lab Exam 3

drupe

1-3 seeded with the exocarp and mesocarp fleshy, but endocarp modified into a hard, lignified layer enclosing the seeds (stone or pit)/ cherry, peach, plum, avacado

Monilophyta

Consists of Psilophyta, Psilotophyta, Sphenophyta, Arthrophyta, and Pterophyta

Pterophyta

These are true ferns. 11,000 species of ferns. 3/4 of species are found in tropics. Ferns are epiphytic, aquatic or terestrial in life habit. Most are herbaceous, but some are vining or arborescent in habit. Only under grow primary growth

bulb

a vertical underground stem comprised of numerous fleshy storage leaves. the entire stem is usually enclosed in dry, scalelike leaves/ example, onion garlic

aerial roots

adventitious roots that are sed for support, attachment, or increased nutrient and water uptake. these roots do not originate below ground, but can, and often do, grow into the ground or other substrates. prop roots of corn are an example

hip

an aggregation of achenes surrounded by a fleshy cuplike receptacle or hypanthium/ example, rose

monocot

atactostele (stem), parallel leaf venation, flower parts in multiples of 3, 1 cotyledon

zygomorphic

bilaterally symmetrical

bulbit

bulb-like asexual reproductive structure born on the aerial stems of some plants/ example, tiger lily

sporopollenin

complex polymer of carotenoids and cyclic alcohols that resists decay and drying. it is the most highly chemical resistant biological polymer known. impregnates the wall of spore

multiple fruits

consists of an entire inflorescence of seperate flowers and ovaries. The ovaries grow together and fuse at maturity forming the fruit. example pineapple

loment

constricted between seeds into individual segments, which break apart into one-seeded segments at fruit maturity/ example, beggar ticks

aggregate fruit

derived from a compound ovary with numerous pistils. produced from a single flower. can be fleshy or dry.

silique

derived from a two-carpellate ovary with a central partition separating the ovary into two locules, otherwise similar to legume. several times longer than wide

multiple fruit

derived from numerous ovaries of a single inflorescence. these ovaries fuse with one another during development to from the fruit/ examples, pineapple

nut

developed from a usually single-seeded, compound pistil. It has a woody pericarp./ example, oaks, chestnuts

Sporocarp

drought resistant, bean-shaped structures used for reproduction. Can remain viable outside water for over 100 years

eudicot

eustele (stem), net leaf venation, flower parts in multiples of 2, 4, or 5s, 2 cotyledons (sometimes more)

sterile jacket layer

external protective layer of cells

Lycopodiaceae

family of Lycopodiophyta, club moss family; includes seven extant genera and about 400 species

Isooetaceae

family of Lycopodiophyta, quillwort family; one extant genus, Isoetes, with about 150 species. Isoetes is possibly the closest living relative to the tree lycophytes of the Carboniferous period

Selaginellaceae

family of Lycopodiophyta, resurrection plant family or selaginella family; one extant genus, Selaginella, with about 700 species

archegonia

female reproductive structures (the gemetophytes of some gymnosperms and those of all angiosperms lack this)

Sphenophyta

first evolved during the Devonian period. During this time, most horsetails were represented by the calamites. These were large, arborescent forms that could reach a height of about 18 meters tall/ Only extant genus is Equisetum-horsetails, may be the oldest survining genus of plants on Earth

dry

fruit is dry at maturity; has a low water content

fleshy

fruit is soft and fleshy at maturity; has higher water content

pericarp

fruit wall

indehiscent

fruit wall remaining continual (maintaining its integrity) or closed at maturity. Must be opened mechanically or by rotting to expose the seeds.

dehiscent

fruit wall ruptures to release the seeds at maturity

charophytes

green algae which are believed to be the most closely related taxonomic group to the land plants

aggregate fruits

gynoeciumm of numerous unfused or separate carpels. examples, strawberry, buttercups, Magnolia

silicle

identical to the sique, with the exception that it is about as long as it is wide

apospory

in ferns is the production of a gemetophyte from a sporophyte without meiosis or spore formation. gemtophytes produce sporophytes directly from unfertilized eggs

apogamy

in ferns is the production of sporophyte from a gametophyte without egg formation or fertilization. sporophytes are produced from vegetative cells of the gametophyte

agamospermy

in ferns results in the production of sporophytes from gametophytes without egg formation or fertilization

berry

in general, the pericarp is fleshy and the fruit is multiseeded/examples, tomato, pepper, bananas, blueberry, grape

endosporic development

in heterosporic plants, the gametophytes develop within the spore wall

exosporic development

in homosporous plants the gametophytes develop outside the spore wall

endocarp

inner layer of fruit wall

antheridia

male reproductive structures (absent in gametophytes of seed plants)

mesocarp

middle layer of fruit wall

legume

modified capsule, fromed from unicarpellate ovary. has only one locule and dehisces alond two sutures/ example, bean, pea

follicle

modified capsules, develops from a single pistil and dehisces along one suture/ examples, periwinkles, oleander

berrylike legume

modified legume that has become indehiscent./ example, tamarind

pseudobulb

modified stem of certain Orchidaceae, which can allow asexual reproduction

cladophyll

modified stem which takes the place of a leaf for photosynthetic function/ example, asparagus

Azollaceae

mosquito fern family (doesnt resemble fern, heterosporous and produce sporocarps)

pneumatophore

negatively gravitropic roots used for support and stabilization and possible aeration in some wood aquatic species/ examples, bald cypress

bublet

one or more small bulbs attached to a larger bulb. these small bulbs are produced from the larger one/ example, cloves of garlic

capsule

originating from two or more carpels. There are multiple types with numerous methods of dehiscence. most split along sutures or in the center of the carpels/ examples cotton, okra

exocarp

outer layer of fruit wall

epigynous

ovary inferior

hypogynous

ovary superior

perigynous

ovary superior but looks almost inferior

Lycopodiophyta

phylum includes the club mosses, quillworts, and resurrection plants. First evolved during the Devonian period of the paleozoic era

caulescent

plant having typical and obvious aerial stems

acualescent

plant without stems or with stems shortened and reduced and appearing absent/ example dandelion

homospory

produce only one kind of spore. early vascular plants produced only one type of spore from meiosis

actinomorphic

radially symmetrical

Psilophyta

represented by two extant genera, Psilotum- whisk ferns, and tmesipteris. Psilotum lacks roots and leaves, and the majority of its body is comprised of above and below ground stems.

rhizoids

root like structures that anchor the gametophyte to the soil or substrate

adventitious roots

roots originating from areas on the plant other than root tissue (stem and leaves)

contractile roots

roots produced by many species of plants, especially bulb, corm, or rhizome producing species, that through shortening and contracting of the root cortical cells, the roots pull the plant into the substrate or keep it at the proper depth and position

pome

seeds are enclosed within the cartilaginous or papery ovary, whereas the majority of the fleshy portion of the fruit is derived from non-ovarian tissue: in this case from a hypanthium or floral tube/ example apple, pear

corm

shor erect underground stem, usually partially or wholly enclosed by scale leaves/ example, spring beauty

calabash

similar to the pepo but derived from a superior ovary. example cocoa

schizocarp

single compound ovary that splits into two or more. single-seeded fruitlets or segments maturity. thes segments re referred to as nutlets, pyrenes, cocci, or mericarps/ example, maple, mint

achene

single-seeded fruit where the pericarp is easily separable from the seed integuments/ example, daisy or sunflower

caryopsis

single-seeded fruit where the pericarp is fused to the seed integuments/ examples, grass, corn, wheat, oats, rice, sugarcane

utricle

single-seeded fruit with a thin, bladdery, inflated pericarp that surrounds the seed/ example, pigweeds and duckweed

anthocarp

small, single-seeded fruit that is enclosed by the perianth or receptacle; found in at least some members of four o clock family

culm

stem of grasses and sedges and other hebaceous monocots

tunic

the covering of dry leaves

heterospory

the production of two different types of spores in two different types of sporangia

tuber

thickened, usually underground stem with numerous nodes; used for storing reserve carbohydrates and other nutrients, possibly also water/ example potato

accessory tissue

tissue may or may not be present, non ovarian tissue example apple/ sometimes known as false fruit

hesperidium

type of berry that is multisegmented with a tough leather rind that is impregnated with oil glands, and with the endocarp tissue modified into numerous juice sacs/ examples orange, lemon

pepo

type of berry with a hard tough rind and is derived from an inferior ovary/ example, watermelon, pumpkin, squash, cantaloupe, honeydew, cucumber

stolon or runner

usually an above ground stem, which when in contact with suitable medium, roots at the nodes/ examples, american strawberry, spearmint

rhizome

usually an elongate underground stem, often fleshy with scale leaves and numerous nodes/ examples, spearmint, peppermint, ginger

marsileaceae

water clover family (doesnt resemble fern, heterosporous and produce sporocarps)

Salviniaceae

water sprangle family or floating fern family (doesnt resemble fern, heterosporous and produce sporocarps)

samara

winged achene, where part of the pericarp is modified to form an elongate membranous wing/ examples, elms, maple

caudex

woody stem of certain monocots. example, palms, coconut