brain and behavior quiz 4

Which of the following is an example of synesthesia? a. Envisioning bright fireworks whenever you hear Mozart b. Going to a movie by yourself c. Getting upset when you forget an appointment d. Remembering a conversation word for word

a. Envisioning bright fireworks whenever you hear Mozart

Which receptor responds when you stretch your arm out to catch an object? a. Muscle spindle b. Golgi tendon organ c. Intrafusal fiber d. Dermatome

a. Muscle spindle

_______ neurons are very active in people with synesthesia. a. Polymodal b. Dorsal c. Visual d. Nonprimary

a. Polymodal

Which skin receptor type is especially sensitive to stretching of the skin? a. Ruffini corpuscle b. Pacinian corpuscle c. Merkel's disc d. Free nerve ending

a. Ruffini corpuscle

The _______ seems to be important in the initiation of movement sequences. a. SMA b. premotor cortex c. M1 d. cerebellum

a. SMA

The painful sensations induced by capsaicin are mediated by _______ receptors. a. TRPV1 b. habanero c. substance P d. TRP2

a. TRPV1

Which statement about the use of morphine to relieve surgical pain is true? a. The risk of addiction to morphine used to relieve surgical pain is close to zero. b. Because morphine is highly addictive, it is not generally prescribed to manage severe pain. c. Morphine relieves surgical pain by binding to endogenous cannabinoid receptors. d. Over-the-counter medications are just as effective as morphine for treating severe pain.

a. The risk of addiction to morphine used to relieve surgical pain is close to zero.

The brain recognizes action potentials from different sensory modalities as separate and distinct because a. action potentials from different sensory modalities are carried on different nerve tracts. b. the volley of action potentials differs for each sensory modality. c. action potentials from different sensory modalities utilize different neurotransmitter systems. d. action potentials from different sensory modalities are processed through different frontal lobe regions.

a. action potentials from different sensory modalities are carried on different nerve tracts.

Biceps and triceps are a. antagonists. b. reciprocals. c. muscle fibers. d. synergists.

a. antagonists.

Parkinson's disease is linked to a. degeneration of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra. b. destruction of the caudate and putamen. c. decreased availability of serotonin. d. atrophy of motor cortex.

a. degeneration of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra.

Afferent fibers from the periphery that carry nociceptive information terminate on neurons in the a. dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord. b. medulla. c. central brainstem. d. ventral horn cells of the spinal cord.

a. dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord.

Phantom limb pain is an example of _______ pain. a. neuropathic b. psychosomatic c. intractable d. naturopathic

a. neuropathic

One possibility for opioid mechanism is that action in the _______ causes descending fibers from the brainstem to directly inhibit dorsal horn cells that transmit _______ information. a. periaqueductal gray; pain b. somatosensory cortex; vibration c. thalamus; heat d. pons; light touch

a. periaqueductal gray; pain

The _______ of a sensory neuron is the stimulus region that causes the cell to alter its firing rate. a. receptive field b. adaptative field c. modulatory region d. phasic-tonic region

a. receptive field

Pain-induced release of substance P in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord causes a. remodeling of pain pathway neurons. b. a temporary blockade for subsequent pain signals. c. increased production of acetylcholine receptors, which improves pain suppression by the brain. d. reduction of endogenous opiate secretion, allowing for important pain stimuli to reach the brain.

a. remodeling of pain pathway neurons.

The motor unit is a a. single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates. b. collection of axons that travel to the same muscle group. c. collection of axons that produce the same movement. d. single motor axon and a single muscle fiber.

a. single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Nervous system motor plans must balance a trade off between a. speed and accuracy. b. complexity and accuracy. c. complexity and force. d. force and precision.

a. speed and accuracy.

Golgi tendon organs are to _______ as muscle spindles are to _______. a. tension; stretch b. stretch; tension c. proprioception; paresis d. paresis; proprioception

a. tension; stretch

Which receptor is likely to respond to an overload that threatens to tear muscles or ligaments? a. Muscle spindle b. Golgi tendon organ c. Intrafusal fiber d. All of the above

b. Golgi tendon organ

The onion-like receptor found in skin that selectively responds to vibration and pressure is the a. Ruffini corpuscle. b. Pacinian corpuscle. c. Meissner's corpuscle. d. Merkel's disc.

b. Pacinian corpuscle.

Vibration of _______ stretches the neuronal membrane, allowing sodium channels to open and graded generator potentials to occur. a. free nerve endings b. Pacinian corpuscles c. Merkel's discs d. Ruffini's corpuscles

b. Pacinian corpuscles

Which statement about the receptive field of a sensory neuron on skin is true? a. All receptive fields of sensory nerves are excitatory. b. Receptive fields of sensory neurons have a characteristic shape with excitatory and inhibitory regions. c. Receptive fields of sensory neurons differ in size and shape, but all respond to the same type and quality of stimulation. d. Receptive fields of skin sensory neurons are either excitatory or inhibitory.

b. Receptive fields of sensory neurons have a characteristic shape with excitatory and inhibitory regions.

Which molecule is involved in pain pathways in the spinal cord? a. Acetylcholine b. Substance P c. GABA d. Nitrous oxide

b. Substance P

Damage to the _______ results in decomposition of movement. a. globus pallidus b. cerebellum c. spinal cord d. cerebral motor cortex

b. cerebellum

On entering the spinal cord, the somatosensory projections ascend through the _______ system. a. primary cortical b. dorsal column c. spinothalamic d. anterolateral

b. dorsal column

The SMA appears to be especially active a. following the execution of reflexes. b. during the control of movements that are internally generated. c. during the control of movements that are externally generated. d. following the completion of learned movements.

b. during the control of movements that are internally generated.

The pain control procedure in TENS is based on a. mechanical stimulation of the skin. b. electrical stimulation of the skin. c. the administration of drugs. d. hypnotic suggestion and placebo effect.

b. electrical stimulation of the skin.

Lesions of the extrapyramidal system typically interfere with spinal reflexes by a. eliminating them. b. exaggerating them. c. temporarily blocking them. d. causing seizure activity upstream in the cortex.

b. exaggerating them.

The pyramidal motor system begins in the _______ cortex, and the pathway then travels to the _______ and then the _______. a. parietal; thalamus; medulla b. frontal; medulla; spinal cord c. parietal; medulla; pons d. frontal; thalamus; medulla

b. frontal; medulla; spinal cord

Professional musicians who play string instruments have expanded cortical representations of their _______ only. a. right arm b. left hand c. lips d. torso

b. left hand

Just prior to voluntarily moving of the arms, for example, to pull a lever, a person will adjust their _______. This is an example of _______. a. posture; ataxia b. legs; motor planning c. torso; mirror neurons d. eyes; proprioception

b. legs; motor planning

Receptors that show little or no adaptation to maintained stimulation are called _______ receptors. a. photic b. phasic c. tonic d. clonic

b. phasic

Muscles are connected to bone by a. ligaments. b. tendons. c. myosin. d. fascia.

b. tendons.

Motor neurons are referred to as the "final common pathway" because they are the a. last motor neurons in a chain that actually innervates the muscle. b. the only pathway by which the brain and spinal cord can control movement. c. part of the dorsal motor system closest to the brainstem. d. white matter of the spinal cord.

b. the only pathway by which the brain and spinal cord can control movement.

In the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain, the visual illusion a. acts to relax and comfort the amputee. b. tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputated limb. c. focuses attention away from the pain. d. puts the amputee into a hypnotic state.

b. tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputated limb.

Most sensory fibers do not fire more than a. 10 impulses per second. b. 1,200 impulses per minute. c. 1,200 impulses per second. d. once per second.

c. 1,200 impulses per second.

Small-diameter _______ fibers conduct pain information slowly and also adapt slowly. a. Aa b. As c. C d. beta

c. C

What part of the CNS integrates pain information? a. Medulla b. Parietal cortex c. Cingulate cortex d. Sensorimotor cortex

c. Cingulate cortex

Which statements best reflects the evolutionary advantage of sensory adaptation? a. It prevents fatigue of sensory receptors. b. It prevents the constant excitation of the hairs of your skin by your clothing. c. It prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little information about the world. d. It allows the brain to reassign sensory cortex in people who lose a limb.

c. It prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little information about the world.

Which portion of the body is represented most medially in the somatosensory cortex? a. Hands b. Lips c. Legs d. Thumbs

c. Legs

Which statement about the primary motor cortex (M1) is true? a. The motor homunculus is an accurate representation of M1. b. M1 is under ipsilateral control. c. Motor representations on M1 change with training. d. Motor representations on M1 are static and do not change with training.

c. Motor representations on M1 change with training.

Which statement best describes the effects of naloxone treatment on TENS? a. Naloxone enhances the analgesic action of TENS. b. Naloxone inhibits the inflammation associated with TENS. c. Naloxone reduces the analgesic effect of TENS. d. Naloxone has no effect on TENS.

c. Naloxone reduces the analgesic effect of TENS.

According to the McGill Pain Questionnaire, describing a "shooting" pain in your arm uses which dimension(s) of pain? a. Motivational-affective b. Cognitive-evaluative c. Sensory-discriminative d. Both a and b

c. Sensory-discriminative

Blocking _______ at the neuromuscular junction blocks a muscle _______. a. norepinephrine; relaxation b. dopamine; ataxia c. acetylcholine; contraction d. glutamate; tension

c. acetylcholine; contraction

The band of the skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a a. polymodal strip. b. dorsal column. c. dermatome. d. cutaneous segment.

c. dermatome.

Some species of snakes are sensitive to a. ultrasonic sounds. b. radio-frequency signals. c. infrared energy. d. GPS signals

c. infrared energy.

Mice that lack substance P exhibit a. total insensitivity to pain stimuli. b. insensitivity to mildly painful stimuli but normal responses to intensely painful stimuli. c. insensitivity to intensely painful stimuli but normal responses to mildly painful stimuli. d. exaggerated responses to mildly painful stimuli.

c. insensitivity to intensely painful stimuli but normal responses to mildly painful stimuli.

Mice lacking the gene for TRPV1 respond to _______ but not to _______. a. light touch; mechanosensory pain b. mildly painful stimuli; extremely painful stimuli c. mechanosensory pain; mild heat d. auditory stimuli; visual stimuli

c. mechanosensory pain; mild heat

A neuron that fires shortly before an individual makes a specific movement and when they see another individual make the same movement is called a _______. a. muscle spindle b. interneuron c. mirror neuron d. intrafusal fiber

c. mirror neuron

The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are areas of a. the parietal lobe. b. association cortex. c. nonprimary motor cortex. d. the cerebellum.

c. nonprimary motor cortex

S1 is located in the a. central sulcus. b. precentral gyrus. c. postcentral gyrus. d. occipital lobe.

c. postcentral gyrus.

The generator potential produced by a Pacinian corpuscle in response to mechanical stimulation is a. all-or-none. b. hyperpolarizing. c. proportional to stimulus intensity. d. not affected by stimulus intensity.

c. proportional to stimulus intensity.

Severing sensory fibers from a monkey's arm will cause the monkey to stop using that arm, but it will begin to use it again if the other (good) arm is restrained. This demonstrates that a. primates will use a damaged limb if they have no alternative. b. over time the cortex can train the limbs to respond. c. proprioceptive information can be supplemented with feedback from other senses. d. the sensory pathways are malleable after injury.

c. proprioceptive information can be supplemented with feedback from other senses.

The receptors through which capsaicin exerts its effects are a. opiate receptors. b. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. c. responsive to sudden increases in temperature. d. especially dense in somatosensory cortex.

c. responsive to sudden increases in temperature.

When athletes work out to improve their stamina, one of the goals is to enhance their a. fast-twitch muscle fibers. b. muscle spindles. c. slow-twitch muscle fibers. d. neural motor plans.

c. slow-twitch muscle fibers.

A delta (As)fibers can rapidly transmit pain information to the brain because a. they have the shortest axons. b. they are unmyelinated. c. they have large-diameter axons. d. they have small-diameter axons.

c. they have large-diameter axons.

Mirror neurons are especially interesting to researchers because a. they appear to trigger specific movements. b. they fire when a monkey sees another monkey (or human) performing a simple movement previously performed by the monkey itself. c. they might be part of a neural system for empathy. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Plasticity of somatosensory cortical maps is evident following a. musical training. b. limb amputation in adults. c. surgical transplant of a hand. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which body part is not highly represented on the sensory homunculus? a. Fingers b. Lips c. Hands d. Eyes

d. Eyes

Which statement about the primary motor cortex is false? a. It is a major source of axons that form the pyramidal tract. b. Many M1 cells have directional sensitivity. c. Cortical maps of M1 show plasticity, changing with experience d. It occupies a large part of the upper medulla.

d. It occupies a large part of the upper medulla.

Which receptor types would be most useful for reading Braille? a. Pacinian corpuscles b. Free nerve endings c. Ruffini corpuscles d. Merkel's discs

d. Merkel's discs

_______ are sparsely located throughout the skin and respond to stretching of fingers and limbs. a. Meissner's corpuscles b. Pacinian corpuscles c. Merkel's discs d. Ruffini corpuscles

d. Ruffini corpuscles

EMG studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm, for example, when asked to pull a lever, is immediately preceded by a. a brief cessation of breathing. b. rapid eye movements. c. recruitment of muscle fibers according to the "size principle." d. a postural response.

d. a postural response.

The neurotransmitter _______ is produced and released by motor neurons to stimulate skeletal muscles. a. dopamine b. glutamate c. serotonin d. acetylcholine

d. acetylcholine

The sensory receptor that responds to noxious heat is also stimulated by _______, the heat-producing substance found in chili peppers. a. oregano b. histamine c. substance P d. capsaicin

d. capsaicin

The representation of the human body in the somatosensory cortex especially emphasizes the a. trunk of the body. b. legs and arms. c. midline structures of the body. d. hands and lips.

d. hands and lips.

The dorsal column system crosses to the contralateral side of the nervous system at the level of the a. spinal cord. b. thalamus. c. cerebral cortex. d. medulla.

d. medulla.

The drug _______ blocks at least part of the analgesic effect of acupuncture. a. substance P b. marijuana c. morphine d. naloxone

d. naloxone

Cortical neurons that respond to information in more than one sensory modality are known as a. association cortex neurons. b. multi cells. c. hypercomplex cells. d. polymodal neurons.

d. polymodal neurons.

The progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as a. specific nerve energy. b. tonic reception. c. labeled lines. d. sensory adaptation.

d. sensory adaptation.

Information about pain and temperature in the anterolateral system crosses the midline at the level of the a. cerebral cortex. b. thalamus. c. medulla. d. spinal cord.

d. spinal cord.

The adaptive significance of _______ pain receptors is to prevent ongoing injury. a. phasic b. weak c. modulatory d. tonic

d. tonic