Brain

The largest part of the human brain is the paired __1__.

1-Cerebral Hemisphers

The other major subdiisions of the brain are called the __2__ and the __3___.

2-Brain Stem 3-Cerebellum

_____% of brain mass

40

Progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits

Alzheimer's disease

White Matter - example

Anterior commisure, Corpus callosum, Pyramids, Cerebellar peduncle

structures that return cerebrospinal fluid to the venous blood in the dural sinuses

Arachnoid villi

The lentiform nucleus, the caudate, and other nuclei are collectively called the ____.

Basal Nuclei

The specialized motor speech area is located at the base of the precentral gyrus in an area called ___ area

Broca's

projections of tissue that protrude through the outer meningeal layer

CSF

Ordinarily, cerebrospinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and then through the ____ to the fourth ventricle

Central aqueduct

Some of the fluid continues down the __1__ of the spinal cord, but most of it circulates into the __2__ by passing through three tiny openings in the walls of the __3__.

Central canal, Subarachnoid space, Fourth ventricle

Responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements

Cerebellum

Connects the third and fourth ventricles

Cerebral Aqueduct

After head injury, retention of water by brain

Cerebral Edema

Midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts; bulges anteriorly

Cerebral Peduncle

They contain __2__.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Results when a brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ischemia

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Forms the Cerebrospinal fluid

Choroid Plexus

Crebrospinal fluid is formed by capillary knots called __1__, which hang into the __2__ of the brain.

Choroid Plexus, Ventricles

Total nonresponsiveness to stimulation

Coma

Traumatic injury that destorys brain tissue

Contusion

Large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres

Corpus Collosum

Gray Matter - examples

Cortex of cerebellum, Basal Nuclei, Thalamic Nuclei

*Outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue. *Its outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull

Dura Mater

The primary motor area in the ___ lobe is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements.

Frontal

Sensation such as touch and pain are integrated in the _____

General interpretation area

A ____ is an elevated ridge of the cerebral cortex tissue.

Gyrus

As a rule, cerebrospinal fluid is formed and drained back into the venous blood at the same rate. If its drainage is blocked, a condition called ____ occurs, which results in increased pressure on the brain

Hydrocephalus

Part of the limbic system; contains centers for many drives (rage, pleasure, hunger, sex, etc.)

Hypothalamus

Site of regulation of water balance and body temperature

Hypothalamus

May cause medulla oblongata to be wedged into foramen magnum by pressure of blood

Intracranial Hemorrhage

Contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers

Medulla Oblongata

Autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination

Multiple Sclerosis

White matter is composed of ____, which provide for the communication between different parts of the brain as well as with lower CNS centers.

Myelinated fibers

relaxation begins; EEG shows alpha waves, arousal is easy

NREM Stage 1

Irregular EEG with sleep spindles, arousal is more difficult

NREM Stage 2

Sleep deepens; theta and delta waves appear; vital signs decline

NREM Stage 3

EEG is dominated by delta waves; arousal is difficult; bed-wetting, night terrors and sleepwalking may occur

NREM Stage 4

Gray matter is composed of ____.

Neural bodies & unmyelinated fibers

The primary visual cortex is in the ___ lobe of each cerebral himisphere

Occipital

innermost covering of the brain; delicate and vascular

Pia mater

Contains reflex centers involved in regulating respiratory rhythm in conjunction with lower brain-stem centers

Pons

The primary motor cortex is located in the ___ gyrus

Precentral

skeletal muscles are actively inhibited; most dreaming occurs

REM

may be a reverse learning process where superfluous information is purged from the brain

REM sleep

What stages are to be the restorative stage?

Slow-wave sleep (NREM stages 3 and 4)

The convolutions seen in the cerebrum are important because they increase the ____.

Surface area

Encloses the third ventricle

Thalamus

Important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation

Thalamus

A ministroke; fleeting symtpoms of a CVA

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

The cavities found in the brain are called__1__.

Ventricles,

Daily sleep requirements decline with?

age

Beta waves are recorded when an individual is awake and ___

alert

awake, but relaxed

alpha waves

working memory; problem solving; task management; language comprehension/word meanings

anterior association area

delicate, web-like middle meningeal layer

arachnoid layer

awake, alert

beta waves

attaches to the spinal cord

brain stem

contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

brain stem

involved in our ability to speak - directs muscles of tongue; found on one side of the brain only, usually left

broca's area

divides frontal and parietal lobes

central sulcus

thin, superficial layer of gray matter; site of conscious mind

cerebral cortex

What are the four regions of the brain?

cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

contains all of the cortical areas; largest region of the brain

cerebrum

What structure allows the left cerebrum to communicate with the right cerebrum?

commissural fibers

transfers information to the correct cortex

commissurals fibers

Slight and transient brain injury

concussion

conscious perception of sensation

consciousness

Each hemisphere connects to ______ side of body

contralateral

What are the two categories of memories?

declarative memory and nondeclarative memory

deep sleep

delta waves

contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus

diencephalon

sits on top of the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon

tough, fibrous, outer meningeal layer

dura mater

patterns of neuronal electrical activity, generated by synaptic activity in the cortex

electroencephalogram (EEG)

What are the factors that affect transfer from STM to LTM?

emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory

forms the roof of the third ventricle; houses the pineal gland; includes the choroid plexus

epithalamus

includes the choroid plexus, which forms cerebrospinal fluid

epithalamus

The largest parts of the motor humunculi are the lips, tongue, and ___

fingers

deep inward fold of tissue in the brain

fissure

A ____ EEG is evidence of clinical death. (Asystole)

flat

location of the anterior association area, Broca's area, and motor cortex

frontal lobe

What are the four surface lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe

unmyelinated regions of the CNS; makes up the cerebral cortex

gray matter

elevated ridge of cerebral tissue

gyrus

autonomic center that regulates body temperature and metabolism; also houses limbic center

hypothalamus

helps regulate homeostasis; helps control limbic center for emotions; regulates the nearby pituitary gland

hypothalamus

What lobe is deep within cerebrum?

insula lobe

divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietals

lateral sulcus

In most humans, the area that controls the comprehension of language is located in the ___ cerebral hemisphere

left

The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from the ___ side of the body

left

What does the right brain control?

left body

What divides the left and right cerebrum?

longitudinal fissure

autonomic center that controls heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomitting

medulla oblongata

reflex center for vision and hearing; contains cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigemina

midbrain

What are the parts of the brain stem?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Arachnoid mater

middle meningeal layer; like a cobweb in structure

What happens if people are deprived of REM sleep?

moody and depressed

coordinates body movements

motor area

sends impulses to skeletal muscles; motor skills - learned, repetitious, or patterned

motor area

What happened to Phineas Gage?

never lost consciousness, suffered little to no pain, was awake and alert, had normal pulse and vision, returned to work several days later

How did Phineas Gage's personality change?

no longer himself, could not stick to plans

What are the two major types of sleep patterns?

nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement

bundle of fibers that allow communication within the CNS

nuclei

location of the visual cortex

occipital lobe

autonomic center that controls breathing

olfactory area

location of posterior association area, Wernicke's area, and somatic sensory cortex

parietal lobe

divides parietal and occiptal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

thin and vascular inner meningeal layer

pia mater

part of the endocrine system

pituitary gland and pineal gland

The primary somatosensory area of the crebral hemisphere(s) is found in the ___ gyrus

post central

Centers for control of repetitious or stereotyped motor skills are found in the ____ cortex

premotor

The ____ tract is the major descending voluntary motor tract

pyramidal

What does the left brain control?

right body

connective tissue covering surrounding the brain; 3 layers

scalp

What are the two types of memory?

short-term memory and long-term memory

state of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by stimulation

sleep

shallow inward fold of cerebral tissue

sulcus

Cortical areas involved in audition are found in the ___ lobe

temporal

location of the olfactory and auditory cortices

temporal lobe

surrounds the third ventricle; the relay station for sensory impulses (except smell); transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

thalamus

common in children

theta waves

regions of the unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies deep within the brain

tract

divides cerebrum and cerebellum

transverse fissure

a hollow part or cavity in an organ

ventricle

myelintaed regions of the CNS; deep to cerebral cortex

white matter