Brannigans building construction 5th ed. The motherload minus ch.4r
Typical code incentives or concessions generally are available in the following areas:
-Heights and areas -Construction of corridors and tenant separations -Interior wall, ceiling, and floor finishes -Travel distance to exits -Exit widths -Standpipe requirements, hose station, and water flow -Fire detection systems -Draftstopping in attic spaces
Fire doors can have fire protection ratings ranging from __ minutes to 3 hours.
20
General characteristic of a strip mall: They are usually larger than taxpayers and may have as many as 15-__ small stores and a large anchor store or two.
20
In recent years it has become possible to build brick bearing wall buildings __ or more stories in height, with no wall thicker than 12".
20
NFPA 13 requires an FDC except for systems of __ sprinklers or less when given permission by the AHJ.
20
Some building codes require firestopping at a maximum of __ foot intervals in combustible architectural trim (projections such as cornices, mansards, overhangs, and so on).
20
In a garden apartment complex, the pre incident plan review should call for a minimum of ___ of clear width, proper turning radii, red striping of curbs, and signage.
20 Feet
In some building codes, steel used to support roofs at a certain distance above the floor (usually __-__ feet) does not require protection.
20-30
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: 0-25 Class B: 26-75 Class C: 76-___
200
It is estimated that there are over ___ incentives (reductions of the requirements because sprinklers are installed) in the IBC.
200
The Empire State Building weighs __ pounds per cubic foot, whereas modern high-rises weigh as little as 8 pounds per cubic foot.
23
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: 0-__ Class B: 26-75 Class C: 76-200
25
In the FM Approvals Corner test, the walls are up to __ feet high, the east wall is 50 feet long and the south wall is more than 37 feet long.
25
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, a test sample __ feet long and 2 feet wide forms the top of a tunnel or long box.
25
Masonry buildings with spans greater than __ feet must have interior bearing walls.
25
Tests have indicated that ESFR sprinklers can protect rack storage of high density plastics up to __ feet in height without the use of in-rack sprinklers.
25
The simple wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about __ feet in width. For a wider building, or one with an irregular floor plan, interior masonry walls or a column, girder, and beam system must be provided.
25
If a bracing connection fails on a column, the decrease in load-carrying capacity is reduced to:
25%
Slab floor concrete buildings do not have an inherent void. By dropping ceilings, useful voids are created and then connected via utility shafts. In a modern office building, possibly __% or more of the floor volume is located in the ceiling void.
25%
Generally speaking, class I and III systems provide ___ GPM at 100 psi at each hose valve.
250
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, a floor structure or wall structure must not develop conditions that would ignite cotton waste on the unexposed surface or permit an average temp of ___°F
250°F
The Critical Radiant Flux Test (NFPA ___) measures a materials ability to resist flame spread. The result derived from this test is the Critical Radiant Flux (CRF) of the sample.
253
The test to rate carpeting for its ability to spread flame when attacked with a greater ignition source than a cigarette is NFPA 253, also known as ASTM E-648.
253
The Steiner Tunnel Test is known as NFPA ___, ASTM E-84, and UL 723
255
The basis for regulation of flame spread today is found in NFPA ___, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, commonly referred to as the Steiner tunnel test.
255
Testing labs rate wood shingles in accordance with NFPA ___, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings. Elements considered include flame exposure, spread of flame, and resistance to burning brands or flying pieces of burning wood,
256
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: 0-25 Class B: __-75 Class C: 76-200
26
The flame spread tests for carpets for use as wall finish are NFPA ___ and ASTM E-__
265, 84
Steels modulus of elasticity (measure of its ability to distort and restore) is about __ million psi- far more than any other material.
29
Building codes typically allow up to __ floors to be open to the atrium.
3
Fire doors can have fire protection ratings ranging from 20 minutes to __ hours.
3
___ stories are typically the limit for platform-frame construction.
3
How many methods of heat transfer are there?
3 Conduction, Convection & Radiation
Currently draft stops are required to limit the size of attic compartments to ____ square feet and floor void compartments to ____ square feet.
3,000; 1,000
According to the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook (and seems to obey Haber's Rule), a 10-minute exposure of ____ppm of CO would be hazardous, possibly incapacitating.
3,500
Steel's shear strength is about ___ of its tensile strength.
3/4
ESFR sprinklers orifice size is ___" compared to a conventional sprinkler size of ___".
3/4"; 1/2"
Composed of 2 x 4" pieces of wood, the lightweight wood truss is pieced together on a factory table and subsequently joined together with light-gauge galvanized steel gusset plates (gang nails). These plates contain a series of small ___" "teeth" that are pressed into the wood surface; it is these teeth that hold the truss together.
3/8"
Building codes define underground buildings as having an occupied level __ feet below the level of exit discharge.
30
In 2012, how many FFs were injured on the fireground?
30,500
Materials with smoked-developed ratings of ___ or more can be expected to generate substantial amounts of smoke.
300
Haber's Rule states that any exposure in which the concentration (in ppm) x minutes exposed equals ____ is likely to be dangerous.
33,000
Regarding CO, a rule of thumb is that any exposure in which the product of concentration (PPM) x duration (minutes)= _____ is likely to be dangerous.
33,000
A 10 minute exposure to ____ ppm of CO would be hazardous and possibly incapacitating.
3500
The pallet storage system provided as much as __ times the surface area as boxes stacked solid.
36
In the FM Approvals Corner test, the walls are up to 25 feet high, the east wall is 50 feet long and the south wall is more than __ feet long.
37
In the CFD's 2008 study of legacy vs lightweight structural members, they simulated a basement fire with lightweight wooden I beams. Collapse occurred in a mere 6:03. The legacy 2 x 10-inch beam construction outlasted lightweight construction by a _:1 margin.
3:1
The usual height limit for garden apartments is ___ stories, although ___ is now becoming commonplace.
3;4
In 2012, __ FFs were killed by collapsing roofs and walls.
4
Plywood siding (sometimes referred to as T1-11 Plywood, is delivered in 4 foot wide sheets, side matched. It gives the appearance of __ inch wide strips about a half an inch apart.
4
Plywood siding (sometimes referred to as T1-11 Plywood, is delivered in __ foot wide sheets, side matched. It gives the appearance of 4 inch wide strips about a half an inch apart.
4
In a 1980 NBS test of contents of a typical residential basement. In the 10.7' by 15.9' room, in fewer than __ minutes, heavy flame was reported. Six minutes after ignition, the average gas temp was about ___.
4 1,300°F
The width of garment cutting tables is __".
48"
Garden apartment tenants should be advised to help themselves in four basic ways: -Be fully insured for the value of all personal property. -Keep property of unique value in a bank vault. -Call the FD immediately if a fire or gas leak is suspected. -In a fire, evacuate immediately, even if the fire seems _____.
Inconsequential
Fire ground hazards are sometimes ____ by green construction.
Increased
Fireproofing of steel is classified as ______ or membrane.
Individual
_____ fireproofing provides protection for each piece of steel.
Individual
Concrete is a relatively _______ material that is strong in __ and weak in___.
Inexpensive Compression Tension
Although the preferred word is flammable, the term ____ may still be encountered.
Inflammable
As the length of the span of a beam increases, what happens to the load capacity?
It decreases in direct proportion.
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: Aluminum
It disintegrates rapidly in fire. In some instances it may provide needed venting and access for hose streams to the interior of the building.
On construction sites, by far the most dangerous, and perhaps most common, heating method is the use of ___. The building is sheathed in plastic to retain heat, and unsecured salamanders are used.
LPG
Steel pipes filled with concrete to increase their load-carrying capacity.
Lally Columns
Similar to OSB but with longer 12-inch flaked wood strands.
Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)
Thin wood veneers laid parallel to the length of the member.
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
When ordered to evacuate, what do you do?
Leave any tools or equipment behind. Don't look back at the collapse while fleeing; rather stay together and look where you're going.
A wood board typically attached to a wall's studs that is used to support wood joists.
Ledger Board
Small court commonly placed in large buildings to admit daylight into interior areas not exposed to an open view.
Light Well
_____ operations in high-rises can result in unexpectedly serious fire loads.
Maintenance (ex. re-finishing bookshelves with flammable liquids)
The property of a metal that allows it to be shaped by bending, hammering, or extruding without cracking or rupturing.
Malleable
Wrought iron, an expensive material in the 19th century, is ____ and contains little carbon (0.2%). It has been replaced by steel for many purposes.
Malleable
Standpipe classified by the water supply provided for the system: -Dry standpipe system that does not have a permanent water supply attached to the system.
Manual-Dry
Dry standpipe system that does not have a permanent water supply attached to the system.
Manual-Dry Standpipe System
Standpipe classified by the water supply provided for the system: -Wet standpipe system connected to a small water supply for the purpose of maintaining water within the system or sharing a water supply with an automatic sprinkler system but not having a water supply capable of delivering the system demand attached to the system.
Manual-Wet
Wet standpipe system connected to a smaller water supply for the purpose of maintaining water within the system or sharing a water supply with an automatic sprinkler system, but not having a water supply capable of delivering the system demand attached to the system.
Manual-Wet Standpipe System
____ can look perfect yet actually may have turned to chalk. In such a case, it will collapse under the weight of a FF.
Marble
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: M_____ walls.
Masonry
A material that exterior structural walls of garden apartments are made of: Partially solid ____, partially brick veneer on wood
Masonry
A material that exterior structural walls of garden apartments are made of: Solid _____
Masonry
A problem presented to the FD by ordinary construction: The ____ wall as a barrier to fire extension
Masonry
The chief common characteristic of ordinary construction is that the exterior walls are made of ____.
Masonry
The construction of mills in the US quickly shifted to ____ exterior walls during the first half of the 1800s.
Masonry
The simplest ordinary construction building consists of _____ bearing walls, with wood joists used as simple beams spanning from wall to wall. The joists usually are parallel to the street frontage of the building (or the smallest building dimension).
Masonry
_____ walls in ordinary construction may consist of brick, stone, concrete block, terra-cotta tile, adobe, precast, or cast-in-place concrete.
Masonry
Masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls; also called piers, buttresses, pilasters, or columns.
Masonry Column
These components may be built inside or outside of a building. Where visible, they indicate where the wall is strongest, often where the concentrated loads are applied, and where not to attempt to breach the wall.
Masonry Columns
The type of masonry used on a given structure. Examples include bricks or concrete block.
Masonry Unit
The most common walls for unprotected steel-framed buildings; made of concrete block or a composite of concrete block and brick.
Masonry Walls
Wire truss imbedded into the mortar in specified courses, making the header course no longer necessary.
Masonry Wire Truss
With a composite wall, uneven settlement between the brick and block has caused header bricks to crack. Consequently, Masonry ___ ____ was developed. This ___ ___ is embedded into the mortar in specified courses.
Masonry Wire Truss
General characteristic of a Taxpayer: They commonly are ___ story in height, although the two-story variety can be found in many jurisdictions with apartments on the second and third floor.
One
General characteristic of a strip mall: Nearly all strip malls are ___ story, although a two-story strip mall may occasionally be encountered.
One
In garden apartments, individual living units are usually limited to ___ floor; however, townhouses and row houses often are multicolor units.
One
Steel framing is used for many commercial and industrial buildings, usually of ___-story construction.
One
The term ___-high story is used to designate buildings of greater than usual height from floor to ceiling.
One
The time ratings given to fire-resistive assemblies do not relate to the real time in an actual fire. Rather, the ratings provide a relative ____ of comparison. Ex. A 2-hour assembly has greater fire resistance than a 1-hour assembly.
Measure
Codes applying to systems like air-handling systems and smoke control systems.
Mechanical Code
A person trained in a branch of engineering related to mechanical equipment. Usually designs the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems and plumbing of the building.
Mechanical Engineer
Heavy timber construction, and its subcategory of mill construction had its origin in ___ ____.
Medeval England
Aluminum trusses and beams are sometimes used for concrete falsework. They:
Melt and lose strength rapidly when heated.
A _____ protection system must be perfect-the failure of even a single tile is the equivalent of a pinhole in a water-filled plastic bag.
Membrane
Fireproofing of steel is classified as individual or ______.
Membrane
_____ fireproofing does not protect individual members.
Membrane
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: M____ panels
Metal
All personnel should be aware of the known weak points of the warehouse structure and construction. Particular emphasis should be placed on the potential for collapse or failures: A combustible ____ deck roof fire.
Metal
_____ deck roofs consist of metal sheets laid over steel bar joists. The sheets are crimped together, making a joint that is not gas tight. Usually insulation is added-often a low density fiberboard, although plastics are currently making inroads into this application.
Metal
_____ siding, when used on residences, is usually made to resemble some other material. Currently aluminum siding is made to look like clapboards.
Metal
Prefabricated metal structure that is often made up in a sandwich construction to provide one unit combining thermal insulation and interior finish in a steel-framed structure.
Metal Panel
A type of siding that is often made to look like another type of siding-for example, stone or clapboards.
Metal Siding
What is a structural system that utilizes special "moment" connections between columns and beams to resist rotation due to lateral loads such as earthquakes and wind?
Moment Frame
Characteristic of mill construction: ____ found on some peaked mill roofs provided ventilation and light to the top floor.
Monitors
A construction technique in which all successive poured concrete castings are joined together so that the structure seems to be like one piece of stone.
Monolithic Concrete.
Method in which all the concrete in a building is properly bonded together and acts as one.
Monolithic Construction
Joints that are fitted together to transfer loads properly.
Mortise and Tenon
Post and frame buildings have an identifiable frame or skeleton of timber fitted together. Joints are constructed by ____ and ____ (socket and tongue), fitted together to transfer loads properly. They are pinned with wooden pegs called trunnels.
Mortise and Tenon
Arches tend to ____ _____ at the base
Push Outward
If there is a fire in a brick veneered wall (galvanized steel anchors are nailed to the studs, the anchors are embedded into the mortar) the nails may detach from the studs due to _____ decomposition.
Pyrolytic
The chemical decomposition of a compound into one or more other substances by heat alone; pyrolysis often proceeds combustion.
Pyrolytic Decomposition
Gas that ignites in air without the introduction of an ignition source.
Pyrophoric Gas
Wood panels manufactured with the grain of alternate plies laid at right angles to develop the approximate equal strength in either direction.
Pywood
Some truss-floored multiple-unit dwellings have been protected with residential sprinkler systems, meeting the requirements of NFPA ___, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise residential Occupancies ,
NFPA 13R
NFPA Standard for the installation of standpipe and hose systems.
NFPA 14
___, UL 263, and ASTM E-119 are three test standards that all similarly test for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
NFPA 251
What NFPA code are typical building code minimum design load requirements for modern buildings?
NFPA 5000: Building construction and safety code
What entity issues FF fatality reports?
NIOSH
There are four principle deficiencies in the installation of gypsum board: -Installed over voids with a large air supply -____ heads are not properly cemented over -Some assemblies are improperly taped -Deviations from the listings are permitted by the building dept.
Nail
In the FM Approvals Corner test, the walls are up to 25 feet high, the east wall is __ feet long and the south wall is more than 37 feet long.
50
NIST researchers noted that CO generation in a void where a new ceiling covers the old combustible ceiling can be as much as __ times what is normally generated.
50
The generation of CO in concealed spaces can be as much as __ times greater than it would be in the open.
50
A general problem and hazard with high-rises: Exits. All exits should provide a clear path to the outside. For years, the model building codes have permitted __% of exit stairwells to terminate in the building's lobby, rather than outdoors.
50%
As many as __% of fire doors in supposedly well-protected properties have been found to be inoperative. Overhead rolling doors are particularly susceptible to failure.
50%
Some buildings simply have breakable tempered glass windows , typically spaced on __ foot centers around the building perimeter as their smoke management system.
50-Foot
The setting of concrete is temperature dependent; cold weather slows it down. Concrete poured at __°F will develop 1/3 more pressure than at 70°F.
50° F
Atria roofs over __ feet that have steel to support the roof do not require protection.
55
Sprinklers are required throughout a building with an atria, with the exception of the top of the atrium itself if it is more than __ feet above the floor.
55
System that incorporates floors that have beams running in one direction only.
One-Way Structural System
In recent years, high-rise brick or concrete block buildings with no wall thicker than 12", and medium-rise brick buildings with no wall thicker than __", have been developed, supplanting the traditional practice of ever-increasing wall thickness.
8"
Typically a __" by __" a ___, or "cinderblock" as it is sometimes called erroneously.
8" by 16" CMU
How many BTU/lb are wood, paper, and similar items estimated at?
8,000 Btu/lb
Unprotected steel rods and cables, which fail at ___, are often used to tie failing buildings together to provide some additional resistance to earthquake movement.
800 degrees F
Cold drawn steel, such as steel tendons used for tensioned concrete and for excavation tiebacks and elevator cables, will fail at about ____° F
800° F
In post-tensioning, hanging tendons (prior to being cut off) can act as heat collectors and will fail at about ___°F.
800° F
When a fire occurs below a combustible metal deck roof, the metal deck heats up. Tests show that exposure to a temperature of ___° F for 5 minutes is enough to start a self sustaining roof fire.
800° F
High-tensile-strength wire, ordinarily used for prestressing, is more sensitive to high temperatures than structural steel. There is virtually complete loss of prestress at ___°F- less than the temperature of a self cleaning oven.
800° F Protection of the tendons from fire is of paramount importance.
Braces made of unprotected structural steel, or worse yet, of steel cable will fail at fire temperatures: ___°F
800°F
The Steiner Tunnel Test is known as NFPA 255, ASTM E-__, and UL 723
84
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for columns are ___ feet.
9
How many FFs were killed by collapses in 2012?
9
Steel heated to 1,000 degrees F elongates ___ per 100 feet.
9.5"
When heated to 1000°F, a steel member will expand ___" over 100' in length.
9.5"
A collapse in which an entire wall fails as one unit
90-Degree Wall Collapse
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class __: 0-25 Class B: 26-75 Class C: 76-200
A
The rigidity of the truss rests in the geometric principle that:
Only one triangle can be formed from three lines. Thus, triangles are inherently stable.
A plan in which low-height partitions create cubicles for personal space; essentially one large open room.
Open Office Plan
What's the difference between Non-combustible and Fire Resistive construction?
Non-combustible has little or no fire resistance for its structural members, while fire-resistive construction has moderate to heavy fire resistance.
Individuals who are not capable of self-preservation.
Nonambulatory People
Fire-resistance-more specifically, fire resistance-rated assemblies-does not necessarily mean ___ ____. Many listings of assemblies include combustible components, typically wood beams or studs.
Noncombustibility
A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.
Noncombustible
General characteristic of a strip mall: They may be of ____, ordinary , or wood frame construction.
Noncombustible
Typically, warehouses are classified as ____.
Noncombustible
Wood cannot be made fireproof or _____. It can be made fire retardant by impregnation with mineral salts, which slow its rate of burning.
Noncombustible
The problems FDs face regarding concrete construction can be divided into three distinct areas: -Collapse during construction with no fire. -Fire during construction. -Fire in completed, _____ buildings.
Occupied
PV systems that are not connected to a traditional public electrical grid; they are often lacked in rural areas.
Off-Grid Systems
General safety dangers at construction sites include:
Open and insecure openings; missing stairwells; hanging, projected, and moving objects; and open exterior perimeters without the protection of walls.
Characteristic of mill construction: ____ between floors are enclosed by adequate fire barriers
Openings
____ in fire resistive assemblies are required to be fire resistance rated as well.
Openings For example: Fire Dampers in an HVAC system passing through a fire-resistive assembly
Proponents of heavy timber construction often advance the term slow burning as an unqualified advantage because of collapse resistance. In fact, the slow burning characteristic is an advantage only as long as the FD can maintain interior ____ operations.
Offensive
____ buildings are built using all five types of construction, large and small, high-rise and low-rise.
Office
Stack effect also occurs, with _____ airflow direction, when the outside temperature is greater than the inside temperature. This condition is much less significant because the amount of stack effect is proportional to the difference between the two temperatures.
Opposite
General characteristic of a Taxpayer: They most often are of ____ construction.
Ordinary
General characteristic of a strip mall: Contemporary ___ construction strip malls use concrete block for exterior walls and solid wood joists or lightweight trusses to support a wood roof deck.
Ordinary
Like buildings of ____ construction, heavy timber structures use masonry load-bearing walls and wood structural members.
Ordinary
Buildings in which the exterior walls are non-combustible or limited combustible, but the interior floors and walls are made of combustible materials.
Ordinary Construction
___ or ___ have dissolved sand-lime mortar and caused collapse.
Ordinary water leaks and fire hose streams
Loads are also classified according to the _________ in which they are placed on the structure.
Orientation
Another name for OSB
Oriented Flakeboard
A type of board made from layers of strands of wood cut from logs, with a fairly constant width to length ratio.
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
A beam that projects beyond its support, but not far enough to be a cantilever.
Overhanging Beam
Collapse may be due to: Collapse of a masonry unit due to ____.
Overheating
The best method for controlling flammable liquid fires is to keep the containers from ____ and control the flowing fire on the floor.
Overheating
Because large numbers of masonry units are used in construction, it is easy for workers to _____ a portion of a floor with brick or block.
Overload
Occupancy Precipitators of Collapse: _____ of floors and/or roof
Overloading
Normally atmospheric oxygen, but may also be chemical compounds known as oxidizers that release oxygen as they react.
Oxidizing Agent
The location and quantity of ___ needed to feed the fire will dictate how the fire burns and grows.
Oxygen
A fire burning in a room will be influenced by several factors, primary among them the ___ ___.
Oxygen Supply
While compartment fires are complex and dynamic, fundamental aspects of the combustion procession be identified and understood. The most important factor is often the ____ ____ -the location and quantity of ____ needed to feed the fire will dictate how the fire burns and grows.
Oxygen Supply; Oxygen
How is stress measured?
PSI and occasionally PSF
__ roof panels incorporate individual semiconductor cells that react to energy from the sun and generate DC electricity.
PV
Electronics and computer stores and similar occupancies are installing roll-down metal shutters, located on the inside of the store, behind the front door and display window. These shutters are secured with a ____.
Padlock
A collapse of a building's floors (and possibly roof) in a pancake stack fashion with each floor (roof) laying flat on top of the one below.
Pancake Collapse
Connection points of a truss.
Panel Points
Non-Load-Bearing enclosing wall on framed buildings
Panel Walls (Curtain Walls)
Despite the fact that there is a standard for fire alarm systems, no single standard has been established for the actual design of ____.
Panels
Laminated timbers and other finely finished wood are shipped in a protective ____ wrapper. The ___ ignites readily, has a high flame spread, and could contribute to a severe loss in a building under construction.
Paper
The best practice is to run utility mains ____ to the building with branches into each unit.
Parallel
The simplest ordinary construction building consists of masonry bearing walls, with wood joists used as simple beams spanning from wall to wall. The joists usually are _____ to the street frontage of the building (or the smallest building dimension).
Parallel
Long veneers laid parallel, but in a more random arrangement.
Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
A truss in which both the upper and lower chords are parallel to each other.
Parallel-Chord Truss
There is a primary defect in not bringing a masonry fire wall through the roof with a masonry _____.
Parapet
Application of mortar to the back of the facing material or the face of the backing material.
Parging (Pargetting)
Look for signs of poor brickwork in buildings. At times, brick defects are covered with ____.
Parging (Pargetting)
Results from a failure of a portion of the building. A situation in which a section of floor gives way without bringing down the rest of the building would be a partial collapse. A partial collapse can be just as deadly as a global collapse.
Partial Collapse
Often wood chips are glued together to make flat sheets. These chipboards (also known as _____) are sometimes used for the floors of mobile homes. Some chipboard is water soluble and has dissolved in fires.
Particleboard
A non-load-bearing wall that subdivides spaces within any sort of building or room
Partition Walls
As defined in the IBC, Fire ____ are a vertical assembly of materials...designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected
Partitions
Fire-resistive assemblies- fire walls, fire ____, and fire barriers- are key elements with the concept of compartmentation as it relates to fire protection.
Partitions
Generally speaking, there is a hierarchy of fire-resistive assemblies. Building codes specify the level of fire resistance in hours and the number and type of penetrations permitted. They are: 1. Fire Walls (2-4 hrs) 2. Fire ____ (1 hr) 3. Fire Barriers (1-2 hrs)
Partitions
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for ___ and ___ are 100 square ft.
Partitions and Walls
Foamed ____ is now widely used for sheathing. It may or may not be flame inhibited. In any case, if exposed to fire, it may degrade and give off noxious fumes
Plastic
In an attempt to make use of natural light, corrugated glass fiber-reinforced ____ panels are made to the same dimensions as corrugated steel.
Plastic
Recycled ____ waste have found use in outdoor applications such as decks, furniture, and several other products.
Plastic
Synthetic materials (typically hydrocarbon based) that are composed of organic polymers that can be shaped and molded.
Plastic
The energy crisis of the 1970s led to the creation of many synthetic- that is, ____- insulating materials.
Plastic
When considering ___, remember that small-scale lab tests of these materials may produce results that are more favorable to the ___ than the ___'s actual performance in real-life situations.
Plastic
Design based on connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the building. Some steel buildings use this design.
Plastic Design
Flat pieces of steel.
Plates
A raised area in a building used for presentations, wrestling matches, and the like where there are no hanging curtains, drops, or scenery other than lighting and sound effects.
Platform
In ___ frame construction, the first floor is built as a platform. This means the sulfuring is laid on the joists, and the frame for the first-floor walls is erected on the first floor.
Platform
One of the basic purposes of a roof is to keep out the rain and enclose the structure. A secondary purpose is to stabilize the walls. A roof is not designed or constructed as a FD working ____.
Platform
A structure in which sulfuring is laid on the joists, and the frame for the first-floor walls is erected on the first floor.
Platform Frame
A horizontal crack may indicate that the wall is being pushed out by steel roof beams that are elongating in summer heat. When the same beams contract in winter, the wall may be left out of ____ and the beams may have little bearing.
Plumb
Typical indicators of building collapse include smoke or water flowing through walls, soft floors, a small partial collapse, walls out of ____, and time since arrival on the scene. These are good indicators, but sometimes they are insufficient or appear too late.
Plumb
___ are often the culprits for starting fires in walls of balloon-frame buildings.
Plumbers
A ___ ___ could potentially ignite the paper vapor seal of batt insulation.
Plumbers Torch
When low-density fiberboard is used for sheathing and for soundproofing, it is concealed in walls. A common method of igniting this material is the ___ ___.
Plumbers Torch
Code applying to the installation of domestic water systems, sanitary systems, etc.
Plumbing Code
A subcontractor hired by the contractor to oversee the installation of plumbing within a building.
Plumbing Contractor
The unexposed side of ___ or any wood paneling can burn unobserved and protected from FD streams
Plywood
Tongue and groove roof planks (used for plank and beam construction) are now fabricated by gluing three boards together with the center board protruding on one side and indented on the other. During a fire, such planks may separate like ____, causing the boards to fall from the overhead.
Plywood
Wood panels manufactured with the grain of alternate plies laid at right angles to develop the approximate equal strength in either direction.
Plywood
____ is just about equally strong in all directions.
Plywood
_____ can be used as an interior finish, as a building sheathing without structural value, and as a structural material in floors, roofs, or walls.
Plywood
_____ siding (sometimes referred to as T1-11 Plywood, is delivered in 4 foot wide sheets, side matched. It gives the appearance of 4 inch wide strips about a half an inch apart.
Plywood
Four-foot-wide sheets that give the appearance of four-inch-wide strips about a half inch apart.
Plywood Siding
In a small wood-frame structure, what material would provide the needed shear strength?
Plywood sheathing over studs.
____-throughs are holes provided to draw utility services up to a floor from the void below.
Poke
What is KIP?
A term meaning 1,000lbs
If ___ was used for fireproofing and removed from a structure, there is serious question of whether any action was taken to restore the protection of the steel.
Asbestos
___ was long used by itself or in combination with other materials as a fire proofing agent for steel.
Asbestos
A general problem and hazard with high-rises: Accommodation or ____ Stairs
Access. Many tenants occupy more than one floor of a building.
____ cement shingles can explode when heated.
Asbestos
A "fireproof" roofing shingle that is composed of cement reinforced with asbestos fibers.
Asbestos Cement Shingle
Stone cut in rectangular units
Ashlar Masonry
Asphalt coating that is combustible and used as a weather-protective coating on galvanized steel walls.
Asphalt Asbestos Protected Metal (AAPM)
____ ____ siding, also known as gasoline siding, is usually made to look like brick or stone. It is often used as replacement siding over wood. It burns readily and produces dense black smoke.
Asphalt Felt
A type of siding manufactured by saturating a dry felt with asphalt, then coating it with a fine glass fiber.
Asphalt Felt Siding
A mechanism that affects the movement of smoke in a high-rise: _____ Conditions
Atmospheric
A large open space within a structure connecting two or more floors.
Atria
Fire barriers (theoretically fire rated) and draft stops (not rated) are intended to limit the combustible void area in the _____ to which the fire has access.
Attic
The combustible ___ may provide a path by which fire, initially confined to one section, may pass over the top of the wall.
Attic
The definition of a beam does not consider its ______ (regarding orientation).
Attitude
Vertical or horizontal orientation.
Attitude
What does AAC stand for?
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
The vertical spread of fire on the exterior of a multistory building, from one floor to the floor(s) above, via convection and radiation.
Autoexposure
___ is described as flames and hot gases exiting a window pass up the side of a building, heating the window and objects in the room directly above, potentially causing them to ignite. In this case heat is transferred through radiation and convection.
Autoexposure
A phenomenon in which a combustible material ignites spontaneously without the application of a flame or spark.
Autoignition
Large quantities of radiation applied to a combustible material can cause ___.
Autoignition
Regarding smoke management systems, you need to determine if the system is ___, manual, or both.
Automatic
There are two types of door closure devices: self-closing and ____.
Automatic
Standpipe classified by the water supply provided for the system: -Wet standpipe system that has a water supply that is capable of supplying the system demand automatically.
Automatic-Wet
Standpipe system attached to a water supply capable of supplying the system demand at all times; it requires no action other than opening a hose valve to provide water at hose connections.
Automatic-Wet Standpipe System
All other conditions being equal, a structure will sustain its greatest load when the load is _______.
Axial
A load that passes through the centroid of a section under construction and is perpendicular to the plane of the section.
Axial Load
What two classifications are loads according to their orientation to the structure?
Axial and Centroid
The most efficient shape for a column is one that distributes the material equally around the ___ as far as possible from the ____ of the cylinder.
Axis, Center
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: 0-25 Class __: 26-75 Class C: 76-200
B
Flammable liquid fires can be controlled with sprinklers, but they present special problems, such as: -Flammable liquid containers can result in a ____
BLEVE
Another popular rating system is the Building Research Establishment Environment Assessment Method (_____), a worldwide program intended to assess the "greenness" of buildings of all types.
BREEAM
The basic measurement of caloric value.
BTU
The explosive burning of heated gaseous products of combustion when oxygen is introduced into an environment whose oxygen supply has been depleted due to fire.
Backdraft
___, while still fairly rare, have been on the increase, perhaps owing to increased "tightening" of buildings for purposes of energy conservation or security.
Backdrafts
In the 1930s, low-density fiberboard made of wood fibers or sugar cane residue called ___ came into use.
Bagasse
Low-density fiberboard made of wood fibers or sugar cane residue.
Bagasse
Potential hazards of a PV system include electric shock, added dead load, release of Haz Mats, and the ____ used to store the generated electricity.
Batteries
Floor area between any two bents.
Bay
Fires involving sprayed polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation(the foam is applied with a spray gun in the channels between the studs and beams) have occurred while the foam was being ____.
Applied
In regards to controlling the problem of fast fire growth, when coating the material, Fire-retardant surface coatings are effective only if ____ as specified.
Applied
____ roof is the accepted term for roofing that meets a testing lab standards for roofing resistant to the propagation of fire from building to building by flying brands.
Approved Roof
A brick or stone may fall out of an arch. If any arch unit (vousoir) is out, there is no ____.
Arch
Combines the function of a beam and a column.
Arch
Rigid frames are a cousin to the ____ and are used to achieve wide clear spans.
Arch
A truss with an arched upper chord and a straight bottom chord, with vertical hangers between the two chords.
Arched Truss
An individual who is engaged in the design of buildings and who often supervises construction.
Architect
Who decides which materials will be used and how the building will perform?
Architect
Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means: restrictions of the ___ and ___ of the building, limits on the combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces, minimum separation distances between buildings, limits on openings in exterior walls (doors and windows), and fire resistive exterior walls.
Area and Height
An area of a building separated from other spaces by fire-rated smoke barriers in which a tenable environment is maintained for the period of time that such areas may need to be occupied at the time of a fire.
Area of Refuge
In a PV roof system, a group of modules (individual roof panels) is called an _____.
Array
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Vulnerability to ____.
Arson
Numerous fire causes are present at a construction site, including welding, cutting, and plumbers torches; temporary electrical lines, and ____.
Arson
Besides the obvious hazards with buildings under construction, buildings under renovation may:
Be occupied by people and the combustible fire loads of an occupied building. They may also be old and noncompliant, a step away from demolition.
When punched with holes, fiberboard acquires desirable ___ ___ and becomes combustible acoustical tile.
Acoustical Properties
Adhesives are used to glue highly combustible ___ ___ to ceilings.
Acoustical Tile. Cocoanut Grove pics showed globs of burned adhesives used to glue them.
The liquid particulates of smoke include ____ and ____ acids.
Acrolein and Halogen
A vertical or diagonal member such as a rafter would be described structurally as a ____.
Beam
Activation of the smoke control system in an atrium is usually triggered by water flow and smoke detectors. Projected ____ detectors, which can cover large expanses of area with a single light beam, are often used for this purpose.
Beam
Transmits forces in a direction perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points (points of support)
Beam
The simplest ordinary construction building consists of masonry bearing walls, with wood joists used as simple ____ spanning from wall to wall. The joists usually are parallel to the street frontage of the building (or the smallest building dimension).
Beams
Trusses are often used as ____, but there are many trussed columns, especially in huge buildings and special purpose structures, such as high energy transmission lines and tall radio towers.
Beams
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for ___ and ___ are 12 feet.
Beams and Girders
___ and ___ buildings are the ancestors of the high-rise because they are framed, not wall-bearing, buildings. In other words, the walls are not structural or load bearing.
Post and Frame
What kind of load is water trapped in a building or on a roof?
Added Live Load
The flammable ___ added a large fuel load to the MGM Grand Hotel fire in 1980.
Adhesives
___ are used in a variety of applications in building construction, including the securing of roof surfaces, the on-site assembly of prefabricated modular units, and the connecting of plastic pipes.
Adhesives
___ used to attach combustible acoustical ceiling tiles has been a factor in the high flame spread in fatal fires.
Adhesives
Interior Finishes That Are Known To Cause Fire Hazards
Adhesives, High-Density Fiberboard, Paper, Fabrics, Cork, Rattan, Wood, Plastics, and Carpeting
A material other than water, aggregate, and cement used as an ingredient in concrete or mortar.
Admixture
_____ are added to concrete to give it special characteristics such as corrosion resistance if steel-reinforcing rods are to be added to the concrete.
Admixtures
A composite material made of clay, a fibrous substance (straw, manure), sand, and earth, baled into bricks.
Adobe
Large, roughly molded, sun-dried clay units of varying sizes.
Adobe
Made of sand, water, clay, and a fibrous material like manure or straw, has long been used to make blocks.
Adobe
___ ___ ___ is a special type of lightweight concrete (1/4 the weight of traditional concrete) that is cured in a factory kiln under high pressure, creating millions of small cells inside the concrete.
Aerated Autoclave Concrete
Any attempt at vertical ventilation on a lightweight wood truss roof must be performed using an ___ device.
Aerial
Modular construction did not gain popularity until:
After WW2
When did AAC start getting used in the USA?
After WW2
Any variety of materials, such as sand and gravel, added to a cement mixture to make concrete.
Aggregate
Any of a variety of materials, such as sand and gravel, added to a cement mixer to make concrete.
Aggregates
There are four principle *deficiencies* in the installation of gypsum board: -Installed over voids with a large ___ supply -Nail heads are not properly cemented over -Some assemblies are improperly taped -Deviations from the listings are permitted by the building dept.
Air
____ and ____ buildings have an identifiable frame or skeleton of timber fitted together. Joints are constructed by mortise and tenon (socket and tongue), fitted together to transfer loads properly. They are pinned with wooden pegs called trunnels.
Post and Frame
Fire scientists use the word ___ to describe the enclosure around a fire-an area commonly called a room.
Compartment
Fire-resistive assemblies- fire walls, fire partitions, and fire barriers- are key elements with the concept of ____ as it relates to fire protection.
Compartmentation
Subdivision of a building into small areas so that fire or smoke is confined to the room or section in which it originates.
Compartmentation
When it was learned that fire could extend up open stairways in "fireproof buildings," the concept of ____ - or creating fire areas no larger than one floor- was developed.
Compartmentation
When ____ walls were first developed, bonding the wall together was accomplished by inserting brick headers and stretchers according to various design practices.
Composite
Buildings in which different load-bearing materials are used in different areas of the building.
Composite Construction
The term sometimes used to describe buildings in which two different materials carry structural loads.
Composite Construction
___-tensioned concrete presents a greater catastrophic collapse hazard during a fire than does conventional reinforced concrete.
Post-Tensioned The entire weight of a post-tensioned concrete floor or beam rests on the falsework until the tensioning transfers the load onto the columns.
Natural stones such as granite, male, limestone, and sandstone. Can be used in the construction of walls and foundations.
Quarried Stone.
A truss with two compressive members.
Queen Post Truss
An acronym: R-remove all people in immediate danger to safety; A-activate the manual pull station and have somebody call 911; C-close the doors and confine the spread of smoke and fire; E-extinguish the fire, if possible
RACE
General Visual Indicators of Collapse: "_____" doorways (doors stuck in shifted frame)
Racked
Any combination of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal members that supports stored materials.
Racks
The truss satisfies many building requirements, including: Many trusses, such as lightweight wood trusses and steel bar joists, can be delivered ____. Huge steel trusses can be delivered partially ____, with the final connections made in the field.
Prefabricated
What is a study of information that has been gathered as part of a prefire plan to identify specific construction issues/concerns and interactions?
Prefire Analysis
What is a document developed by gathering general and detailed data used by responding personnel to determine the resources and actions necessary to mitigate anticipated emergencies at a specific facility?
Prefire Planning
What might be a more accurate description of a prefire plan?
Prefire analysis
Wood that has been made fire retardant through impregnation is sometimes called ____ treated, but should not be confused with wood that has been ____ treated to resist decay.
Pressure
___ ___ ___, which are used to cut the high pressures found on the lower floors of tall high-rise standpipe risers, are a source of major concern for FFs.
Pressure Reducing Valves
___-___, fire -ratardant wood is often used where a wood surface is desired and flame spread requirements must be met.
Pressure-Treated
One or more of the stairways in a building may be equipped to be _____ when fire occurs. Outside air is pumped into the stairway so the pressure differential will keep the stairway free of smoke.
Pressurized
Engineered stresses placed in architectural and structural concrete to offset the stresses that occur in the concrete when it is placed under load.
Prestressing
_____ is done at the concrete plant in the process of creating some precast concrete building components.
Pretensioning
Process by which steel tendons or rods are placed under tension, drawing the anchors together. Tensioned steel places the concrete in compression.
Pretensioning and Post-Tensioning
Existing Structural Instability Precipitators of Collapse: ____ fire damage.
Previous
_____ of exposed contents is an essential part of ordinary sprinkler operation.
Prewetting
It is important to anticipate collapse based on a condition such as: Knowledge of _____ existing building conditions (poor fireproofing, vulnerable connections, etc)
Problematic
In buildings with huge spans, adjacent bents are tied together to resist wind load. Tying the steel units together, means that if one part of the building is distorted by fire, torsional or eccentric loads beyond the designed capacity may be placed on the balance of the building. This can start the ____ ____ of the building.
Progressive
Extensive structural failure initiated by local structural damage or a chain reaction of failures following damage to a small portion of a structure.
Progressive Collapse
Extensive structural failure initiated by local structural damage or a chain reaction of failures following damage to a small portion of the structure.
Progressive Collapse
Used in smoke control systems. These detectors can cover large areas with a single beam of light.
Projected Beam Detectors
If fieldstone is joined by mortar or not, the stones must be ____ ____ to ensure stability.
Properly positioned ("interlocked")
A fully involved, multistory, heavy timber building is a conflagration breeder for a variety of reasons. Such as: Tremendous amount of ____ heat from each flaming window opening, which can ignite exposures hundreds of feet away.
Radiant
A flexible reflective membrane added to the surface of attic spaces to reflect heat, cooling the space and reducing cooling energy costs.
Radiant Barriers
The NBS developed ASTM E-162, ____ ____ Flame Spread Test. Samples for this test measure on 6 by 18 inches. The radiant panel test has been used to develop information after serious fires.
Radiant Panel
Heat transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.
Radiation
Large quantities of ___ applied to a combustible material can cause autoignition.
Radiation
Autoexposure is described as flames and hot gases exiting a window pass up the side of a building, heating the window and objects in the room directly above, potentially causing them to ignite. In this case heat is transferred through ___ and ___.
Radiation and Convection
Wood members used to support the roof sheeting and loads.
Rafters
Hollow and cavity walls limit penetration by ____. It is possible CO can accumulate in these walls and explode.
Rain
A type of roof added over a roof that has an untraceable leak.
Rain Roof
Braced sheeting used in soil walls to protect against collapse.
Raker
Diagonal columns that brace an entire structure.
Rakers
The model codes allow for a ____ in the class level (flame spread of surface materials) when sprinkler protection is available, but in no case can the rating be less than Class C. (i.e., A→B, B→C, C).
Reduction
Garden apartment tenants should be advised to help themselves in four basic ways: -Be fully insured for the value of all personal property. -Keep _____ of unique value in a bank vault. -Call the FD immediately if a fire or gas leak is suspected. -In a fire, evacuate immediately, even if the fire seems inconsequential.
Property
Found on a stage, it is the large ornamental opening and wall that separates the audience from the stage.
Proscenium Arch and Wall
Steel that has been fireproofed is known as _____ steel.
Protected
_____ combustible construction combines partial static protection of the steel with automatic sprinklers. This is passive/dynamic protection.
Protected
A construction factor influencing fire behavior. The ___ of the walls to each other. Narrow corridors with combustible interior finishes, for example, will tend to accelerate flame spread due to the radiant heat from the close, opposing walls.
Proximity
General characteristic of a strip mall: Older ordinary construction strip malls may have large _____ trusses.
Bowstring
A large hollow column built from steel plates.
Box Column
A large girder, which is hollow, like a box column, and often used for highway bridges.
Box Girder
These walls may be tied together across the building or tied to floor beams.
Braced
____ walls are another basic sign that the wall is in distress. Their presence is signaled by stars, plates, channel sections, or other spreaders, or straps tying the front wall to the side wall.
Braced
What is a structural system that uses diagonal members to provide bracing against lateral wind and earthquake loads?
Braced Frame
What two closely related structural frames are also used in buildings to resist lateral wind and earthquake loads?
Braced Frame and Moment Frame
Because arches tend to push outward at the base, they must be either ____ or ____
Braced or Tied
Diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever.
Bracket
When fighting an uncontrollable fire in a heavy timber building you'll need a large water supply, numerous heavy caliber streams, a large collapse zone, and an extensive ____ patrol downwind.
Brand
A fully involved, multistory, heavy timber building is a conflagration breeder for a variety of reasons. Such as: Production of numerous large fire ____, carried by the tremendous updraft of the fire erupting from the interior of the building, propelling them for hundreds or thousands of yards downwind.
Brands
A solid or hollow masonry unit of clay mixed with sand, which is molded into a small rectangular shape while in a plastic state.
Brick
In a connection failure, beams with small bearing areas in the walls on which they rest ___ ___ when the heavy loads are applied to the beam.
Pull Out
A variety of equipment is provided in the fire command center: fire alarms, emergency communications to alert and direct occupants, elevator status monitors, emergency generator status and transfer switches, and fire ____ status monitors.
Pump
When ___ ___ ___, fiberboard acquires desirable acoustical properties and becomes combustible acoustical tile.
Punched With Holes
Flow of air or an inert medium at a rate that will effectively remove any gaseous or suspended combustibles and replace them with air.
Purge
Type of smoke management system that vents the smoke.
Purge
Beams set at right angles to trusses or roof rafters to provide support for lightweight roofing.
Purlins
Some imitation ____ is made by spreading a coat of gray concrete on lath. A coat of red concrete is then applied. The red concrete is cut away to expose the gray concrete in horizontal and vertical lines to simulate mortar joints.
Brick
Brick and mortar filling between studs utilized as a makeshift fire barrier.
Brick Nogging
Consists of an exterior wythe of brick directly mortared or parged to an inner with of CMU.
Brick and Block Composite Wall
Poorly made ___ can deteriorate quickly. They absorb moisture and can fail due to freezing. Poor quality ___-work is not uncommon.
Bricks
Braces placed between parallel-frame members to prevent movement from their vertical axes. Also known as cross-bracing.
Bridging
Existing Structural Instability Precipitators of Collapse: Compromised/_____ structural elements
Broken
Long, slender columns fail by:
Buckling
Collapse may be due to: Collapse of another ____ onto the building in question.
Building
Popular misconception about sprinklers: The entire ___ will be drowned when the sprinklers go off
Building
Regulates the actual design and construction of new buildings, providing for minimum levels of health and safety. Regulates the level and amount of fire protection in a new structure.
Building Code
Fire behavior is influenced by ____ ____; buildings can be negatively affected by fire in a variety of ways, including the materials lining the walls and ceilings of the space.
Building Construction
Fire growth and spread are greatly influenced by ___ ___.
Building Construction
What kind of fire should rigs be dispatched to?
Building fire
A structural member placed on the ridge of the roof onto which the upper ends of rafters are fastened.
Ridge Board
The steel rebar rods are provided with ____ to strengthen the bond between the rod and the concrete.
Ridges
A monolithic concrete building is _____ framed
Rigid
The ____ _____ is derived from the arch.
Rigid Frame
Structural frame in which all columns and beams are rigidly connected. There are n hinged joints, and the angular relationship between beam and column members is maintained under load.
Rigid Frame.
____ ____ are a cousin to the arch and are used to achieve wide clear spans.
Rigid Frames
Cellular foam plastic that is used as interior finish.
Rigid-Foamed Polyurethane
___ ___ ___ has been used for interior finish for many houses. In at least one fatal fire, the material's ignition propensity and flame spread was a contributing factor.
Rigid-Foamed Polyurethane
In a ____ ____ ____, the connections are strong enough to reroute forces if a member is removed.
Rigid-Framed Building
Stairways between floors in platform frame buildings are framed using stringers, placed on both sides of the steps. Stringers support the ___ (vertical stair components between treads) and ___ (horizontal stair components on which people place their feet).
Risers;Treads
A phenomenon in wood trusses in which differences in moisture levels between the upper and lower wood truss chords cause the truss to bend and create a rise in the roof.
Rising Roof
Asphalt-coated steel.
Robertson Protected Metal
Flammable liquid fires can be controlled with sprinklers, but they present special problems, such as: -Aerosol cans can act as flaming ____
Rockets
Steel structural members; rolled members are one solid piece of metal; built-up members are made up of different sections riveted, bolted, or welded together.
Rolled or Built-Up Members
A material built up of different parts, pieces, and materials intended to act as a single unit.
Composite Material
Reinforced concrete is a ___ ___ , two elements act together under the load.
Composite Material
Two different materials may be combined to make a structural element describes ____
Composite Structural Elements
Two different masonry materials, such as brick and concrete block, used in a wall and designed to react as one unit under load.
Composite Wall
Columns that use steel and concrete combined into one unit.
Composite and Combination Columns
The arch is under _____ along its entire length.
Compression
What force squeezes a structural member?
Compression
What is a direct pushing force, in line with the axis of the member?
Compression
The top chord of a truss is in ______ The bottom chord is in _______
Compression Tension
What are the four types of forces that can be applied to a structural member?
Compression Tension Torsion Shear
Steel is almost equally strong in __ and __.
Compression and Tension
The ____ strength of steel is many times that of concrete.
Compressive
Wood varies greatly in ____ strength, depending on the direction in which the load is applied.
Compressive
The shape of a material affects its ability to resist a ___ load or a deflective one. Deflection is bending that combines both ___ and ___. Shape is not a consideration in tensile loads.
Compressive; Compression and Tension
In reinforced concrete, concrete provides the ___ strength, while steel provides the __ strength.
Compressive; Tensile
Many old heavy timber buildings are no longer used for their original purpose. They are being used for factories, schools, apartments, and other uses. In many instances, the basic principles set forth are seriously ____.
Compromised
Characteristic of mill construction: ____ spaces are eliminated.
Concealed
When low-density fiberboard is used for sheathing and for soundproofing, it is ___ in walls. A common method of igniting this material is the plumbers torch.
Concealed
Being caught in the rapid development of a fire (such as flashover or backdraft), ___ ___ bursting out of a void, and rapid fire spread over combustible surfaces may account for as many FF casualties as collapse.
Concealed Fire
Occupancy Precipitators of Collapse: _____ Loads
Concentrated
What kind of load is a steel beam resting on a masonry wall?
Concentrated Dead Load
What kind of load is a safe considered?
Concentrated Live Load
What is a load that acts on a very small area of the structures surface?
Concentrated Load
What is a heavy load located at one point in the building?
Concentrated load
For most toxic materials, the toxic effect is a product of ____ and exposure time.
Concentration
Almost all foundations today are of ______
Concrete
Caissons are typically made of:
Concrete
Fire resistive construction often uses ____ or substantially protected steel (more than noncombustible) as a structural system.
Concrete
Heat has been conducted through steel expansion joints in a ____ floor and ignited combustibles.
Concrete
The use of ____ in type II construction is typically limited to exterior walls and shaft enclosures.
Concrete
Precast hollow or solid structural block. Sometimes referred to as a cinderblock.
Concrete Masonry Unit
Precast hollow or solid structural block. Sometimes referred to as cinder block.
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
Concrete placed over the first-floor wood floors for fire resistance or to provide sanitary floors.
Concrete Topping
In reinforced concrete, _____ provides the compressive strength, while ____ provides the tensile strength.
Concrete; Steel
The term ____, although commonly used for many structures, is a financial/legal term. It is not a useful descriptive term for FFs.
Condominium
The transfer of heat within an object or between objects through direct contact.
Conduction
A negative characteristic of structural steel is that it ___ heat.
Conducts
A major defect in early fire-resistive buildings (1870-1930): Terra-cotta fireproofing was compromised by concealed lightweight _____, which expanded and tore the tile off columns.
Conduit
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) were used as non-flammable ____ in transformers.
Coolants
If the steel is elongating, the ____ effect of water draws it back to its original dimensions.
Cooling
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: ___ employees per unit of area.
Few
The masonry cap on top of a wall.
Coping
A series of projections, each one stepped progressively outward from the vertical face of the walls it rises up to support a cornice or overhanging member above.
Corbelled
Characteristic of mill construction: Sometimes the beams are set on a ____ brick shelf.
Corbelled
What kind of structure uses no external bracing; bracing is done within the core of the structure?
Core Construction
Precast ____ concrete floor units have cylindrical openings cast lengthwise through the units to remove unnecessary weight and to provide channels through which building utility services can be run.
Cored
The ____ test developed by FM Approvals is designed to simulate an actual fire within the corner of a building.
Corner
A projecting decorative (ledge) at the top of a masonry wall.
Cornice
In the 1800s and early 1900s, many buildings were not complete without a ____.
Cornice
New decorative ____ are made of coated plastic polystyrene and are backed with plywood.
Cornices
When punched with holes, ___ acquires desirable acoustical properties and becomes combustible acoustical tile.
Fiberboard
The ____ ____ Flux Test (NFPA 253) measures a materials ability to resist flame spread. The result derived from this test is the Critical Radiant Flux (CRF) of the sample.
Critical Radiant
The amount of external radiant heat energy (measured in watts per square centimeter) below which a flame front will cease to propagate.
Critical Radiant Flux (CRF)
One way to stabilize an inherently unstable wall (they all are) is to use intersecting or ____ walls.
Cross
Any wall at right angles to any other wall; the walls should brace one another.
Cross Wall
Any wall set at a right angle to any other wall; the walls should brace one another.
Cross Wall
Internal bracing that transfers the lateral earth pressures between opposing walls through compressive struts.
Crosslot Bracing
Piers (short, squat columns) fail by:
Crushing
Intermediate columns fail by:
Crushing or Buckling
Recently gypsum board with a ___ ___ core has been developed. Breaching is a challenge. If you do breach, beware of the entanglement hazard it causes.
Fiberglass Mesh Core
Glass fiber insulation is a combination of non-combustible ___ and combustible ___.
Fibers; Binders
Which calculated risk regarding not providing fire protection for unprotected steel is described when the cost of any special protection can't be justified. "In a fire-just let it burn."
Financial or Economic
Common aggregates are both ____ and course.
Fine
Exterior fire tower stairways with an atmospheric break between the building (the ____ escape device available) were provided in many buildings of the Pre WW2 era (1930-1940)
Finest
Another type of lightweight wood truss uses a ___ joint and adhesive to join the wood truss together. the truss, using phenol and resorcinol formaldehydes as an adhesives.
Finger
Interlocking wood pieces that are glued together to create a longer piece of dimensional lumber.
Finger Joints
One of the most important factors in fire spread within buildings is the interior ____ on walls and ceilings.
Finish
Collapse may be due to: Inherent structural instability, aggravated by ____.
Fire
Fire resistance of fire doors is concerned with passage of ____.
Fire
Fire resistance of floors is concerned with resistance of passage of ___ and collapse.
Fire
Fire resistance of walls is concerned with passage of ___ and collapse.
Fire
It is important to anticipate collapse based on a condition such as: Heavy ____ conditions over an extended period of time
Fire
One option open to the designer to deal with the characteristic of steel as they relate to fire risk: Locate the steel out of range of the ____.
Fire
The interior structure of a building may push down a wall in several ways. Wooden floor beams fitted tightly into the wall may act as a series of levers the wall; when they collapse, they will pull the wall down. The usual solution is the ___ cut.
Fire
A subcontractor hired by the contractor to oversee all fire and security alarm installation.
Fire Alarm/Security System Contractor
Fixed sashes of double-pane glass have been a factor in fatal fires. They can't be broken by victims trying to escape very easily. They should be equipped with ___ ___ ___
Emergency opening devices.
Cornices (sometimes called _____) are making a comeback on new buildings and added to old ones to improve their appearance.
Eyebrows
What did Brannigan decide needed to be done to be effective and safe?
FFs need to minimize surprises on the fireground by learning everything possible about the potential problems ahead of time.
Assemblies that are typically 1-to 2-hour rated and used to enclose shafts, exit stairwells, exit passageways, and horizontal exits, and to separate spaces from certain hazardous areas.
Fire Barriers
Regulates the activities that take place in existing buildings, including the maintenance of existing fire protection features such as automatic sprinklers and fire doors, hazardous processes such as spray finishing, the storage of hazardous materials, and general fire safety precautions.
Fire Code
____ ____ has always been a primary objective of FFs
Fire Containment
Characteristic of mill construction: The ends of girders are ___ ____ to release in the event of a collapse without bringing down the wall down.
Fire Cut
The end of a joist cut at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of a wall without acting like a lever and pushing the wall above it out of place.
Fire Cut
The end of a joist that is cut at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of a wall without damaging the load-bearing wall.
Fire Cut
A mechanical device installed in an HVAC system at the point at which it passes through a fire-rated assembly so as to block the spread of fire through the fire-rated assembly.
Fire Damper
Fire resistance of ____ ____ is concerned with passage of fire.
Fire Doors
It is a truck co's function to see that ___ ___ are closed and latched properly. During a fire, pay attention when stretching a hose through them-you can lose water pressure and an egress if it closes.
Fire Doors
Regarding ___ __, attention should be paid to keeping the door path clear at all times.
Fire Doors
When openings have been made in walls to connect buildings, ___ ____ should be provided.
Fire Doors
Recently ___ ___ safety has become an explicitly stated goal in building and fire codes.
Fire Fighter
Older code provision that would not allow a structure to be built without the use of exterior masonry walls that would limit fire extension.
Fire Limit
The potential fuel available for a fire in a building.
Fire Load
What represents the total amount of potential energy (heat) in the fuel?
Fire Load
A fire-rated assembly that subdivides a building to prevent the spread of fire such as between dwelling units in a multiple dwelling.
Fire Partition
Assemblies that are typically 1-hour rated and are used to create fire-resistive corridors and to separate tenant spaces in covered mall buildings.
Fire Partitions
The column of flames, smoke, and heated gases rising above the burning object.
Fire Plume
Asbestos was long used by itself or in combination with other materials as a ___ ___ ___ for steel.
Fire Proofing Agent
An engineer who specializes in the design of fire protection systems including sprinkler and standpipe systems, and fire alarm systems of a structure.
Fire Protection Engineer
Materials and assemblies may be classified based on their ___ ___, or, more accurately, based on their fire endurance
Fire Resistance
Rated ____ ____ is a quality ascribed to a wall, floor, or column assembly that has been tested in a standard manner to determine the length of time for which it remains structurally stable (or resists the passage of fire) when attacked by a standard fire.
Fire Resistance
___ ___ is not specifically intended to provide smoke control.
Fire Resistance
When a suspended load is created, slender rods replace certain interior columns. This tensile member, has less mass therefore has less ______. Also, the load can't be delivered to the ground in ______; it must be converted to _________.
Fire Resistance Tension Compression
Construction designed to provide reasonable protection against a fire.
Fire Resistant
Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means: restrictions on the area/height of the building, limits on the combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces, minimum separation distances between buildings, limits on openings in exterior walls (doors and windows), and ___ ___ exterior walls.
Fire Resistive
Substance that helps delay or prevent combustion.
Fire Retardant
____ ____ do not render wood non-combustible. Their application just makes the wood more difficult to ignite and hinders fire from spreading.
Fire Retardants
For the most part, the "green" rating systems do not deal with ___ ____ issues.
Fire Safety
NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119 are three test standards that all similarly test for ___ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ ___.
Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
Wall with a fire-resistive rating and structural stability that separates buildings or subdivides a building to prevent the spread of fire.
Fire Wall
Assemblies that are typically 2- to 4-hour rated and are used to create "separate buildings" within an overall structure.
Fire Walls
The classification indicating in time (hours) the ability of the structure or component to withstand a standardized fire test. Does not necessarily reflect performance in an actual fire.
Fire-Rated
Quality ascribed to a wall, floor, or column assembly that has been tested in a standard manner to determine the length of time it remains structurally stable (or resists the passage of fire) when attacked by a test fire.
Fire-Resistance Rating
____-____ assemblies- fire walls, fire partitions, and fire barriers- are key elements with the concept of compartmentation as it relates to fire protection.
Fire-Resistive
Fire doors may close by any of three methods: Swinging: the most common choice; used in corridors and stairwell openings. Sliding: typically found across openings in elevator shafts stairwells in old factories. ____: used in large openings found in modern factories and warehouses.
Rolling
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, floor and ___ assemblies are often tested under restrained and unrestrained conditions. Essentially, the assemblies are secured on the ends and not permitted to move, seeing if they distort and buckle when heated.
Roof
If a tilt-slab building is sprinklered, make careful observations of the density of the smoke. If heavy smoke is being generated, then the sprinklers are probably not controlling the fire, and the ___ is vulnerable.
Roof
In a basic ordinary building the ____ may be similar to the floor in construction or it may be peaked by using rafters or trusses. In most cases a cockloft separates the top floor ceiling from the roof.
Roof
The ___ of the precast concrete tilt slab building provides the permanent bracing.
Roof
The typical non-fire-resistive ___ today is usually supported on wooden I-beams, wood trusses, steel trusses, concrete T-beams, or in some cases, cored concrete slabs, which are susceptible to failure.
Roof
Some jurisdiction allow the use of fire-resistant treated plywood ____ extending 4 feet on each side of the fire wall, which extended to the underside of the roof. Delimitation of ordinary plywood permits fire extension over fire walls, compromising the reliability of this method.
Roofing
Characteristic of mill construction: ____ of thick splined or laminated planks are supported by beams or timber arches and trusses.
Roofs
Except for fire-resistive buildings, the ___ of buildings today have little or no inherent fire resistance to early failure.
Roofs
Wood is commonly used for ____ of buildings that may appear to be of noncombustible construction.
Roofs
Wood truss ____ are just as hazardous to FFs as lightweight truss floors.
Roofs
Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means: restrictions on the area/height of the building, limits on the combustibility of ____ and exterior ____ surfaces, minimum separation distances between buildings, limits on openings in exterior walls (doors and windows), and fire resistive exterior walls.
Roofs; Wall
The use of ___-___ mortar creates a potential failure hazard because it is water soluble.
Sand-Lime
A water soluble mixture used in the past as mortar; when water is applied, the mortar can be washed away from the wall.
Sand-Lime Mortar
Even today, regulations require the use of ___ ___ ___ in the restoration of old buildings built with soft bricks.
Sand-Lime Mortar
Mortar that was used exclusively in masonry work until about 1880.
Sand-Lime Mortar
Water-soluable mixture; when water is applied to it, the mortar can be washed away from the wall.
Sand-Lime Mortar
Storage on structures that are less than 2.5' deep, with shelves usually 2-3' apart vertically, and seldom exceeding 15' in total height.
Shelves
In a connection failure, masonry walls can _____ _____, dropping joists
Shift Outward
A completely vertical stair with a width that is not more than 24" wide.
Ship's Ladder
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Failure to ____ extra-hazardous materials such as flammable liquids.
Segregate
Stabilization of outer walls, overhangs, floors, and walls to resist destruction by an earthquake.
Seismic Protection
Regarding compartmentation, all connections between floors were designed to stop the spread of fires. Stairways in these buildings were supplied with ___ ___ doors.
Self-Closing
There are two types of door closure devices: ____-____ and automatic.
Self-Closing
A type of floor in which floor girders are set on anchor boxes in walls and caps attached to columns. A wood cleat or steel dog-iron similar to a big staple is used to provide minimal stability. Often used in heavy timber construction.
Self-Releasing Floor
A more accurate term than dead load
Self-Weight
Standpipe classified by the water supply provided for the system: -Dry standpipe system that is arranged through the use of a device, such as a deluge valve, to admit water into the system piping upon activation of a remote control device located at the hose connection.
Semiautomatic Dry
Standpipe system that is attached to a water supply capable of supplying the system demand at all times and that requires activation of a control device to provide water at hose connections.
Semiautomatic-Dry Standpipe System
Instead of showing up unannounced for a prefire plan, what should we do?
Send a letter for the Fire Chief requesting the business owner to call to set up an appointment.
What do water mist systems protect?
Sensitive Equipment
Bearing and non-bearing walls use similar construction materials and are often identical in appearance. In the typical downtown business or commercial building, the ____ walls are the bearing walls, whereas the ____ and ____ walls are non-bearing.
Side; Front and Back
The ___ on a building is the outer weather surface installed over the sheathing.
Siding
When flipped, the fire alarm is silenced but still active.
Silence Switch
Component found on the bottom of the frame of a wood structure. It rests on and is bolted to the foundation. :usually rot and insect decay resistant)
Sill
In regards to controlling the problem of fast fire growth, an example of cutting off the extension of the fire is often the carpeting in motel rooms is a higher flame spread hazard than carpeting in corridors, so a metal door ___ is installed to separate the two.
Sill
A beam supported at two points near its ends. The load is delivered to the two reaction points and the rest of the structure renders no assistance in an overload.
Simple Beam
When the roof is in place, the masonry wall, with respect to wind loads, becomes a _____.
Simple Beam supported at both ends.
There are several possible approaches to control the problem of fast fire growth, including eliminating high flame spread surfaces, ____ material from the source of combustion, cutting off the extension of the fire, and coating the materials.
Separating
As a general rule, there is no effective fire _____ within an ordinary construction building, either from floor to floor or within floors.
Separation
Often no rated ____ is required between a group of strip mall tenants if all are the same occupancy type.
Separation
Flame spread ratings are concerned with the rate at which fire spreads over the surface of a material, the ____ it develops, and the fuel it contributes to the fire.
Smoke
Perhaps the most mystical of systems is the ___ management system. Most FFs have limited or no experience with them.
Smoke
Popular misconception about sprinklers: We have ____ detectors and the FD is right down the block.
Smoke
Popular misconception about sprinklers: ____ detectors set off all of the sprinklers.
Smoke
Popular misconception about sprinklers: ____ is the big killer, so ____ detectors are better than sprinklers.
Smoke
The airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases produced by a fire.
Smoke
When the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases, the condition is called lapse. Under lapse conditions, _____ will move up and away from the fire.
Smoke
____ damage may well be the most expensive by-product of a fire.
Smoke
____ is a generic term used to describe the collective group of solid and liquid particulates and gases.
Smoke
_____ that has lost much of its thermal energy can be delivered to the upper floors by the stack effect.
Smoke
A 1-hour fire-rated assembly that has also been designed and tested to minimize the migration of smoke.
Smoke Barrier
A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke. A smoke barrier might or might not have a fire resistance rating. Such barriers might have protected openings.
Smoke Barrier
Typically 1-hour fire-rated and equipped with smoke protected openings, including "smoke" dampers and door sweeps at the bottom of fire doors. They are used in health care facilities because they can be used to move non ambulatory occupants to a smoke free area-it's difficult to move them vertically.
Smoke Barrier
Fire resistance is not specifically intended to provide ___ ___.
Smoke Control
System that utilizes fans to produce pressure differences so as to manage smoke movement.
Smoke Control
Type of smoke management system that is usually in the form of pressurization to prevent the movement into protected areas, such as a stairwell pressurization system.
Smoke Control
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, a calculation of smoke spread made by measuring the obscuration as the smoke passes a photoelectric cell placed in the stack from the test tunnel.
Smoke Developed
When the Steiner Tunnel Test is run at UL, ___ ___ is also measured and indexed.
Smoke Developed
Materials with ___ ___ ratings of 300 or more can be expected to generate substantial amounts of smoke.
Smoke-Developed
One of three ways interior finishes may increase the fire hazard. They may generate ___ and toxic ___.
Smoke; Gases
A stage in a fire in which glowing combustion takes place, without flame. A fire may be forced into this stage when key components of the fire tetrahedron are in short supply, such as when the oxygen supply is limited. The fourth stage in a normal fire.
Smoldering/Decay
Environmental Precipitators of Collapse: Heavy ____ or rain load on roof.
Snow
False space above built-in cabinets, usually in a kitchen, or in the undersides of stairways and projecting eaves.
Soffit
Another common construction feature provides a bypass for fire, and from a fire protection point of view, converts a platform-frame building into a balloon-frame building.
Soffits
___ (false spaces above built-in cabinets) provide a connection, generally without a firestop, between wall and joist spaces.
Soffits
Conifers (such as pines) are what kind of wood?
Softwood
Masonry units (either solid or hollow) laid contiguously with the joints filled with mortar.
Solid Masonry Walls
Storage that is either box on box or pallet load on pallet load.
Solid Pile
___ emit dense black smoke when burning.
Some Plastics
Fire Service Misconceptions About Sprinklers: ____ should be shut down asap to prevent excessive water damage or to clean the air.
Sprinklers
One option open to the designer to deal with the characteristic of steel as they relate to fire risk: Protect the steel with ____.
Sprinklers
Popular misconception about sprinklers: ____ cause damage to libraries.
Sprinklers
Columns lose strength by the _____ of the change in ____
Square, Length Thus, a 12-foot column can carry only 1/4 the load of a 6-foot column of the same material and cross section.
A problem presented to the FD by ordinary construction: The ____ of the interior column, girder, and beam system
Stability
General Visual Indicators of Collapse: The presence of building _____ and bracing features (cables, and exterior spreaders)
Stabilization
A mechanism that affects the movement of smoke in a high-rise: _____ Effect
Stack
The vertical airflow within buildings caused by the temperature-created density differences between the building interior and exterior or between two interior spaces.
Stack Effect
Performance area in a theater that has a proscenium arch and wall; hanging curtains, drops, and scenery; lighting; and support rooms (dressing room, etc.).
Stage
____ have much more extensive fire protection requirements than platforms. Specifically they must have a fire-resistant proscenium curtain, flame resistant scenery, heat vents over the stage, 2-hour rated separations between the stage and dressing rooms, sprinklers over the stage and accessory rooms, special stage exits, and a Class III standpipe with 1.5" hose and nozzle.
Stages
On a safety note, it has been observed that ____ shafts often remain intact in multistory heavy timber buildings after a fire.
Stair
In a garden apartment, ____ are not a place of refuge for occupants or a safe operating platform for FFs.
Stairways
System that introduces positive pressure into a stairwell to provide a tenable environment within the stair tower in the event of a building fire.
Stairwell Pressurization System
The use of high air velocity to stop smoke movement.
Air Flow
Type of smoke management system that uses high air velocity to stop smoke movement.
Air Flow
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Higher and deeper ____ limit access and encroach on the space over the tops of piles required for effective sprinkler or hose stream operation.
Aisles
___ firestopping must be in place to be effective. The lack of firestopping in one stud channel is sufficient to transmit fire all the way from the cellar to the attic.
All
In any building under renovation, expect to find the fire protection system ______ -sprinkler valves ___, fire alarm systems ____.
Altered or even shut off; closed; shut down
A lightweight metal that is both malleable and nonmagnetic. This material has very good conductivity. This noncombustible material has a low melting point and little mass per unit of area, so it disintegrates rapidly in fire.
Aluminum
Front doors of strip malls are usually ____ with glass panels.
Aluminum
___ melts at very typical fire temperatures.
Aluminum
___ will melt around 1,200 degrees F.
Aluminum
What other component does AAC use in addition to standard concrete?
Aluminum. It creates tiny cells in the concrete when it reacts with the lime in the mix.
Abbreviation for different shaped steel members: S
American Standard (I-Beam)
An "old" refrigerant in use since the 1870s. When Freons and other "greenhouse gases" were banned in the 1980s, _____ reemerged as a primary refrigerant replacement for large-scale refrigeration systems.
Ammonia
What kind of steel is L5 x 3 x 0.375?
An angle with two legs, one measuring (nominally) 5" and the other 3". The two legs are each 3/8" thick.
The profile of the furnace temperatures that are dictated by the test standards NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119.
Standard Time-Temperature Curve
Beware using a ____ system in a fire in a building under construction.
Standpipe
Special high-strength, cold-drawn steel cables. Also referred to as strands or tendons.
Cables
A shaft of concrete placed under a building column or wall extending down to bedrock
Caisson
Deep foundation typically made of concrete.
Caissons
The deterioration of a product by heating to high temperatures.
Calcination
When gypsum board is heated by fire, it starts to deteriorate as it gives up moisture. This process (called ____), once started, appears to be irreversible.
Calcination
This one story SFR has a peaked roof with rafters as small as 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 inches. Often there is no ridge beam in these homes.
California Bungalow
Measured in BTU; the amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water 1 Degree F
Caloric Value
Some beams are built with a slight _____, so that when the design load is superimposed, the beam will be more naturally horizontal.
Camber
You ___ tell treated from untreated shingles by looking at them.
Cannot
In a ____ beam, the tension is in the top of the beam, and thus the reinforcing rods are in the top of the beam.
Cantilever
A beam supported at only one end, rigidly held in position at the end.
Cantilever Beam
Beam that projects over a point. Beyond the point, the tension is in the top and the compression is in the bottom.
Cantilever Beam
When a masonry wall is under construction, it acts as a ____ with respect to wind loads received on the face of the wall.
Cantilever Beam
A collapse in which one end of the floor is still supported while the other end in unsupported. Voids can be created in such situations.
Cantilever Floor Collapse
A freestanding wall unsecured at the top that acts like a cantilever beam with respect to lateral loads, such as wind or a hose stream.
Cantilever Wall
A type of construction in which an overhang is supported from only one end where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation wall.
Cantilevered
___ ___ ___ ___ offer one of the few options of getting through a laminated "hurricane-resistant" window.
Carbide-Tipped Blade Saws
In smoke, it is the solid particulates-typically ___- that give smoke its opaqueness.
Carbon
Gases in smoke include a myriad of different materials, including CO, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and ___ ___.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
A fire protection system intended to protect materials that can be damaged by water; it uses CO2 to suppress the fire.
Carbon Dioxide System
Combustible tile ceilings are often suspended below the floor above, creating a void in which explosive __ gas can be generated and stored.
Carbon Monoxide
In high-rise fires, smoke particles and ___ move up through the building and cool off. Visible smoke often stratifies, with smoke particulates becoming deposited on surface. In contrast, ___ can stratify well above the fire where there is little or no smoke or heat.
Carbon Monoxide
Some gases in smoke can paralyze or slow human ability to function or escape. ___ ___, the most prevalent of the toxic fire gases has this effect.
Carbon Monoxide
____ ____ is a flammable gas.
Carbon Monoxide
Gases in smoke include a myriad of different materials, including ___ ___, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and carbon dioxide.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Commercial ____ presently being manufactured is required to meet a test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a small source such as a dropped match or cigarette. It is a screening test (popularly known as the pill test), and 7 out of 8 samples must pass the test.
Carpeting
The higher the CRF number, the less flammable the ____.
Carpeting
The test to rate carpeting for its ability to spread flame when attacked with a greater ignition source than a cigarette is NFPA 253, also known as ASTM E-648.
Carpeting
The use of ___ has changed. It is now also used on walls and ceilings- not just on floors.
Carpeting
A process of placing fluid concrete into molds, generally called forms, in which the concrete is permitted to harden to a certain shape.
Casting
In cast iron, the ___ ___ determines whether it is good or bad, and this cannot be determined by examination.
Casting Method
Hollow wall in which wythes are tied together with steel ties or masonry trusses.
Cavity Wall
Wall built of two wythes separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation.
Cavity or Hollow Wall
The hot, buoyant gases that collect at the very top of a room.
Ceiling Layer
One of the most important factors in fire spread within buildings is the interior finish on walls and ____.
Ceilings
Each individual PV roof panel (module) contains many semiconductor ____.
Cells
The hollow portions of the core of a concrete block.
Cells
The ___ Company manufactured many different building materials, including a low-density fiberboard. The name ___ is widely and inaccurately used to denote fiberboard, regardless of its manufacturer.
Celotex
_____ is often misused as a generic name for any low-density fiberboard. ____ manufactures many building products, and many other companies manufacture low-density fiberboard.
Celotex
Concrete is a cementitious material produced by a chemical reaction of Portland ____ (primarily limestone), water, and aggregate (usually sand).
Cement
Noncombustible material often used for friable construction.
Cement-Asbestos Board
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: ____-Asbestos Board
Cement-Asbestos Board It is noncombustible and often used for friable construction.
The center point at which a body would be stable, or balance, under the influence of gravity.
Centroid
Small devices designed to keep the rods up off the surface of the form so concrete will flow underneath.
Chairs
To cut off the corners of a timber to retard ignition.
Chamfer
A wooden heavy timber column that has been cut at an angle (beveled) on each of the corners to make it more difficult for fire to ignite the column at that location.
Chamfered Column
Steel structural component that has a square U-shaped cross section.
Channel
Abbreviation for different shaped steel members: C
Channels
Material applied to structural elements or systems that provide increased fire resistance; usually serves no structural function.
Fireproof
Wood cannot be made ____ or noncombustible. It can be made fire retardant by impregnation with mineral salts, which slow its rate of burning.
Fireproof
9/11 brought about a number of changes in building and fire codes. Changes were made to improve sprayed-on ____ in terms of cohesion of the substance.
Fireproofing
Material applied to structural elements or systems that provides increased fire resistance; usually serves no structural function.
Fireproofing
A subcontractor hired by the contractor to spray a layer of cementitious material onto steel for fire resistance purposes.
Fireproofing Contractor
In regards to penetrations in fire-resistant walls and floors, the ____ system must match the hourly fire resistance rating of the wall or floor that it is protecting.
Firestop (Caulk, insulation, etc)
It's important to note that ___ was unheard of by many builders when many of these structures were built more than 60 years ago.
Firestopping
____ and draftstopping limit the spread of fire by preventing the movement of flame, hot gases, and smoke to other areas of the building.
Firestopping
_____, once installed, often is removed or penetrated for the installation of such items as heat ducts, electrical cables, sprinkler systems, and central vacuum cleaner systems.
Firestopping
There are several possible approaches to control the problem of fast fire growth, including eliminating high flame spread surfaces, separating material from the source of combustion, cutting off the extension of the fire, and ____ the materials.
Coating
A composite material composed of clay, sand, straw, and earth, similar to adobe; typically laid in courses. Plaster is often added to improve its appearance.
Cob
A composite material composed of clay, straw, sand, and earth; similar to adobe; typically laid in courses.
Cob
General characteristic of a strip mall: They must often have a common _____.
Cockloft
In a basic ordinary building the roof may be similar to the floor in construction or it may be peaked by using rafters or trusses. In most cases a ____ separates the top floor ceiling from the roof.
Cockloft
In taxpayers, fire spread is typically through the ____.
Cockloft
Void space between the top floor ceiling and the roof.
Cockloft
General characteristic of a Taxpayer: They most often have a common ____.
Cockloft or Attic
Row houses or townhouses often have a common ____; they may even have party walls that provide support to both buildings.
Cockloft or Attic
Smoke that falls downward.
Cold Smoke
A type of steel used in the construction of cables that are sometimes used to brace failing buildings or as tendons in tensioned concrete. It fails at 800 degrees F
Cold-Drawn Steel
___ ___ ___, such as cables that are sometimes used to brace failing buildings, fail at ___ degrees F.
Cold-Drawn Steel; 800 degrees F
A fully involved, multistory, heavy timber building is a conflagration breeder for a variety of reasons. Such as: Large ____ zones for tall walls, which drop onto other buildings and start secondary fires.
Collapse
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Failure to raise the bottom layer of stock above the floor, thereby preventing water damage and possible ____.
Collapse
All personnel should be aware of the known weak points of the warehouse structure and construction. Particular emphasis should be placed on the potential for collapse or failures: Potential fire ____ of tilt-slab walls outward and inward.
Collapse
Being caught in the rapid development of a fire (such as flashover or backdraft), concealed fire bursting out of a void, and rapid fire spread over combustible surfaces may account for as many FF casualties as ___.
Collapse
Expect the ___ of lightweight wood truss roofs when they are involved in fire.
Collapse
Fire resistance of columns is concerned with resisting ____.
Collapse
Fire resistance of floors is concerned with resistance of passage of fire and ____.
Collapse
Fire resistance of walls is concerned with passage of fire and ___.
Collapse
Impending _____ is not always so clear in fire-resistive construction.
Collapse
Since it is the building owners right to maintain a building as he sees fit (unless there is clear evidence of public danger), the FD is left with the duty of examining buildings for possible ____ and adjusting tactics accordingly.
Collapse
The problems FDs face regarding concrete construction can be divided into three distinct areas: -____ during construction with no fire. -Fire during construction. -Fire in completed, occupied buildings.
Collapse
Type I construction is the type of construction most resistant to ____ and does not contribute fuel to a fire.
Collapse
Typical indicators of building collapse include smoke or water flowing through walls, soft floors, a small partial ____, walls out of plumb, and time since arrival on the scene. These are good indicators, but sometimes they are insufficient or appear too late.
Collapse
When fighting an uncontrollable fire in a heavy timber building you'll need a large water supply, numerous heavy caliber streams, a large ____ zone, and an extensive brand patrol downwind.
Collapse
When huge spans (sometimes over 100') are achieved by using rigid frames, trusses, or space frames, _____ can be sudden and tragic.
Collapse
____ at a construction site is always a possibility, even without fire.
Collapse
____ do not just happen, they are caused.
Collapses
A structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member.
Column
A wall resembles a wide slender _____
Column
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, when the average temperature of a ____ exceeds 1,100°F or if any part of the temperature exceeds 1,300°F, the test is ended and the specimen fails.
Column
A chief virtue of concrete is its high compressive strength and low cost, which is why concrete is used for ____, even in structures otherwise built of steel, such as highway bridges.
Columns
Concrete floors in cast-in-place concrete-framed buildings are cast integrally with _____, providing a monolithic rigid-framed building. Precast units may be pinned or can be connected as a monolithic unit.
Columns
During post-tensioning, the weight of the concrete is transferred to the _____ only when the tensioning is completed, several days after the concrete has been poured.
Columns
Fire resistance of ____ is concerned with resisting collapse.
Columns
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for ___ are 9 feet.
Columns
In early fire tests wood floors received the earliest attention, as ___ were considered to present no problems.
Columns
It is most important to cool all the steel that is within reach of the hose streams and to give special attention to ____.
Columns
Method of stabilizing a wall: Wall ____, built within the wall.
Columns
Typical departures from the true mill construction (and current regulations for heavy timber buildings) include cast-iron or unprotected steel _____, steel or part steel trusses, unsprinklered void spaces, highly combustible contents, unprotected vertical openings, and inadequate or no sprinkler protection.
Columns
_____ may be made of wood, brick, stone, concrete block, steel, or cast iron.
Columns
Steel structures can be divided into four types: -Unprotected -Dynamically Protected -Passively Protected -Passive/Dynamic _____ Protection
Combination
Fire-resistance-more specifically, fire resistance-rated assemblies-does not necessarily mean non combustibility. Many listings of assemblies include ____ components, typically wood beams or studs.
Combustible
Fiberboard in which holes have been punched.
Combustible Acoustical Tile
When punched with holes, fiberboard acquires desirable acoustical properties and becomes ___ ___ ___.
Combustible Acoustical Tile
Material that burns persistently that was at one time used for wall paneling, ceiling tiles, and sheathing.
Combustible Fiberboard
What dangerous old tile is often left above a new ceiling, increasing the dead load, when codes require new ceilings to meet flame spread requirements?
Combustible Fiberboard
___ ___ is commonly used as insulated sheathing on wood frame buildings. It is also used as soundproofing. This material can support a fire hidden in the walls.
Combustible Fiberboard
Being caught in the rapid development of a fire (such as flashover or backdraft), concealed fire bursting out of a void, and rapid fire spread over ___ ___ may account for as many FF casualties as collapse.
Combustible Surfaces
Suspended ceilings of ___ ___ form void spaces in which fire can burn undetected until it bursts out furiously.
Combustible Tile
___ ___ ___ are often suspended below the floor above, creating a void in which explosive CO gas can be generated and stored.
Combustible Tile Ceilings
Although a building may be referred to in the code as noncombustible, the noncombustibility requirement is limited to certain designated components, so noncombustible buildings can contain significant ___ components.
Combustible.
____ systems can breach fire and smoke barriers from floor to floor and from vertical shafts to horizontal voids.
Communication
_____- the lifeblood of any fire response-is an essential element in maintaining situational awareness.
Communication
____typically limit vertical movement though relatively small , concealed passages such as under stairs and inside walls. Material may consist of at least 2" nominal lumber, two thicknesses of 1" nominal lumber with broken up lap joints, or 23/32" plywood, or other approved materials.
Firestops
Abbreviations used for different shape steel also includes numbers on blueprints to designate their size. The _____ number refers to the depth of the member (in inches), while the second number refers to the weight per foot of the member (in pounds).
First
In winter stack effect, the greatest flow will be at the ____ floor, with the flow gradually decreasing as the height of the floor above ground increases.
First
A construction factor influencing fire behavior. ___ systems, whose operation may provide fresh oxygen to the fire and spread the fire.
HVAC
____ ____ states that any exposure in which the concentration (in ppm) x minutes exposed equals 33,000 is likely to be dangerous.
Haber's Rule
"____ timber" homes utilized exposed large-dimension, hand-hewn structural members connected with mortise and tenon joints; exterior walls featured the exposed wood members, with brick or plaster filling the gaps between them.
Half Timber Home
Plastics containing ____ such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine form corrosive acids when combined with hydrogen and oxygen or moisture in the air.
Halogens
A fire protection system that provides for the transfer of halogenated agents between fire extinguishers, supply containers, and recharge and recovery containers so that none of the halogenated escape into the atmosphere.
Halon System
Flammable liquid fires can be controlled with sprinklers, but they present special problems, such as: -Most ___ liquids float on water. Thus, there is a potential for flowing flaming liquid, which can spread fire and injure FFs.
Flammable
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, when the average temperature of a column exceeds 1,100°F or if any part of the temperature exceeds ___°F, the test is ended and the specimen fails.
1,300°F
In regards to controlling the problem of fast fire growth, an example of separating the material from the source of combustion is a fluorescent light fixture be in direct contact with a combustible tile ceiling. A defective ballast can reach temperatures of ___.
1,500°F
Many noncombustible buildings are __-__ stories in height, with the maximum height being 12 stories for certain types of occupancies. Fire-resistive construction is permitted to be of unlimited height.
1-3
A transition stage in a fire in which exposed surfaces within the compartment ignite simultaneously and fire spreads throughout the compartment, resulting in full room involvement.
Flashover
Third stage of a normal fire. A transition stage in which exposed surfaces within the compartment ignite simultaneously and fire spreads throughout the compartment.
Flashover
In lighter construction, the concrete floor may just be a ___ plate, with no projections below the floor line. This gives a smooth surface that is easily finished; popular choice for offices and apartment buildings.
Flat
Cast-in-place floor in which there are no beams supported by columns; the floor plate itself rests directly on the columns.
Flat Plate Structural System (Continuous Beam)
The truss satisfies many building requirements, including: It provides long clear spans, thus giving maximum ____ in the use of space.
Flexibility
A wall may also be required to resist _____ or _____ forces, as does a beam.
Flexural or Bending
Composed of a steel plate or plywood sandwiched between two beams.
Flitch Plate Girder
Composite of a steel plate or plywood sandwiched between two beams.
Flitch Plate Girder
____ ____ girders are a composite of a steel plate sandwiched between two solid sawn wood joists, or in some cases, plywood.
Flitch Plate Girders
____ ____ girders present a problem for FFs, as failure of the connection between the wood and steel or burnout of the plywood could cause failure.
Flitch Plate Girders
Beam to beam connections must be made whenever an opening is provided in a wooden ____.
Floor
During a fire, the presence of truss floors may be disclosed by smoke or fire pushing through the wall at the ____ line (less likely in a brick veneer building). The exterior sheathing plays a critical role in whether this effect is visible.
Floor
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, ___ and roof assemblies are often tested under restrained and unrestrained conditions. Essentially, the assemblies are secured on the ends and not permitted to move, seeing if they distort and buckle when heated.
Floor
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, a ____ structure or wall structure must not develop conditions that would ignite cotton waste on the unexposed surface or permit an average temp of 250°F
Floor
In a basic ordinary building the roof may be similar to the ____ in construction or it may be peaked by using rafters or trusses. In most cases a cockloft separates the top floor ceiling from the roof.
Floor
Poor connections of ___ ___ to cast-iron columns are probably the chief cause of failure.
Floor Beams
Characteristic of mill construction: ____ are thick grooved, splined, or laminated planks.
Floors
Concrete ___ may be cast-in-place or precast.
Floors
Fire resistance of ____ is concerned with resistance of passage of fire and collapse.
Floors
General Visual Indicators of Collapse: Pitched or sagging _____
Floors
Many varieties of concrete ____ are used in concrete and/or steel-framed buildings and in ordinary construction.
Floors
Typical indicators of building collapse include smoke or water flowing through walls, soft ____, a small partial collapse, walls out of plumb, and time since arrival on the scene. These are good indicators, but sometimes they are insufficient or appear too late.
Floors
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for ___ and ___ are 180 square ft.
Floors and Roofs
The best method for controlling flammable liquid fires is to keep the containers from overheating and control the ____ fire on the floor.
Flowing
The development of ____ ____ and A/C helped to remove limits to the floor area in high-rises.
Fluorescent Lights
Masonry pier at a distance from the wall and connected to it that resists the outward thrust of the roof.
Flying Buttress
Material that copes with the outthrust of a roof on high slender walls, common in Gothic Cathedrals
Flying Buttress
A firefighting system that provides for the delivery of a proportioned foam and water mixture for use in fire extinguishment.
Foam System
In one of the costliest fires ever, ___ ___ ___ was the material involved.
Foamed Plastic Insulation
___ ___ insulation is used as sheathing, concealed in cavity walls, or glued to the interior surface of masonry wall panels. ___ ___ applied to walls and ceilings for insulation has been involved in many disastrous fires.
Foamed-Plastic
A structural element used to strengthen the roof of a structure over large areas.
Folded Plate
Thick concrete pads, usually heavily reinforced, which transfer the loads of piers or columns to the ground.
Footing
Oak is what kind of wood?
Hardwood
Required in most codes, this statement lists the materials, hazards, and quantities of hazardous material products within a building.
Hazardous Material Inventory Statement (HMIS)
Required in most codes, this plan explains how hazardous materials are to be stored and safely used within a building.
Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP)
Among the most important elements of life safety are proper means of egress and protection against ____.
Hazards
A joist that parallels floor/roof beams and is used to create an opening.
Header
Bricks laid so that the end is visible.
Header or Bond Course
In platform-frame construction, floor openings are created for stairwells and the like through the use of ___ (along the end of the opening) and ___ (along the length of the opening).
Headers;Trimmers
Greatest killer today at a fire scene:
Heart Attacks
A form of energy that is the source of ignition.
Heat
The rate at which the potential heat in a fuel is released.
Heat Release Rate (HRR)
Typically thick concrete pads, blocks, or strips of concrete below the surface of the surrounding soil, sometimes heavily reinforced, that transfer the loads of walls, piers, or columns to the ground. Footings attempt to minimize building settlement by spreading the load over the large soil/concrete interface.
Footing
Below grade ______ are shallow foundations used to support smaller buildings and those on stronger soils.
Footings
According to Euler's Law, by cutting the length of the column in two, increases the carrying capacity to:
Four times what it was initially.
A system of rough timber structural woodwork that is joined together to support or enclose, such as partitions, flooring, and roofing.
Framing
Fires during the ____ stage of construction of a wood building will destroy the entire structure within minutes.
Framing
The secondary stage of a fire in which it spreads to adjacent combustible materials.
Free Burning
During its initial curing, concrete must be protected from ____.
Freezing
Easily disintegrated
Friable
____ construction is used where explosion is a possibility.
Friable
Buildings constructed with non-combustible or limited combustible exterior walls and floors made of large dimension combustible materials. Also known as Type IV construction.
Heavy Timber
Buildings constructed with noncombustible or limited-combustible exterior walls and floors made of large dimension combustible materials. Also known as Type IV construction
Heavy Timber
A fire-rated wall typically running from one exterior wall to another, used when stairwells in a multistory building (or exterior exits in a one-story building) are too far away for egress purposes. The wall effectively creates two areas of safety on a given floor.
Horizontal Exit
Typically a 2-hour rated wall with rated fire doors, these are used to reduce travel distances and to subdivide (compartmentalize) floors
Horizontal Exit
In hospitals and nursing homes, the key to patient safety is to move patients _____, other than vertically.
Horizontally
Building codes require ____ outlets at the opening of a horizontal exit; this is to ensure that a sufficient number of ____ outlets available throughout each floor.
Hose
___ are remodeled regularly. Mattresses and furniture often are removed from rooms and stored in hallways, where they represent a tempting target for arsonists.
Hotels
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: _____ steel walls
Galvanized
Walls made of weatherized steel. Can conduct heat easily.
Galvanized Steel Walls
The term ____ apartments refer to combustible multiple dwellings including modern row houses, townhouses, and similar structures.
Garden
Asphalt felt siding, also known as _____ siding, is usually made to look like brick or stone. It is often used as replacement siding over wood. It burns readily and produces dense black smoke.
Gasoline
The prime contractor who oversees and is responsible for the overall work on the site.
General Contractor
What does GIS mean?
Geographic Information Systems
The key to stopping a fire from spreading through the roof area of a strip mall is to get ____ __ __.
Get ahead of it. You must pull ceilings and apply heavy streams through the openings created.
Like the US Navy practices abandoning ship, what should the fire service practice?
Getting out of buildings
A beam that supports other beams
Girder
The best roof is one in which the roof beams rest on ____. Any sort of hangars or other metal connections make the roof more vulnerable to failure.
Girders
In a connection failure, temporary field bolting of steel ___ ____ in a high wind.
Gives Way
Its use an an insulating material makes it a green material.
Glass
___ has little resistance to heat or pressures built up by the high temperatures of a fire.
Glass
___ ___ ___ is a combination of non-combustible fibers and combustible binders.
Glass Fiber Insulation
A composite material made of plastic reinforced with glass fibers.
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: _____ fiber-reinforced plastics
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
Results in the complete failure of the building.
Global (Total) Collapse
Class II standpipe system that supplies 100 gpm at 65 psi. Intended for use by building occupants.
Houseline
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: ____ quantities of material in one fire area provide fire loads that can easily overcome the best defenses.
Huge
While curing, concrete generates heat of ____.
Hydration
Today, sprinkler systems are ____ designed.
Hydraulically
Gases in smoke include a myriad of different materials, including CO, ___ ___, and carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
What gas is produced in many of today's fires and is now believed to be as great a danger as CO?
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
Planks glued together to make a solid timber.
Glued Laminated Timber
In new heavy timber churches, they commonly substitute laminated timbers (_____) for solid timbers.
Glulam
Laminated timbers are plank-like sections of nominal 2" boards glued together under pressure to produce large arches, beams, girders, and columns. Such timbers are known as ____, a trade name.
Glulam
___ particularly is subject to spalling.
Granite
Coarse Aggregate
Gravel
In regards to smoke movement, ____ pulls down on the surrounding heavier, colder air, causing the lighter, heated smoke of a fire to rise upward.
Gravity
Often the cast iron column is held in place only by ____, so that the slightest lateral movement can cause it to kick out.
Gravity
What is the greatest of all FF enemies?
Gravity
____ connections in buildings simply depend on the weight of the building element to hold them in place.
Gravity
Definition: All of the structural elements of a building and the connections that support and transfer the loads?
Gravity Resistance System
Many parapet wall and some chimney tops, consist of bricks held in place by ____, with non adhering mortar simply acting as a shim that is used to wedge a component into position.
Gravity. The mortar could be subject to weather deterioration.
From a FF perspective, the use of ___ water is becoming more commonplace.
Gray
Wastewater from industrial processes, laundries, and other sources.
Gray Water
What are the sizes of a timber?
Greater than or equal to 5-inch nominal thickness
The less that is known about the characteristics of a material and its role in a building assembly, the _______ the factor of safety required.
Greater. The safety factor represents a measure of what is not known about the material.
Wired glass, when properly installed, has ___ resistance from fire than ordinary glass, but it passes radiant heat as ___ a regular glass.
Greater; Readily
Lightweight Construction Precipitators of Collapse: This is perhaps the ____ collapse danger to FFs today, given the complete proliferation of this type of construction throughout the country.
Greatest
The US ____ Building Council is an advocacy group for sustainable construction.
Green
An insulating roof cover composed of vegetation and materials used to support plant growth. These add a substantial amount of weight, potentially leading to a collapse.
Green Roof
With ____ ____, the obvious problem of roof ventilation must be considered when preplanning such structures.
Green Roofs
A stated objective of the LEED program: Reduce harmful ____ gas emissions.
Greenhouse
A series of closely placed beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load.
Grillage
In lift slab construction, the _____ floor slab is cast first.
Ground Floor
(Lightweight wood truss) Connecting plate made of a thin sheet of steel used to connect the components of the truss.
Gusset Plate.
A natural mineral used in the manufacture of drywall and plaster.
Gypsum
A single pinhole can cause a disaster in a ____ sheath of a combustible structure.
Gypsum
One commonly cited penetration in the sheathing is caused by the failure to close the ____ sheath around utilities such as electrical or gas service.
Gypsum
____ , typically used in wallboard, is an inert material composed of calcium sulfate dehydrate.
Gypsum
_____ has excellent fire protection characteristics. It is the only construction material that does not yield heat when burned in pure oxygen.
Gypsum
_____ rather than masonry is often used to enclose elevator and other shafts.
Gypsum
_____ sheathing is found in some localities, particularly where combustible sheathing is not permitted.
Gypsum
Stadia are almost always Type ___ construction.
I
Generally speaking, class __ and ___ systems provide 250 GPM at 100 psi at each hose valve.
I and III
Beams are shaped like the letter __ because the depth determines strength. Columns are shaped like the letter __, and of a dimension that permits a circle to be inscribed through the four points of the __.
I, H
Beam shaped like the letter I
I-Beam
Pallets without product.
Idle Pallet Storage
When might it be beneficial that aluminum melts at very typical fire temperatures?
If an aluminum roof melts and vents a fire. (?)
A ___ assembly meets the requirements needed to pass the test.
Listed
A compilation of fire rated assemblies that have been tested by a testing laboratory and found to meet the minimum requirements of the test standard.
Listing
On a national basis, ___ has been done to control the hazards of furnishings in buildings.
Little
Collapse may be due to: Increase of the ___ load due to FF operations, specifically retained water.
Live
What is the weight of the building contents?
Live Load
What kind of load is the water inside an elevated water tank?
Live Load
What loads must be estimated?
Live Loads. They are indeterminate and must be estimated based on their projected use and such variables as snow, rain, and wind.
What is a force or other action that results from the weight of all building materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes?
Load
Walls are classified into two main divisions:
Load-Bearin and Non-Load-Bearing
Any wall that carries a load in addition to its own weight.
Load-Bearing Wall
The fire command center is a designated enclosed room, typically accessible from the _____. A door is often provided directly to the exterior of the building.
Lobby
It was easier for settlers to use whole trees or slightly dressed lumber for home building than to saw trees into boards in this type of wood frame building:
Log Cabin
Structure constructed of entire tree trunks, as opposed to boards sawn from trees.
Log Cabin
This type of wood frame building came to the East Coast of the USA from Sweden and to the West Cost from Russia.
Log Cabin
Many older buildings, even multistory buildings are concealed ___ ____. The walls of such a building carry unexpectedly heavy loads and therefore have potential for serious collapse.
Log Cabins
Columns that fail strictly by buckling:
Long, slender
Fire and Explosion Damage Precipitators of Collapse: _____ of wood structural mass (beams) due to fire attack.
Loss
Building material that was used for initial construction, re-hab. It was substituted for wood sheathing in wood frame construction. It was also widely used for inter finished in low cost construction.
Low Density Fiberboard
In the 1930s, ___ ___ ___ made of wood fibers or sugar cane residue called bagasse came into use.
Low Density Fiberboard
Celotex is often misused as a generic name for any ___-____ _____. Celotex manufactures many building products, and many other companies manufacture ___-_____ _____.
Low-Density Fiberboard
Sometimes used as an interior finish, a product made of wood particles such as wood shavings and bound together with a suitable binder.
Low-Density Fiberboard
When ___ ___ ___ is used for sheathing and for soundproofing, it is concealed in walls. A common method of igniting this material is the plumbers torch.
Low-Density Fiberboard
____ is accomplished by placing the wood in a vacuum chamber, drawing out moisture from its cells, and forcing mineral salts into the wood.
Impregnation
A fully involved, multistory, heavy timber building is a conflagration breeder for a variety of reasons. Such as: ____ maintained fire doors and lack of compartmentation.
Improperly
A stated objective of the LEED program: _____ operating costs and increase asset value.
Lower
Many fire ____ are mechanically operated using a fusible link that drops a metal "curtain" or blade inside, blocking passage of fire. Other types of fire ____ use pneumatic or electric activation.
Dampers
Wood I-Joists, along with lightweight wood trusses, can be considered the most ____ of all structural members to FFs today.
Dangerous
It is important to anticipate collapse based on a condition such as: _____ loads
Dangerous (Concentrated, Heavy)
When the new fire-rated ceiling is installed below the old ceiling, the ___ ___ ___ is left above.
Dangerous Combustible Ceiling
Typical problems at demolition sites include:
Dangerous unsupported, free standing walls, and fractured utilities.
Over the years, most old buildings have undergone extensive modifications. Usually, such modifications have a ____ effect on the structure from a fire suppression and protection point of view, creating collapse potential or interconnected voids from which fierce fire can burst out.
Detrimental
There are four principle deficiencies in the installation of gypsum board: -Installed over voids with a large air supply -Nail heads are not properly cemented over -Some assemblies are improperly taped -_____ from the listings are permitted by the building dept.
Deviations
A pump that removes water from the ground or excavations that hinder construction from an area of the site.
Dewatering Pumps
What do prefire plans typically consist of?
Diagrams of the buildings, notations on the location of the stairs and utilities, hazardous contents, hydrant locations, and the types of fire protection systems.
Firestopping and ____ limit the spread of fire by preventing the movement of flame, hot gases, and smoke to other areas of the building.
Draftstopping
In preservation projects, it sometimes seems as if the fire safety of the occupants has a ____ priority than the preservation of the original structure.
Lower
Inspected and graded at the mill for quality purposes.
Lumber
Wood that has been sawn and planed.
Lumber
_____ limit horizontal movement through large concealed passages such as open-web floor trusses or attics. Material may consist of at least 1/2" gypsum board, 3/8" plywood, sheet metal, or other approved materials, usually applied parallel to the main framing members.
Draftstops
The NBS developed ASTM ____, Radiant Panel Flame Spread Test. Samples for this test measure on 6 by 18 inches. The radiant panel test has been used to develop information after serious fires.
E-162
The test to rate carpeting for its ability to spread flame when attacked with a greater ignition source than a cigarette is NFPA 253, also known as ASTM E-648.
E-648
The rubber roof used in Type II construction is composed of ethylene propylene diene monomer (____).
EPDM
____ sprinklers were developed not to just control the fire, but to suppress it.
ESFR
A type of fast response sprinkler capable of providing fire suppression of high-challenge fire hazards.
Early Suppression/Fast Response (ESFR)
Environmental Precipitators of Collapse: E_____
Earthquake
In the FM Approvals Corner test, the walls are up to 25 feet high, the ____ ____ is 50 feet long and the south wall is more than 37 feet long.
East Wall
Some walls carry a ____ load, such as from a projecting sign. This load must be counterbalanced, usually by tying the wall to the interior structure.
Eccentric
A force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center of the section.
Eccentric Load
Existing Structural Instability Precipitators of Collapse: ______ loaded columns
Eccentrically
Green systems and materials can be grouped into four general categories: ___-friendly materials, energy conservation, water conservation, and energy generation.
Eco
There are three classifications of calculated risks that builders take when designing a building with no fire protection for unprotected steel: -Financial or _____ -Engineering -Forget it
Economic
Adequate exits within the building.
Egress
The corner test developed by __ ____ is designed to simulate an actual fire within the corner of a building.
FM Approvals
In the __ ____ ____ test, the walls are up to 25 feet high, the east wall is 50 feet long and the south wall is more than 37 feet long.
FM Approvals Corner Test
Two solutions are available to a builder to prevent the occurrence of a metal deck roof fire: -Use ___ ___ ___ __ _ __ ____ ____ -Provide adequate automatic sprinkler protection for the roof, even though the contents may be noncombustible.
FM Class I roofing or a UL Classified Roof
The __ ____ test is considered a more realistic test compared to the Steiner Tunnel Test because the material is being tested in a more realistic configuration.
FM Corner Test
There are several possible approaches to control the problem of fast fire growth, including ____ high flame spread surfaces, separating material from the source of combustion, cutting off the extension of the fire, and coating the materials.
Eliminating
The key to safe FF operations in a _____ is first to understand what is made in the structure and how it is made, and also how the structure has been designed/altered to meet these manufacturing needs.
Factory
The three types of columns are differentiated by the manner in which they generally____
Fail
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: _____ of management to give serious attention to the potential fire problem.
Failure
All personnel should be aware of the known weak points of the warehouse structure and construction. Particular emphasis should be placed on the potential for collapse or failures: _____ of pretensioned concrete T-Beams
Failure
At times, the loads on buildings under construction exceed the design load and can approach ____ load.
Failure
Collapse may be due to: ____ of a non-masonry supporting element upon which some portion of the masonry depends.
Failure
A negative characteristic of structural steel, when heated it ___ and may ___ through any barrier.
Elongates; Push
The ____ of steel beams or an interior collapse may cause the walls to come down.
Elongation
At one time, lime plaster was an almost universal finish for ceilings, although some ceilings were also made of ___ ___ (tin ceilings) and wooden boards called match boarding.
Embossed Steel
Regarding Imitation Timber, often wood is made to appear structural when it is not, Sometimes it is not even wood, here is an example: ____ wood beams that are actually hollow wooden boxes.
False
____ ceilings commonly are added to conserve heating and cooling costs and to modernize the building.
False
True or False: Reinforced concrete which has set hard to the touch usually has developed enough strength to be self-supporting, though it may not be able to handle superimposed loads.
False. Arlington, Virginia collapse in 1973. Almost certain to cause progressive collapse.
Temporary shoring, formwork beams, or lateral bracing to support the work in the process of construction; also known as formwork.
Falsework
Temporary shoring, formwork, beams, or lateral bracing to support the concrete work in the process of construction.
Falsework
_____ for walls or columns must have adequate strength to resist the tremendous pressure of the heavy fluid concrete.
Falsework
____ used in the construction of concrete buildings is typically made of wood. This presents a tremendous hazard to FFs who are exposed to the real danger of ____ should it collapse under fire attack.
Falsework (formwork); Collapse
Solid, sawn wood contains "___" wood not necessary to carry the imposed load.
Fat
Most NFPA 13R apartment buildings are required to have a ___" FDC
1.5"
A 2 x 4 actually measures how long?
1.5" x 3.5" 2 x 4 is the nominal thickness (size prior to drying in a kiln)
When foamed plastic insulation is installed, it should be protected from exposure by __ ___.
1/2" Drywall
In winter stack effect, at a point about __ to __ the buildings height, the flow is reduced to zero; this is called the neutral zone. Above the neutral zone, the flow reverses and travels out to the floors from the shafts. The pressure increases floor by floor and is greatest at the top of the building.
1/3 to 1/2
AAC is about __ the weight of standard concrete by volume because of the cells created by the aluminum.
1/4
A __ minute exposure to 3500 ppm of CO would be hazardous and possibly incapacitating.
10
According to the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook (and seems to obey Haber's Rule), a __-minute exposure of 3,500ppm of CO would be hazardous, possibly incapacitating.
10
If the design load is one-tenth of the tested strength, the safety factor is ___.
10
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, there are two comparisons in evaluating test results. The flame spread over inorganic reinforced cement board is set at 0. The flame spread over Red Oak is set at 100. Tests have shown that fire will reach the end of Red Oak in __ minutes.
10
Masonry constructed in place may have a safety factor of ___.
10 (This type of masonry is not very controlled, thus the high safety factor)
If wind speeds exceed __ to __, their role in driving the fire within a building must be considered from a tactical standpoint.
10 to 20 MPH
ESFR sprinklers can flow as much as ___ GPM
100
Fire codes call for FF access doors every ____ feet in a high-piled stock warehouse.
100
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for partitions and walls are ___ square ft.
100
Generally speaking, class I and III systems provide 250 GPM at ___ psi at each hose valve.
100
How many FFs are killed per year in the USA on average?
100
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, there are two comparisons in evaluating test results. The flame spread over inorganic reinforced cement board is set at 0. The flame spread over Red Oak is set at ___. Tests have shown that fire will reach the end of Red Oak in 10 minutes.
100
Rigid frames can provide clear spans of about ___ feet. The area of the structure can be increased indefinitely by using Y-shaped columns, common to both frames.
100
Steel heated to 1,000 degrees F elongates 9.5" per ___ feet.
100
When heated to 1000°F, a steel member will expand 9.5" over ___' in length.
100'
A characteristic of steel that concerns FFs: Steel can elongate at normal fire temperatures (____). If the steel cannot elongate because of restraint, it will buckle and overturn.
1000° F
When heated to ____°F, a steel member will expand 9.5" over 100' in length.
1000°F
When steel is raised to temperatures above ____, it starts to lose strength rapidly.
1000°F
Steel will expand 0.06 to 0.07% in length for each ___°F rise in temperature.
100°F
The flammability range of CO is 12.5 - 74%; its ignition temp is ____° F.
1128° F
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for beams and girders are ___ feet.
12
Many noncombustible buildings are 1-3 stories in height, with the maximum height being __ stories for certain types of occupancies. Fire-resistive construction is permitted to be of unlimited height.
12
In recent years, high-rise brick or concrete block buildings with no wall thicker than __", and medium-rise brick buildings with no wall thicker than 8", have been developed, supplanting the traditional practice of ever-increasing wall thickness.
12"
____ ppm of CO may be fatal after only a few breaths.
12,500
______ ppm of CO can be fatal after a few breaths.
12,500
The flammability range of CO is ___ - 74%; its ignition temp is 1128° F.
12.5%
The CO flammability range is __ to __%
12.5-74%
NFPA __, Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems.
13
A characteristic of steel that concerns FFs: At higher temperatures (above ____) steel structures completely fail, bringing about a collapse of the structure.
1300° F
NFPA __, Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems in one and two family dwellings and manufactured homes.
13D
NFPA __, Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems in low-rise residential occupancies (4 stories or fewer and less than 60' in height)
13R
For any unit area, steel has __ times the compressive strength of concrete. Steel is, however, more expensive.
15
The tallest old-style masonry bearing wall building in the US is the Monadnock Building in Chicago. It is __ stories high.
15
Ammonia is explosive in concentrations of
15-25%
General characteristic of a strip mall: Strip malls usually have greater store depth than taxpayers. Strip mall anchor stores, such as supermarkets, may be more than ___' deep.
150 Feet
With formwork, the builder hopes to contain a fluid load that can provide a head pressure of up to ___ psf for each foot of height.
150 pounds per foot
The wood walls, consisting of studs spaced ____inches oc with a bottom plate and a set of plates, are next constructed on the floor itself.
16
Floor joists in a platform-frame building are usually spaced __ or __" on center.
16" or 24"
While considered eco-friendly, such systems pose not only a deadly toxicity hazard, but also an explosion hazard. ____ will burn in concentrations as low as __%.
16%
How many Btu/lb are plastics and combustible liquids estimated at?
16,000 Btu/lb
The NBS developed ASTM E-162, Radiant Panel Flame Spread Test. Samples for this test measure on 6 by __ inches. The radiant panel test has been used to develop information after serious fires.
18
A general problem and hazard with high-rises: Elevators. The landing zone is ___ above or below the floor landing.
18"
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the minimum sizes for floors and roofs are ___ square feet.
180
Conventional reinforced concrete has been used since the invention of the reinforcing bar in ____.
1885
The Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act, which encouraged improvements in fire safety for facilities was passed in:
1990
Contents of a structure that include beams, trusses, columns, arches, and walls.
Structural Elements
An engineer who is consulted in large buildings to design the structural frame.
Structural Engineer
What are all members of a structure that are tied together to carry the imposed loads to the substructure, and hence to the ground?
Structural Frame
"Stud-Less" wall assemblies using a core of polyurethane.
Structural Insulated Panels (SIP)
Installed as an exterior sheathing in wood-framed dwellings, providing structural stabilization (similar to plywood and particleboard sheathing over wood studs), insulation, and a barrier to moisture.
Structural Insulated Sheathing (SIS)
Steel rolled in a variety of shapes and fabricated for use as a load-bearing structural members or elements.
Structural Steel
Unlike with cast iron, the application of water to cool steel doesn't cause failure; it simply removes the heat, thereby regaining its strength. Cooling streams should be applied to ___ ___ members when they have been heated by a fire.
Structural Steel
___ ___, in common use today, is an alloy composed of iron and carbon (<2%).
Structural Steel
Abbreviation for different shaped steel members: WT
Structural Tees
Wood is used ____ to carry the building loads.
Structurally
When "triaging" heat evolved by a fire, here is the order of importance: 1. Heat being absorbed by contents or structural elements that will be ignited or caused to fail. 2. Heat being evolved from contents that are burning. 3. Heat leaving the _____.
Structure
The compressive connecting members of a truss.
Struts
Diagonal bracing columns: ______ or ______
Struts or Rakers
An exterior plaster finish made of Portland cement
Stucco
____ is a thin concrete surface that can be used on any structure, such as brick, block, hollow tile, or wood. It is incorrect to describe a building as ____. The correct description is ____ over something else.
Stucco
A column in a frame building, usually nominal 2 x 4 inches or 2 x 6.
Stud
A specialist who undertakes part of a main building contract from a contractor.
Subcontractor
Laid on top of the joists, the structural member that serves as the base for the finished floor.
Subflooring
The foundation and footings.
Substructure
Any structure above the substructure
Superstructure
Three structural components of all buildings:
Superstructure (Building itself) Substructure (Below grade to lowest basement floor slab) Foundation (Lowest floor slab to the footing/caissons/pile)
Sprinkler impairment can be divided into water ____ and water distribution problems.
Supply
Fire ____ and ____ systems are another critical means for providing fire protection. They include automatic sprinkler systems; standpipe systems; fire alarm, detection, and communication systems; and smoke management systems.
Suppression and Detection
Flame spread ratings are concerned with the rate at which fire spreads over the ____ of a material, the smoke it develops, and the fuel it contributes to the fire.
Surface
One of three ways interior finishes may increase the fire hazard. They may increase fire extension by ___ ___ ___
Surface Flame Spread
Garden apartment tenants should be advised to help themselves in four basic ways: -Be fully insured for the value of all personal property. -Keep property of unique value in a bank vault. -Call the FD immediately if a fire or gas leak is _____. -In a fire, evacuate immediately, even if the fire seems inconsequential.
Suspected
____ loads (like mezzanines) are becoming more common as architects realize the space advantage of suspension over columns.
Suspended
A simple beam, with one or both ends suspended on a tension member such as a chain, cable, or rod.
Suspended Beam
___ ___ of combustible tile form void spaces in which fire can burn undetected until it bursts out furiously.
Suspended Ceilings
A hanging load supported from above.
Suspended Load
Green construction is also known as ____ construction, essentially meaning construction that is deemed to be efficient and environmentally friendly in terms of both materials used and their overall impact
Sustainable
Construction that is deemed to be energy efficient and environmentally friendly; also known as green construction.
Sustainable Construction
Fire and Explosion Damage Precipitators of Collapse: _____ moderate to heavy fire conditions (measured from time of ignition, not arrival time)
Sustained
Fire doors may close by any of three methods: ____: the most common choice; used in corridors and stairwell openings. Sliding: typically found across openings in elevator shafts stairwells in old factories. Rolling: used in large openings found in modern factories and warehouses.
Swinging
Inherent dangers in a building under demolition include:
Systems may have been removed from the building (including standpipe), lots of torch cutting operations, and numerous sources of ignition in the inevitable plies of debris.
Many precast concrete lintels have the word ___ cast to be sure they are erected with the reinforcing rods that provide tensile strength in the bottom.
TOP
Understanding fire behavior-including the effects and hazards posed by heat transfer-is critical for all FFs and can influence ____ decision making.
Tactical
One option open to the designer to deal with the characteristic of steel as they relate to fire risk: Take a ____ risk
Take a calculated risk.
There are four principle deficiencies in the installation of gypsum board: -Installed over voids with a large air supply -Nail heads are not properly cemented over -Some assemblies are improperly _____ -Deviations from the listings are permitted by the building dept.
Taped
A stated objective of the LEED program: Qualify for ___ rebates, zoning allowances, and other incentives in hundreds of cities.
Tax
A standard I-beam cut lengthwise through the web forms two such beams with T-shaped cross sections.
Tee
Thin rods installed near the surface of concrete, usually at right angles to the main reinforcing rods, to help the concrete resist cracking due to temperature changes.
Temperature Rods
Most garden apartment fires start in ____ spaces.
Tenant
During post-tensioning, when the concrete is set and reaches a specified strength, the steel tendons are stretched and anchored at the ends of the unit. Technically this is called "stressing the _____."
Tendons
Special high strength, cold-drawn steel cables, similar to those used for suspension bridges, or alloy steel bars are commonly used for prestressed concrete. In building construction they are technically known as ____, but are called strands or cables by those working with them.
Tendons
Special high-strength, cold-drawn steel cables. Also referred to as strands or cables.
Tendons
Multi-story working class apartment buildings constructed in the 1800s and early 1900s, often substandard in terms of fire safety and health.
Tenement
____ got their start in the 1800s. Over the years, this type of multistory multiple dwelling of ordinary construction has come to mean substandard housing.
Tenements
Concrete has virtually no ___ strength
Tensile
The concrete in fire-resistive construction serves two purposes-it resists compressive stresses and it protects the ____ strength of the steel from fire.
Tensile
The bottom of the beam elongates and is in ____.
Tension
The prefixes pre and post refer to whether the concrete is poured before or after the ____ is applied.
Tension
What force stretches a member?
Tension
What is a pulling or stretching force in line with the axis of the body?
Tension
Usually steel is tested only in ____. If the sample passes, it is assumed the steel also has the required ___ strength.
Tension; Compressive
Made of clay and fine sand and fired in a kiln
Terra-Cotta Tile
Preliminary site preparation involves______ for quality and load bearing capacity.
Testing the soil
An arrangement of piping, valves, hose connections, and allied equipment installed in a building or structure, with the hose connections located in such a manner that water can be discharged in streams or spray patterns through attached hose and nozzles, for the purpose of extinguishing a fire, thereby protecting a building or structure and its contents in addition to protecting the occupants.
Standpipe System
The ___ ___ ___ is widely accepted as a flame spread testing standard.
Steiner Tunnel Test
The basis for regulation of flame spread today is found in NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, commonly referred to as the ___ ___ ___.
Steiner Tunnel Test
These windows are difficult, if not impossible, for the fire to break. They make firefighting difficult and dangerous.
Thermal Pane Windows
Units composed of two or more glass panes in a hermetically sealed frame.
Thermal Pane Windows
A mechanism that affects the movement of smoke in a high-rise: _____ Energy. The principal smoke-moving mechanism is the ____ energy of the fire.
Thermal.
An electrical temperature-measuring device used in laboratory fire testing.
Thermocouple
Construction material that softens when heated and rehardens when cooled.
Thermoplastic
Vinyl siding is made to look like wood siding. It is a _____ that will deform (droop), burn, and drip under attack from fire. It is often used to cover up old wood siding.
Thermoplastic
Plastic that chars and burns, but does not flow.
Thermoset
Sometimes fieldstone is "dry laid" meaning:
They are laid without mortar.
Why are cantilever structures particularly dangerous?
They are very likely to be unstable because the fire may destroy the method by which the beam is held in place.
Why can lateral impact loads produce disastrously high stresses?
They can be delivered from a direction that has little or no stress resistance. Some walls are designed as load bearing and to accept vertical compressive loads. However, even impressive masonry walls are not necessarily resistant to undesigned lateral loads.
There is an inherent limit to the height of masonry buildings due to the necessity for increasing the _____ of the wall as the height of the building increases.
Thickness
A major advantage of post-tensioning is that the floors can be ____.
Thinner
_____ floors will allow several more rentable floors in a tall building.
Thinner Referring to Post-Tensioning
The effective strength of the wood under fire attack is determined by the size of the ___ portion, not the mass of the member as a whole.
Thinnest
Arch in which a steel tension rod ties the ends of the arch together to eliminate the need for the masonry.
Tied Arch
Rigid frames must be ___ ____ at the bottom to resist the characteristic ____ _____ of the arch.
Tied Together; Outward Thrust
The tensile connecting members of a truss.
Ties
Fire resistance ratings for building materials must be distinguished from flame spread ratings. It is common (but mistaken) practice to speak of "fire rated ____." The term is meaningless.
Tile
Act and manner of discharging an agent for the purpose of achieving a specified minimum agent concentration throughout a compartment.
Total Flooding
To evaluate and categorize
Triage
Roof truss that is triangular in shape to provide a peaked roof.
Triangular Truss
Popular misconception about sprinklers: The sprinkler system will discharge on even a ____ fire.
Trifling
A piece of lumber that supports a header and can be found in floor openings such as stairwells (runs perpendicular to floor joists).
Trimmer
A set of glass exterior panels and concrete block wall with a void space in between (used in smaller buildings) is used to trap sun heated air and deliver the hot air into the adjacent living spaces through a series of one way vents.
Trombe Wall
T/F When the building is combustible, the building itself is part of the fire load.
True
Wooden peg used to pin together mortise and tenon joints.
Trunnel
Post and frame buildings have an identifiable frame or skeleton of timber fitted together. Joints are constructed by mortise and tenon (socket and tongue), fitted together to transfer loads properly. They are pinned with wooden pegs called ____.
Trunnels
All personnel should be aware of the known weak points of the warehouse structure and construction. Particular emphasis should be placed on the potential for collapse or failures: Failure of ____ roof.
Truss
FF tactics based on sawn joist floors will kill FFs if used on buildings with ____ floors.
Truss
The ___ floor building ordinarily gives no outward indication of its presence.
Truss
Type of beam that is a framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane in such a manner that loads applied at the points of intersections of the members will cause only direct stresses (tension or compression) in the members.
Truss
Developed by the U.S. Forest Products Lab, a type of wood frame that substitutes sawn beams for truss members used in roofs and floors. It is held together with nails.
Truss Frame
____ frame is engineered construction in which the roof and floor trusses and studs are tied into a utilized frame.
Truss Frame
Found within a truss roof system, a void space located between the top floor ceiling and the roof. Also known as a cockloft.
Truss Void
A most serious threat to life safety by lateral extension exists when the ____ are extended out, either as cantilevers or as continuous beams, to support the balcony that is the only exit for occupants and the only access point for the FD.
Trusses
Brannigan says: FFs don't belong under burning ____. Nobody can predict when failure will occur. Gravity acts the moment the gravity resistance system is not adequate by as little as one molecule.
Trusses
To achieve a peaked roof in a steel-framed building, the framing may consist of columns and beams with triangular _____.
Trusses
Typical departures from the true mill construction (and current regulations for heavy timber buildings) include cast-iron or unprotected steel columns, steel or part steel ____, unsprinklered void spaces, highly combustible contents, unprotected vertical openings, and inadequate or no sprinkler protection.
Trusses
The hazards of the cockloft or the void between the top-floor ceiling and roof, which is not high enough to be called an attic, have long been familiar. This floor-ceiling truss void can properly be called a ____
Trussloft
A steel structural member that is rolled in cylindrical, square, or rectangular shapes.
Tube
What is an externally braced structure?
Tube Construction
Heavy weights installed high up in a building that are adjusted by computers to counter wind-induced oscillations.
Tuned-Mass Dampers
A wind ____ is a device used to capture the kinetic energy of the wind, convert it into mechanical energy to drive a generator, and convert it to DC. The hazards involved are similar to PV systems, with the added danger of spinning blades.
Turbine
A FF stepping onto a roof as lightly as possible still imposes a momentary load on the roof at least ____ his at-rest weight.
Twice
Rain penetrating the outer wythe of a cavity wall drains down the cavity to ____ ____ at the bottom.
Weep Holes
Abbreviations used for different shape steel also includes numbers on blueprints to designate their size. The first number refers to the depth of the member (in inches), while the second number refers to the ____ per foot of the member (in pounds).
Weight
The disadvantage of concrete is its ____.
Weight. In the effort to reduce the dead weight of a building, and thus its cost, fireproofing is often a tempting target.
Common causes for fires in construction sites are:
Welding/Cutting operations, discarded smoking materials, and arson.
In regards to protecting glass fire barriers with sprinklers, it is important that all of the glass be ___. In the case of hot fires, the wetting must occur early to avoid thermal shock to hot glass.
Wet
An automatic fire extinguishing system that discharges a wet chemical agent.
Wet Chemical System
Automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing water under pressure at all times.
Wet Pipe System
___ wood has less strength than ___ wood.
Wet; Dry
What load is applied t the building by the wind?
Wind load
Stack Effect is most significant in cold climates in the _____ because of the great difference between the inside and outside temperatures.
Wintertime
___ glass, when properly installed, has greater resistance from fire than ___ glass, but it passes radiant heat as readily a regular glass.
Wired; Ordinary
A fully involved, multistory, heavy timber building is a conflagration breeder for a variety of reasons. Such as: Fire spread to ____-frame homes that often surround these buildings.
Wood
A hard fibrous material forming the major part of trees. It is usually milled or otherwise processed for use in construction.
Wood
A material that exterior structural walls of garden apartments are made of: W____
Wood
Determine whether the wall over the openings for doors and windows is carried on masonry arches or on wood. If it is on ___ expect early failure.
Wood
Regardless of the exterior construction of garden apartments, the interior construction is almost totally of ____, using construction techniques similar to those used in SFR.
Wood
Some 1-hour rated designs of ____ floors include a lightweight concrete topping as much as 1-1.5" thick.
Wood
Some of the greatest fire disasters in history have been due to the spread of fire by ____ shingle roofs.
Wood
____ is combustible. As it burns, its structural strength is lost. Unless the fire is checked, at some point gravity will act and a collapse will result.
Wood
In early fire tests ___ ___ received the earliest attention, as columns were considered to present no problems.
Wood Floors
Building with exterior walls, interior walls, floors, and roofs made of combustible wood material.
Wood Framed
________, along with lightweight wood trusses, can be considered the most Dangerous of all structural members to FFs today
Wood I-Joists
Narrow, rough strips of wood nailed to studs. Plaster is spread on wood ____. Generally no longer used, wood ____ is present in many existing buildings.
Wood Lath
Piles are made of:
Wood or Steel
General characteristic of a strip mall: Some smaller strip malls may be built entirely of ____-____ construction.
Wood-Frame
Masonry walls are usually much thicker than ____ walls.
Wooden
Composite lightweight wood material used in an "I" cross section.
Wooden I-Joist
____ ____ ___ are often used for churches.
Wooden rigid frames.
A wall-bearing building that carries the load of the structure and its contents.
Wooden-Walled Building
____ are sometimes chemically treated for prevention of insect damage.
Woods
In regards to controlling the problem of fast fire growth, eliminating high flame spread surfaces seems to only be used on:
U.S. Merchant Ships
NFPA 251, ___, and ASTM E-119 are three test standards that all similarly test for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
UL 263
The highest load that a member or structure can sustain before failure occurs.
Ultimate Strength
A fully involved, multistory, heavy timber building is a conflagration breeder for a variety of reasons. Such as: Shut off sprinklers, the lack of or turned off standpipe systems, open equipment shafts, and large open _____ areas in old factories. The lack of sprinklers in most churches.
Uncompartmented
A building on fire can be considered a building:
Under demolition.
It appears that a fire involving a metal deck roof could be controlled by the continuous application of water to the ____ side of the roof. By cooling the steel, the tar would be prevented from generating gas. Literally, the fire would be extinguished by removing the fuel.
Underside
Concrete blocks poured per UL's Classifications.
Underwriters Blocks
What does Brannigan recommend you do when analyzing how and where the fire will spread in a building?
Undress the building.
A load that is applied evenly over an area
Uniformly Distributed Load
A sustained oxidation reaction that produces sufficient excess heat to continue heating unburned fuel, making it available for combustion.
Uninhibited Chemical Chain Reaction
Fire resistive construction can be built with ____ area and height.
Unlimited
Many noncombustible buildings are 1-3 stories in height, with the maximum height being 12 stories for certain types of occupancies. Fire-resistive construction is permitted to be of _____ height.
Unlimited
Bridges and overpasses on highways provide a good example of ____ steel that is vulnerable to an occasional gasoline or oil truck fire.
Unprotected
Lightweight Construction Precipitators of Collapse: _____, bare steel members subjected to fire.
Unprotected
Steel structures can be divided into four types: -_____ -Dynamically Protected -Passively Protected -Passive/Dynamic Combination Protection
Unprotected
The steel in steel-framed buildings is almost universally ____.
Unprotected
When steel is used in a garden apartment, it is often not protected by any listed material or approved technique, so it must be considered _____.
Unprotected
_____ steel structures can be extremely hazardous because of the potential for early collapse.
Unprotected
Ordinary masonry walls are not reinforced, so they have no resistance to lateral movement.
Unreinforced Masonry
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, floor and roof assemblies are often tested under restrained and ____ conditions. Essentially, the assemblies are secured on the ends and not permitted to move, seeing if they distort and buckle when heated.
Unrestrained
Typical departures from the true mill construction (and current regulations for heavy timber buildings) include cast-iron or unprotected steel columns, steel or part steel trusses, _____ void spaces, highly combustible contents, unprotected vertical openings, and inadequate or no sprinkler protection.
Unsprinklered
All walls are inherently ____.
Unstable
Precast concrete buildings under construction are _____ until all connections are completed.
Unstable
As defined in NFPA 72, an ___ alarm is any alarm that occurs that is not the result of a potentially hazardous condition.
Unwanted
Jail and Prison Occupancy Classification: Free movement is permitted within the building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment as well as the exterior.
Use Condition 1
Jail and Prison Occupancy Classification: Free movement is permitted within the building from some compartment to smoke compartment.
Use Condition 2
Jail and Prison Occupancy Classification: Free movement is permitted within the building within a smoke compartment; movement to other areas is by remote control release.
Use Condition 3
Jail and Prison Occupancy Classification: Free movement is permitted within an occupied space within a smoke compartment; movement to other areas of the smoke compartment or other smoke compartments is by remote control release.
Use Condition 4
Jail and Prison Occupancy Classification: Free movement is restricted from the occupied space; manual release is necessary to allow movement from the occupied space to other areas of the smoke compartment or other smoke compartments.
Use Condition 5
_____ are often passed through the fire wall.
Utilities
A collapse in which the floor fails near its center, with the perimeter of the floor still partially supported by the walls. Two voids are created in this type of collapse.
V-Shaped Floor Collapse
The lower slope formed by the connection of the two inclined planes of a roof.
Valley
A material that exterior structural walls of garden apartments are made of: Brick ____ over platform wood frame.
Veneer
As a result of the masonry wire truss, the header course is no longer necessary, and the appearance of a masonry bearing wall may be no different than that of a ____ wall of all stretchers.
Veneer
A wall made up of a single vertical thickness of masonry that is designed to improve the exterior appearance of a building
Veneer Wall
A wall with a masonry facing that is not bonded but is attached to a wall so as to form an integral part of the wall.
Veneer Wall
____ tactics can accelerate collapse.
Ventilation
Theaters where live actors perform on stage were the first buildings ever designed so that a fire could occur and the occupants would be protected from the combustion products. Automatic ____ are provided above the stage to reduce the pressure on the proscenium fire curtain.
Vents
Mineral used as bulk insulation and as an aggregate in insulating.
Vermiculite
A construction factor influencing fire behavior. ___ openings such as chases and shafts and penetrations, which allow fire to spread ___.
Vertical
Firestops typically limit ____ movement though relatively small , concealed passages such as under stairs and inside walls. Firestopping material may consist of at least 2" nominal lumber, two thicknesses of 1" nominal lumber with broken up lap joints, or 23/32" plywood, or other approved materials.
Vertical
Columns are usually thought of as being _____, but any structural member that is compressively loaded is governed by the laws of columns, despite its ______
Vertical Attitude
All combustible siding readily extends fire ____, and is easily ignited by an exterior fire such as trash or burning foliage.
Vertically
Audible and Physical Indicators of Collapse: V_____
Vibrations
_____ siding is made to look like wood siding. It is a thermoplastic that will deform (droop), burn, and drip under attack from fire. It is often used to cover up old wood siding.
Vinyl
A thermoplastic that will deform and drip when introduced to a fire situation. Often made to look like wood siding.
Vinyl Siding
A major defect in early fire-resistive buildings (1870-1930): Wooden floor beams were placed on piers creating a ____ under the floor, connected to all other voids by the hollow columns. In some cases, floors were leveled with cinders, often overloading the structure.
Void
A problem presented to the FD by ordinary construction: ___ spaces
Void
As in wood-frame construction, ____ spaces are an inherent part of ordinary construction.
Void
It is not uncommon for a building to be modernized several times in the course of its lifetime with a new and lower ceiling each time. This provides a new ____.
Void
New buildings of ordinary construction use lightweight wood trusses and wooden I-beams instead of sawn wood joists. This creates ___ spaces where explosive CO gas can accumulate.
Void
Wood construction creates combustible ___ spaces in which fire can hide, grow, and burst out.
Void
Suspended ceilings of combustible tile form ___ ___ in which fire can burn undetected until it bursts out furiously.
Void Spaces
CO gas trapped in unvented ____ can detonate violently and blow down walls.
Voids
One of the fire protection advantages of concrete construction is that it lacks inherent _____.
Voids
Ordinary citizens and inexperienced FFs are generally unaware of the tremendous fire threat that can be concealed in ____.
Voids
Arch unit.
Vousoir
A wedge-shaped block whose converging sides radiate from a center, forming an element of an arch or vaulted ceiling.
Voussoir
What was the largest building collapse in recorded history?
WTC 9/11/01
Until the post ____ ____ era, structural concrete was regarded as suitable only for massive, low-rise utilitarian structure in which aesthetics played little part.
WW2
In so called ____ concrete, which comprises a two way structural system, closely spaced beams are set at right angles to one another, and unnecessary concrete is formed out.
Waffle
Two-way structural system with closely spaced beams set at right angles to another in which unnecessary concrete is formed out; lower side resembles a waffle.
Waffle Concrete
A horizontal beam that ties rows of soldier beams together.
Waler
Horizontal beams (____) are used to hold up vertical soldier beams when there is an excavation (such as construction of an underground parking facility). Diagonal columns called ____ brace the entire structure.
Walers; Rakers
A structural element that transmits to the ground the compressive forces applied along the top or received at any point on the wall.
Wall
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, a floor structure or ____ structure must not develop conditions that would ignite cotton waste on the unexposed surface or permit an average temp of 250°F
Wall
A descriptor indicating a structure in which the entire structural load is carried on the walls; the opposite of a curtain wall.
Wall Bearing
In a typical concrete block wall, the building designer may insert solid block, brick, reinforced concrete or _____ to stiffen the wall and carry the weight of the concentrated load.
Wall Column
___ is part of a rated wall assembly-all components must be tested together in a testing lab to get an hourly fire resistance rating.
Wallboard
A large, rigid gypsum sheet that is fastened to the frame of a building and provides the surface finish.
Wallboard (drywall)
A subcontractor that is hired by the contractor to oversee the surface finishes of walls that are fastened to the frame of the building.
Wallboard Contractor
As defined in the IBC, Fire ____ are a fire-resistive smoke tight wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously through the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.
Walls
Characteristic of mill construction: The protection of vertical openings and the division of the buildings into sections by fire ____ are vital.
Walls
Fire-resistive assemblies- fire ____, fire partitions, and fire barriers- are key elements with the concept of compartmentation as it relates to fire protection.
Walls
Generally speaking, there is a hierarchy of fire-resistive assemblies. Building codes specify the level of fire resistance in hours and the number and type of penetrations permitted. They are: 1. Fire ____ (2-4 hrs) 2. Fire Partitions (1 hr) 3. Fire Barriers (1-2 hrs)
Walls
In the FM Approvals Corner test, the ____ are up to 25 feet high, the east wall is 50 feet long and the south wall is more than 37 feet long.
Walls
One of the most important factors in fire spread within buildings is the interior finish on ____ and ceilings.
Walls
Subdividing fire areas in a warehouse is accomplished by the use of fire ____.
Walls
Typical indicators of building collapse include smoke or water flowing through ___, soft floors, a small partial collapse, walls out of plumb, and time since arrival on the scene. These are good indicators, but sometimes they are insufficient or appear too late.
Walls
Audible and Physical Indicators of Collapse: Lack of _____ runoff from FF operations.
Water
Audible and Physical Indicators of Collapse: Movement/shifting of _____ on the floor.
Water
Green systems and materials can be grouped into four general categories: Eco-friendly materials, energy conservation, _____ conservation, and energy generation.
Water
Occupancy Precipitators of Collapse: _____-logged goods, soaked during FF operations.
Water
One option open to the designer to deal with the characteristic of steel as they relate to fire risk: Protect the steel with an internal ____ cooling system.
Water
Popular misconception about sprinklers: ____ does more damage than fire.
Water
Generally speaking, ___ ___ switches are more reliable indicators of the actual location of a fire than smoke detectors, which can be "fooled" by migrating smoke.
Water Flow
Regarding smoke management systems, most are activated automatically by ____ ____ switches, and in the case of atria, projected beam detectors.
Water Flow
A switch that detects the movement of water in a sprinkler system and transmits a signal to the alarm system.
Water Flow Switch
Sprinkler systems in garden apartment complexes (and NFPA 13R) often share the same ____ ____ with the hydrants that are in the complex.
Water Main
Distribution system connected to a water supply or water and atomizing media supplies that is equipped with one or more nozzles capable of delivering water mist intended to control, suppress, or extinguish fires that has been demonstrated to meet the performance requirements of its listing.
Water Mist System
Special fixed pipe system connected to a reliable fire protection water supply and equipped with water spray nozzles for specific water discharge and distribution over the surface or area to be protected.
Water Spray System
When fighting an uncontrollable fire in a heavy timber building you'll need a large _____ supply, numerous heavy caliber streams, a large collapse zone, and an extensive brand patrol downwind.
Water Supply
A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature; used for water pipes, rivets, and other ornamental forged work.
Wrought Iron
___ ___, an expensive material in the 19th century, is malleable and contains little carbon (0.2%). It has been replaced by steel for many purposes.
Wrought Iron
In the 19th century, ___ iron and ___ iron were used in many structures.
Wrought; Cast
A single continuous vertical wall of bricks, one masonry unit in thickness.
Wythe
A single continuous vertical wall of masonry units (one masonry unit in thickness)
Wythe
Brick veneer walls are laid up from the foundation in one ____. Such a wall, if not attached to something, is very unstable because it is thin.
Wythe
A 1929 fire at the Cleveland Clinic in the ____ film storage facility sent clouds of deadly nitrous oxide gas (one breath can kill), killing over 100 people.
X-ray
Visiting a building under construction is important because:
You can preplan the building by actually seeing it being constructed.
· In addition, for wood shingles, a____ ____test is required to determine if the roofing will produce brands.
flying brand
In a bearing wall, headers can be seen, usually every _____row.
seventh
The taller the riser and smaller the tread, the ______the set of stairs.
steeper
If the brick wall is all _____, you should suspect that it is brick veneer, but you cannot be certain this is the case.
stretchers
The lightweight wood truss has been in general use since ___
the 1960s
However, there is one common vertical means of fire spread in both balloon-frame and platform-frame buildings:
the open stairwell.
What are the sizes of dimensional lumber?
2-4-inch nominal thickness
Braced sheeting used in soil walls to protect against collapse.
Tieback
Buildings under construction are more dangerous than a completed structure because:
-Fire Protection Features Not Finished -Structural Elements Not Complete -Collapse Danger Amplified
Regarding sprinkler system installation incentives, these are typical site development incentives:
-Fewer fire hydrants with greater spacing -Reduced fire flow, small supply pipe -Increased allowable distance from public access way -Street width reduction -Cul-de-sac allowances
Regarding sprinkler system installation incentives, these are typical tax or insurance incentives:
-Elimination of value of sprinkler system from assessed valuation -Property tax rebates -Elimination of water department fees -Insurance premium reductions
Two solutions are available to a builder to prevent the occurrence of a metal deck roof fire: -Use Factory Mutual Class I roofing or a UL Classified Roof -___ ___ ___ ___ ___, even though the contents may be noncombustible.
-Provide adequate automatic sprinkler protection for the roof.
Aluminum will melt around ___ degrees F.
1,200
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: __-25 Class B: 26-75 Class C: 76-200
0
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, there are two comparisons in evaluating test results. The flame spread over inorganic reinforced cement board is set at __. The flame spread over Red Oak is set at 100. Tests have shown that fire will reach the end of Red Oak in 10 minutes.
0
Steel will expand ____ to 0.07% in length for each 100°F rise in temperature.
0.06%
Steel will expand 0.06 to ____% in length for each 100°F rise in temperature.
0.07%
Water supplies for spray systems designed to protect tanks and steel supports from flammable liquid spill fires are calculated on a requirement of ___ gpm per square foot.
0.25
A 1929 fire at the Cleveland Clinic in the X-ray film storage facility sent clouds of deadly nitrous oxide gas (___ breath can kill), killing over 100 people.
1
Arches can have how many hinges-that is, points at which the arch changes direction?
1, 2, or 3
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, assemblies that pass the tests are rated in units of hours-for example __, __, or __ hours- depending on how long the unit survived the test fire.
1, 2, or 3
Steel heated to ____ degrees F elongates 9.5" per 100 feet.
1,000
A negative characteristic of structural steel, it fails at about ___ to ___ degrees F.
1,000 to 1,100 degrees F
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, when the average temperature of a column exceeds ___°F or if any part of the temperature exceeds 1,300°F, the test is ended and the specimen fails.
1,100°F
The ignition temp of CO is ___° F
1,128° F
A few years ago, building codes considered atria to be openings that connected a minimum of 3 floors and were a minimum of 20 feet on each side. Today, codes require that atria connect a minimum of __ floors without a minimum size requirement.
2
If the design load is half the tested strength, the safety factor is ___.
2
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, a test sample 25 feet long and __ feet wide forms the top of a tunnel or long box.
2
Steel has a safety factor of __.
2 (Steel is made under controlled conditions)
The newer I-shaped beams use _ x _"" boards for the upper and lower flanges and OSB for the web.
2 x 4"
Depending on the size of the strip mall, a fire wall may be required. They may have a __, __, or __-hour rating and also must be constructed to allow partial collapse on either side without pulling the entire wall down.
2, 3, or 4
General characteristic of a Taxpayer: They are usually limited to approximately __ to 10 small stores.
6
Recent tests of Wood I Beams have shown failure in just over __ minutes in a simulated basement fire at UL.
6
The NBS developed ASTM E-162, Radiant Panel Flame Spread Test. Samples for this test measure on __ by 18 inches. The radiant panel test has been used to develop information after serious fires.
6
Under today's standards, ordinary construction buildings are usually limited to no more than ___ stories.
6
The height limit of an ordinary brick bearing wall building is generally __ stories, but there are some as tall as 16.
6 Because of the requirement that walls increase in thickness as the buildings height increases.
Heavy timber floor beam minimum dimensions are __ by __ inch.
6 by 10 inch
I-shaped beams are glued together using phenol and resorcinol formaldehydes, and manufactured in lengths up to __ feet.
60
In an underground building, if the occupied level is more than __ feet below the level of exit discharge, a smoke barrier that splits the floor levels roughly in half and that runs vertically up through all underground levels must be provided.
60
Formwork can represent __% of the cost of a concrete structure.
60%
In the CFD's 2008 study of legacy vs lightweight structural members, they simulated a basement fire with lightweight wooden I beams. Collapse occurred in a mere _:__. The legacy 2 x 10-inch beam construction outlasted lightweight construction by a 3:1 margin.
6:03
Commercial carpeting presently being manufactured is required to meet a test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a small source such as a dropped match or cigarette. It is a screening test (popularly known as the pill test), and __ out of 8 samples must pass the test.
7
In a fire equivalent to the standard test fire, the bar joists will generally fail in about __ minutes.
7
The Steiner Tunnel Test is known as NFPA 255, ASTM E-84, and UL ___
723
The flammability range of CO is 12.5 - __%; its ignition temp is 1128° F.
74%
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: 0-25 Class B: 26-__ Class C: 76-200
75
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: 0-25 Class B: 26-75 Class C: __-200
76
Commercial carpeting presently being manufactured is required to meet a test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a small source such as a dropped match or cigarette. It is a screening test (popularly known as the pill test), and 7 out of __ samples must pass the test.
8
The Empire State Building weighs 23 pounds per cubic foot, whereas modern high-rises weigh as little as __ pounds per cubic foot.
8
The creation of dangerous, hidden voids is prevalent in the rehab of older buildings, especially when the ceiling heights were greater than today's acceptable __ feet.
8
If a fire occurs in a hospital or nursing home on one side of the smoke barrier, patients may be moved through the barrier to the other side. To complement the smoke barriers, corridors are a minimum of __ feet wide to accommodate the size and width of rolling hospital beds.
8 Feet
What works to destroy the gravity resistance system of a structure?
A load in a building
A collapse in which one end of the collapsed floor is supported by an interior wall, creating two void spaces.
A-Frame Floor Collapse
___ may be formed into panels, blocks, and floor slabs. It can be cut easily, thereby obtaining desired dimensions.
AAC
Set of regulations passed in 1990 that include, among other things, regulations requiring areas of refuge for disabled people in multistory buildings.
ADA
NFPA 251, UL 263, and ___ are three test standards that all similarly test for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
ASTM E-119
Plaster does not contribute to a fire. In fact, lime plaster ___ heat, thereby slowing the process of the fire.
Absorbs
Large stores (often department stores) attached to the mall that have all of their required exits independent of the mall.
Anchor Stores
Since the 1940s, many building codes require that a structure be _____ to the _____.
Anchored to the foundation.
Abbreviation for different shaped steel members: L
Angles
In the case of ____, three numbers are used to identify the steel member. The first two refer to the nominal depths of the two "legs" and the last number refers to the thickness of the legs.
Angles
Steel members that have two legs at right angles to one another.
Angles
Covered malls can be ____ type of construction.
Any
In tilt-slab construction, a roof of steel joists is the most common, the roof may be ___ type of construction.
Any
In a ___ frame building, the studs run two or more stories high from the foundation to the eave line. At the floor line, a horizontal board called a ribbon board is nailed to the studs. The joists rest on the ribbon board. The channels between the studs may be open from the cellar to the attic, and the joist channels are open to the stud channels.
Balloon
___ frame construction became an almost universal construction method for multistory wooden buildings until the middle of the 1900s.
Balloon
A wooden structure in which all vertical studs in the exterior bearing walls extend the full height of the frame from sill to roof. No fire stops are present within the walls.
Balloon Frame
A quick growing plant (compared with hardwood trees) that is now used not only to create furniture but also in structural laminated beams, curtain wall panels, and even trusses. Expect early failure of unprotected beams and trusses made of this material.
Bamboo
A joist that generally runs in the same direction as a beam and forms a lightweight, long span system, used as floor supports and built-up roofing supports.
Bar Joist
A joist that generally runs in the same direction as a beam and forms a lightweight, long-span system, used as floor supports and built-up roofing supports
Bar Joist
A joist that generally runs in the same direction as a beam and forms a lightweight, long-span system, used as floor supports and built-up roofing supports.
Bar Joist
In a steel-framed building, columns may support deep parallel-chord trusses spanning wide areas, with smaller trusses, often called ___ _____, spanning the main trusses to support a flat roof.
Bar Joists
As defined in the IBC, Fire ____ are a fire resistance-rated vertical or horizontal assembly of materials...designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected.
Barriers
Fire-resistive assemblies- fire walls, fire partitions, and fire ____- are key elements with the concept of compartmentation as it relates to fire protection.
Barriers
Generally speaking, there is a hierarchy of fire-resistive assemblies. Building codes specify the level of fire resistance in hours and the number and type of penetrations permitted. They are: 1. Fire Walls (2-4 hrs) 2. Fire Partitions (1 hr) 3. Fire ____ (1-2 hrs)
Barriers
Hospitals and nursing homes are equipped with smoke _____. 1-hour fire rated walls that subdivide each floor into 2 or more separate areas.
Barriers
Plates fewer than 6 inches in width; may be square or round.
Bars
The ___ of a balloon-frame building is usually the worst place for a fire to start.
Basement
Usually all the gas meters in an apartment complex are located in one _____ location.
Basement
General characteristic of a Taxpayer: Depending on the region, the taxpayer can have full or partial ____.
Basements
General characteristic of a strip mall: Based on the region, strip mall may or may not have _____.
Basements
In studying a potential fire in an unprotected steel building, the first consideration should be the ____ type of construction.
Basic
Often ____ in adjacent apartments are located back to back This provides a common void and breaches the supposed compartmentation.
Bathtubs
Fiberglass or rock wool insulation with various thicknesses; it may or may not have paper covering.
Batt Insulation
The paper vapor seal on ___ ___ leads to a phenomenal rate of flame spread.
Batt Insulation
___ ___ with paper facing laid in ceilings must be kept free of light fixtures because the heat from the fixture can ignite the paper.
Batt Insulation
A type of siding that uses vertical strips of wood to cover joints.
Batten
Board and ____ siding consists of boards laid on vertically, butt to butt, with strips nailed over the joints. Sometimes plywood is used, and ____ are nailed on 1 foot centers to simulate board and ____.
Batten
Why do I need to study building construction?
Because your life depends on it.
The load that will bend or break the beam.
Bending Moment
A line of columns in any direction.
Bent
Why is it important to have a working knowledge of construction techniques and materials, and to understand the appropriate terminology related to these topics?
Besides being a sign of professionalism, using the correct language is also a sign of safety. By using the proper terminology, you convey not only the characteristics of the building to other FFs, but also the hazards.
From a fire protection perspective, fire-resistive construction is considered to be the ____.
Best
In terms of construction materials, a naturally produced plastic from renewable, living sources (e.g. starches, wood), instead of nonrenewable sources such as oil.
Biopolymers
In terms of construction materials, naturally produced "green plastic" made from renewable, living sources
Biopolymers
Offs should not pass through a fire door without ___ it.
Blocking
Steel is strong in compression, tension, or both?
Both
Rebar is placed in the ____ of the concrete beam to provide the necessary tensile strength.
Bottom
A structural member laid on the sub-floor where the vertical studs are installed.
Bottom Plate
PV systems that are incorporated into the building itself in the form of either PV shingles or PV wall panel systems.
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
Candidates for a certificate in interior design in New York must take two exams- one on interior design, and one on ____ codes and ___ safety.
Building; Fire
Made of steel plates and angles riveted together, as distinguished from one rolled from one piece of steel.
Built Up Girder
A tee where the end of the cutoff is thickened
Bulbtee
An upright partition that divides a ship into compartments and is meant to prevent the spread of leakage or fire.
Bulkhead
The ____ Company is a prominent manufacturer of steel "prefabs." Such buildings are often referred to as "____ Buildings," regardless of the manufacturer.
Butler
Mass of masonry built against a wall to strengthen it. Necessary when a vault or an arch places a heavy load or thrust on one part of the wall.
Buttress
Method of stabilizing a wall: ____ or masses of masonry outside the wall.
Buttresses
From NFPA 255 (Steiner Tunnel Test) the flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows: Class A: 0-25 Class B: 26-75 Class __: 76-200
C
Roofing materials are classified as A, B, or C. The least resistant is __ rated.
C
The model codes allow for a reduction in the class level (flame spread of surface materials) when sprinkler protection is available, but in no case can the rating be less than Class __. (i.e., A→B, B→C, C).
C
In a lightweight wood truss floor, heating of the gusset plate will decompose tensioned wood fibers holding the teeth. Not only is there a hazard of early collapse, but the void is also a reservoir for explosive __ gas waiting for a FF to pull the ceiling.
CO
The joisted floor in legacy construction provides a limited void. The truss void, in contrast, represents a large area in which explosive __ can accumulate.
CO
What is the most prevalent toxic ire gas?
CO
The Critical Radiant Flux Test (NFPA 253) measures a materials ability to resist flame spread. The result derived from this test is the Critical Radiant Flux (___) of the sample.
CRF
The higher the ___ number, the less flammable the carpeting.
CRF
A wide flanged beam that has been cut in half in a zig-zag pattern and then welded back together in an offset manner, creating a new, deeper beam.
Castellated Beam
A major defect in early fire-resistive buildings (1870-1930): ____-Iron columns were often unprotected.
Cast
Characteristic of mill construction: Sometimes a ___ ___ box is built into the wall to receive the end of a girder.
Cast Iron
___ ___ is a very brittle material with high carbon content (3-4%). If heated in a fire, it can easily fail when struck with the cold water from a hose stream.
Cast Iron
This type of building used cast iron columns and wrought-or cast iron arches or lintels at street floor level carrying masonry above the first floor.
Cast Iron Front Buildings
There are two basic types of concrete construction: _____ and ____.
Cast-In-Place (Plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and post-tensioned concrete); Precast Concrete (Plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and pretensioned concrete)
Includes plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and post-tensioned concrete. This concrete is molded in the location in which it is expected to remain.
Cast-In-Place Concrete
Characteristic of mill construction: Columns and beams are of heavy timber with ____-____ connectors used to cover joists where the fire might obtain a hold.
Cast-Iron
Poor connections of floor beams to __ ___ columns are probably the chief cause of failure.
Cast-Iron
Unlike with ___ ___, the application of water to cool steel doesn't cause failure; it simply removes the heat, thereby regaining its strength. Cooling streams should be applied to structural steel members when they have been heated by a fire.
Cast-Iron
An iron box built into a wall to receive the end of a girder.
Cast-Iron Box
Abbreviation for different shaped steel members: CB
Castellated Beams
OSB is ____ than Plywood
Cheaper
Wood chips that are glued together to make flat sheets. Often used in the floor construction of mobile homes.
Chipboard
Often wood chips are glued together to make flat sheets. These _____ (also known as particleboard) are sometimes used for the floors of mobile homes. Some chipboard is water soluble and has dissolved in fires.
Chipboards
The top and bottom members of a truss.
Chords
At one time, a popular decoration that provided a real flame spread or rapid flame growth problem was the ___ ___.
Christmas Tree
While new mills are not being constructed, heavy timber construction continues to be desirable, particularly for ____ and ____.
Churches and Synogogues
An engineer who specializes in the design of parking lots, drainage areas, and roadways
Civil Engineer
Novelty siding is often called ____, but true ____, which are cut from a log in a wedge shape, are rare.
Clapboards
Standpipe that provides a 2.5" hose connection to supply water for use by FDs
Class I
Where regulated, the model building and fire codes consider two classes of interior floor finish ratings: ____ __: CRF Minimum ≥ 0.45 watt/sq cm Class II: CRF minimum ≥0.22 watt/sq cm
Class I
Standpipe system that provides 1 1/2" hose stations to supply water for use primarily by building occupants or by FD during initial response.
Class II
Where regulated, the model building and fire codes consider two classes of interior floor finish ratings: Class I: CRF Minimum ≥ 0.45 watt/sq cm ____ __: CRF minimum ≥0.22 watt/sq cm
Class II
A standpipe system that provides 1 1/2" hose stations to supply water for use by building occupants and 2.5" hose connections to supply a larger volume of water for use by FDs
Class III
___ tile roofs were particularly popular in the 1920s and 1930s.
Clay
Some homes may feature a heavy clay ___ roof instead of wood shingles.
Clay Tile
Gaseous fire extinguishing agent that does not leave a residue when it dissipates.
Clean Agent System
Rapid involvement of a fire situation that goes beyond the normal attack situations that FDs encounter.
Conflagration
A structure that presents severe exposure problems that are capable of initiating a conflagration- a large, multiple-building fire that is not easily contained.
Conflagration Breeder
The vulnerable point is the ____ most susceptible to fire.
Connection
After looking at a number of buildings with cast iron columns, it appears likely that the chief cause their failure is the unsafe ____.
Connections
All personnel should be aware of the known weak points of the warehouse structure and construction. Particular emphasis should be placed on the potential for collapse or failures: Failure of ____ or splices of heavy-timbered roof.
Connections
It is the weakness of the ____ that the principal interior collapse potential is often found.
Connections
Often structural failure is due to a failure of:
Connections
Transfer the load from one structural element to another.
Connections
Its important to note that the fact that a particular material may burn slowly is much less important than how the structure is connected. All loads must be delivered to the ground; the entire path must be examined. Study the ____
Connections.
A stated objective of the LEED program: _____ energy and water.
Conserve
The strength of steel, the _____ of its structural characteristics, and its ability to be connected to other structural elements so that loads can be adequately transferred are all important to the use of steel as a building material.
Consistency
The problems FDs face regarding concrete construction can be divided into three distinct areas: -Collapse during construction with no fire. -Fire during _____. -Fire in completed, occupied buildings.
Construction
With the lack of focus on fire safety with green construction, the International Green ____ Code was issued in 2012 in an attempt to regulate green construction.
Construction
Occupational health and safety regulations (enforced bistate and/or federal authorities such as OSHA) that apply to construction sites. These include provisions to prevent falls (through the use of safety barriers) and protection from being hit or crushed.
Construction Safety Regulations
While trying to anticipate collapse (while understanding that this is not an exact science), it is best to assess the ___ technique (traditional wood frame vs lightweight), fire ___, and fire ___.
Construction; Severity; Duration
Sprinklers that protect occupied spaces will most likely only extinguish ____ fires.
Contents
When "triaging" heat evolved by a fire, here is the order of importance: 1. Heat being absorbed by contents or structural elements that will be ignited or caused to fail. 2. Heat being evolved from _____ that are burning. 3. Heat leaving the structure.
Contents
_____ in high-rises pose a flame-spread problem.
Contents
Many concrete floors are designed as ____ beams. In heavy construction, mushroom caps and drop panels are used at columns to cope with high shear stresses.
Continuous
A beam supported at three or more points. It is considered structurally advantageous because if the span between two supports is overloaded, the rest of the beam assists in carrying the load.
Continuous Beam
Process for casting or pouring concrete without interruption from start to finish.
Continuous Casting
Pouring concrete continuously as forms move upward so that continuous casting may be accomplished.
Continuous Slipforming
A building or a portion of a building within which hazardous materials are allowed to be stored, dispensed, used, or handled in quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable quantities.
Control Area
The transfer of heat through circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid.
Convection
Through constant training, personnel can be accustomed to the need to ____ all heated steel.
Cool
General Visual Indicators of Collapse: ______ in walls, especially ones that develop during a fire.
Cracks
____, even if patched, indicate weakness in the wall that may be due to inadequate foundations. If there is a thrust in one part of the wall, the rest of the wall may not resist the thrust.
Cracks
Recent building codes have allowed ____ mall buildings to be of unlimited area if they are Type 1-4 construction and have 60' of open space around them.
Covered
A single building enclosing a number of tenants, including retail stores, drinking and dining establishments, entertainment facilities, offices, and other similar uses where the tenants have an opening on to one or more malls.
Covered Mall
Today, green advocates have brought vine-like plants to the interior of the building, using them as wall ____ . Plant vegetation is combustible, particularly when dry. Expect the plans to aid in the fire spread.
Covering
A potential problem in the modern open office plan is: where do the ___ begin and end?
Corridors
Flame spread restrictions in codes are typically strictest for ___ and less strict for rooms off of these ___.
Corridors
Over time, the steel (rebar) begins to ____ within the concrete.
Corrode
Parking garages where salt is used to melt ice are particularly vulnerable to _____.
Corrosion
Recently, glass fiber polymer reinforcing rods, with twice the tensile strength of steel, have been put in use to minimize ____; they are not capable of being welded, however.
Corrosion
Admixtures are added to concrete to give it special characteristics such as ___ ___ if steel-reinforcing rods are to be added to the concrete.
Corrosion Resistance
Plastics containing halogens such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine form ____ ____ when combined with hydrogen and oxygen or moisture in the air.
Corrosive Acids
When concrete floors are cast onto ____ steel, the steel is a left-in-place form. The steel provides the necessary tensile strength.
Corrugated
_____ metal siding is used on industrial buildings of wood or steel framing. Metal siding can present severe electrical hazards, both from stray electrical currents and from lightning.
Corrugated
Grooved panels utilized on industrial buildings of wood or steel framing; it poses an electrical hazard from stray electrical wires or lightning.
Corrugated Metal Siding
Grooved rigid material, often metal.
Corrugation
____ give steel a greater ability to span a gap, without unacceptable deflection or bending, than the same steel would have as a flat plate.
Corrugations
The weight of materials and the weight of the structure required to support heavy materials are now important ____ considerations.
Cost
A horizontal line of masonry.
Course
Common aggregates are both fine and _____.
Course
____ aggregate may be one of a great variety of materials, depending upon availability and the characteristics desired in the finished product.
Course
Shortly after concrete is mixed, it sets into a solid mass, but it continues to ____ indefinitely.
Cure
Concrete that is hardened to full strength.
Cured
Concrete is ___ using ___
Cured; Formwork (Falsework)
A non-load bearing wall that carries no weight other than its own. It is installed only to keep out the weather.
Curtain Wall
Often associated with brick veneer non-load-bearing walls, but also including other masonry walls. The wall falls like a curtain-straight down.
Curtain Wall Collapse
If a column is rigidly braced at the midpoint, the effective length is:
Cut in half.
It is important to anticipate collapse based on a condition such as: _____ tensioned cables.
Cutting
There are several possible approaches to control the problem of fast fire growth, including eliminating high flame spread surfaces, separating material from the source of combustion, ____ the extension of the fire, and coating the materials.
Cutting Off
When FFs discover a PV system in a building on fire, it should systematically be ______. Do not break or cut through the panels or associated equipment.
De-Energized
Concrete topping (applied over first floor wood floors for fire resistance or to provide a sanitary floor) represents additional ___ weight and may confuse FFs as to the true nature of the floor.
Dead
What load consists of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into a building, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, as well as fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes?
Dead Load
What kind of loads can be accurately calculated?
Dead Loads
Attempts to protect wood by encasing it in cement-like products were found to be dangerous because the wood, not being exposed to the air, tends to ____.
Decay
The number of ___ in places of assembly should be strictly limited to reduce the potential volume of fuel available for a fire.
Decorations
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Automatic sprinkler systems that are adequate for the job as installed can be ____ by changes in the operation and storage patterns of the warehouse.
Defeated
Characteristic of mill construction: Special hazards-particularly hazardous industrial processes or haz mats- should be located in ____ buildings.
Detached
When a fire originates behind an interior protected sheathing or extends behind it, the protective sheathing becomes a ___ to the FF effort.
Detriment
The shape of a material affects its ability to resist a compressive load or a deflective one. ___ is bending that combines both compression and tension. Shape is not a consideration in tensile loads.
Deflection
______ causes the top of a beam to shorten so that the top is in compression.
Deflection
Laminated timbers (Glulam) apparently burn like solid heavy timbers and do not ____ like plywood.
Delaminate
A basic problem of plywood exposed to fire is that it ____, which increases the surface area and the rate of heat release.
Delaminates
These systems have all sprinkler heads open at all times. When heat from a fire actuates the fire detecting device, the valve opens and water flows to, and is discharged from all sprinklers in the piping.
Deluge
Sprinkler systems are designed to have an adequate water supply to meet this ____ ____ (the anticipated overall size of the fire with all sprinklers operating).
Demand Area
The "expected" area of sprinklers that will activate as anticipated by the sprinkler design standard; essentially the projected size of the fire.
Demand Area
Walls bounding a tenant space.
Demising Wall
Except for the life safety of the _____ workers, remember that this building is being thrown away. Risk little for these structures.
Demolition
Each sprinkler is designed to flow a specific amount of water at a specific pressure to achieve a ____ of water over a specific area of coverage.
Density
The unit rate of water application to an area or surface; expressed in gpm/ft2
Density
Abbreviations used for different shape steel also includes numbers on blueprints to designate their size. The first number refers to the _____ of the member (in inches), while the second number refers to the weight per foot of the member (in pounds).
Depth
A deeper beam provides greater efficiency, but it must be balanced under other considerations, such as:
Desired thickness of the floor and the deflection of the flooring between widely spaced beams.
Valve that senses a sudden increased flow, as from a broken line, and shuts off flammable gas.
Excess Flow Valve
Floors designed to stiffen the building against wind and other lateral loads such as earthquakes:
Diaphragm Floors
A general problem and hazard with high-rises: Occupancy. Different types of occupancies pose ____ scenarios.
Different
In a connection failure, concrete _____.
Disintegrates
Deteriorating concrete, spalling that exposes reinforcing rods, and cracks in concrete that can admit corrosive moisture to the reinforcing rods are indications that the building is in ____.
Distress
Sprinkler impairment can be divided into water supply and water _____ problems.
Distribution
The time ratings given to fire-resistive assemblies __ ___ relate to the real time in an actual fire. Rather, the ratings provide a relative measure of comparison. Ex. A 2-hour assembly has greater fire resistance than a 1-hour assembly.
Do Not
Connects the girders and imparts some lateral stability under normal conditions; resembles a big staple
Dog Iron
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Tremendous ____ values.
Dollar
Fire resistance is not concerned with ___ loss due to fire.
Dollar
It can be considered a three dimensional arch.
Dome
Fire ____ can have fire protection ratings ranging from 20 minutes to 3 hours.
Doors
Thicker section of floor on top of columns to assist in resisting the natural tendency of the floor to shear off at the column.
Drop Panel
Since fiberboard acoustical ceiling tiles today are no longer considered attractive, it has become common practice to install a ___ ___ below the acoustical tiles.
Dropped Ceiling
An automatic fire extinguishing system that discharges a dry chemical agent.
Dry Chemical System
Automatic sprinklers attached to piping that contains air or nitrogen under pressure.
Dry Pipe System
Fire ___ and ___ play significant roles in the degradation of construction materials.
Duration and Size
When is a structures dead load often increased?
During Alterations
____ protection is generally accomplished with various types of automatic sprinkler systems.
Dynamic
Steel structures can be divided into four types: -Unprotected -______ Protected -Passively Protected -Passive/Dynamic Combination Protection
Dynamically
Codes applying to the installation of electrical systems
Electrical Code
A subcontractor hired by the contractor to oversee all electrical installation.
Electrical Contractor
An engineer who specializes in the design of lighting, power telecommunications, and emergency power of a structure.
Electrical Engineer
There have been many serious contamination incidents from Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) released from ____ ____ during fires.
Electrical Transformers
When ___ ___ is operated at or above its rated capacity, the heat can break down the insulation and flammable gases can be emitted.
Electrical Wiring
What term is used to clear the "air" on the radio to issue an evacuation order?
Emergency traffic
A descriptor of lumber with tongues and grooves at the ends
End Matched
During daylight, conductors in a PV roof system will remain _____, creating a significant shock hazard, even if all of the system switches have been disconnected.
Energized
Green systems and materials can be grouped into four general categories: Eco-friendly materials, _____ conservation, water conservation, and energy generation.
Energy
Green systems and materials can be grouped into four general categories: Eco-friendly materials, energy conservation, water conservation, and _____ generation.
Energy
In the construction trade, laminated timbers. In this text,, wood modified from its natural state.
Engineered Wood
During renovations, removing walls to "open up" a building requires a great deal of ___ to ensure that a collapse hazard is not created.
Engineering
There are three classifications of calculated risks that builders take when designing a building with no fire protection for unprotected steel: -Financial or Economic -_____ -Forget it
Engineering
Which calculated risk regarding not providing fire protection for unprotected steel is described when no special protection is recommended. The calculations made are adequate?
Engineering Calculation
In the 1920s, many balloon frame houses were built with the exterior finished to resemble post and frame construction. They were called ____ ____ style homes.
English Tudor
The aesthetic appeal of half timber homes was revived in the 1920s and 1930s with ___ ___ style buildings.
English Tudor
Balloon-framed structure finished to resemble post and frame construction.
English tudor
A very common fallacy is the belief that fire resistance can be achieved simply by nailing 5/8" "fire-rated" drywall. In reality, the fire rating comes from the listing of the ____ assembly, not the ___ components within that assembly.
Entire; Individual
The process of oxygen (air) being drawn into a fire.
Entrainment
Steel's compressive strength is _____ to its tensile strength.
Equal
Very long, thin column
Euler's Law Column
A critical load for a column that the addition of a single atom over the critical load can cause sudden buckling and collapse describes:
Euler's Law Columns
The high-rise buildings constructed after "early" developments and before WW2 (Later High-Rise Buildings, 1930-1940) are _____ buildings.
Excellent
Hallways, corridors, passages, or tunnels used as exit components and separated from other parts of the building in accordance with NFPA 101: Life Safety Code.
Exit Passageway
Fire and Explosion Damage Precipitators of Collapse: _____ (such as from ignition of a natural gas leak.
Explosion
What do water spray systems protect?
Exposed LPG tanks and electrical transformers
For most toxic materials, the toxic effect is a product of concentration and ____ ____.
Exposure Time
An ___ collapse will usually cause an interior collapse.
Exterior
Characteristic of mill construction: ____ load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls are solid masonry, usually either brick or stone, such as granite or sandstone.
Exterior
It became readily apparent that while the massive beams and columns were difficult to ignite, the ____ wooden walls of such structures were particularly vulnerable to fire, particularly exposure fires.
Exterior
The ____ surface covers the sheathing.
Exterior
___ ___ ___ ___ is a composite multilayer sheathing panel system; it is composed of a polystyrene foam plastic base covered with a water-resistant coating and fiberglass mesh and an acrylic finish.
Exterior Insulation Finishing System (EIFS)
Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means: restrictions on the area/height of the building, limits on the combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces, minimum separation distances between buildings, limits on openings in ___ ___ (doors and windows), and fire resistive exterior walls.
Exterior Walls
Working on an aluminum roof is ___ ___.
Extremely Dangerous
A beam supported at two ends and is rigidly held in position at both ends. This rigidity may cause collapse of the wall if the beam collapses and the rigid connection does not yield properly.
Fixed Beam
Wooden materials can also be formulated to be ___ ___.
Flame Resistant
The Critical Radiant Flux Test (NFPA 253) measures a materials ability to resist ___ ___. The result derived from this test is the Critical Radiant Flux (CRF) of the sample.
Flame Spread
The Steiner Tunnel Test is widely accepted as a ___ ___ testing standard.
Flame Spread
The basis for regulation of ___ ___ today is found in NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, commonly referred to as the Steiner tunnel test.
Flame Spread
Codes require the installation of a new ceiling that meets ___ ___ ____ but they do not require the removal of the old ceiling.
Flame Spread Requirements
A situation in which unburned fuel gases, having gathered in sufficient quantities at the ceiling layer, suddenly ignite; also called rollover.
Flameover
Resistant to fire.
Flameproof
Material can be painted with a fire-retardant coating. But remember, there is no such thing as ____.
Flameproofing
Combustible that is capable of easily being ignited and rapidly consumed by fire. Flammables my be solid, liquid, or gas.
Flammable
A rolling bridge in an industrial plant places what load on columns as it passes over them?
Repeated Loads
A general problem and hazard with high-rises: _____ Entry
Forcible (Cook County Fire-Doors locking in stairwells preventing re-entry)
There are three classifications of calculated risks that builders take when designing a building with no fire protection for unprotected steel: -Financial or Economic -Engineering -_____ it
Forget It
Which calculated risk regarding not providing fire protection for unprotected steel is described when fire protection interests are hampered by management obsessed with short term results?
Forget It
Steel is used in some concrete flooring systems. Corrugated steel provides "left in place" ____, which are often designed to react together with the concrete under load, thus forming a composite.
Forms
Concrete ____ is designed without the extra strength calculated into a building to compensate for deterioration.
Formwork
During post-tensioning prior to tensioning the tendons, the entire weight of the concrete is on the _____.
Formwork
Mold that shapes the concrete. "Jello mold"
Formwork
Temporary shoring, beams, or lateral bracing to support the work in the process of construction; also known as falsework.
Formwork
It is not surprising that formwork _____ occur; what is surprising is that they are relatively rare.
Formwork failures
The lower division of a building that serves to transmit and anchor the loads from the superstructure directly to its earth or rock, usually below ground level
Foundation
Ultimately, all loads are delivered to the ground through the _____
Foundation
The lower division of a building that serves to transmit and anchor the loads from the superstructure directly to its earth or rock, usually below ground level.
Foundation.
The load received by the wall is delivered to the ____, and thus to the ____.
Foundation; Ground
Fieldstone has been used for ____ and ____ , particularly in residential buildings.
Foundations and Walls
A material that will sustain combustion.
Fuel
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Huge concentrations of ____.
Fuel
Flame spread ratings are concerned with the rate at which fire spreads over the surface of a material, the smoke it develops, and the ____ it contributes to the fire.
Fuel
One of three ways interior finishes may increase the fire hazard. They may add ___ to the fire, contributing to flashover.
Fuel
_________, adequately maintained, is the only fire protection measure that can reasonably be expected to prevent a disaster in a heavy timber building.
Full fire sprinkler protection
Flame spread, or rapid fire growth, can be a problem caused by both the building itself and the contents. The fire growth contents problem can result from any of the following elements:
Furnishings; Interior Finish, including decorations; Mercantile Stock
The nature of ___ and ___ has changed. Solid and foamed plastics have replaced much wood, cotton, wool, and other materials.
Furniture and Contents
What has become a useful tool for preplanning?
GIS
A construction factor influencing fire behavior. The ___ of the fire room. Rooms with smaller ___ may flash over more quickly that taller rooms.
Height
The only way to connect wood beams to wood girders and receive the full benefit of the time it takes the wood to burn through is to set the beams atop the girder. However, this is undesirable because it adds ____ to the walls.
Height
One difficulty with surface coatings applied after the hazard is discovered is that they do not protect the ____ ____ of the material. Fire, in turn, can burn unimpeded in the void.
Hidden Surface
Flame spread, or rapid fire growth, can be a problem caused by both the building itself and the contents. The fire growth building problem can be differentiated based on its location:
Hidden; Exposed
Flammable liquid fires can be controlled with sprinklers, but they present special problems, such as: -Flammable liquids have a ____ rate of heat release.
High
In addition to fire growth, ____ ____ ____ materials may contribute heavily to the fire load and to the generation of smoke and toxic products.
High Flame Spread
When punched with holes, ___ ___ ___ is called pegboard.
High-Density Fiberboard
Older buildings have much ____ ceilings than those built today.
Higher
The ____ the CRF number, the less flammable the carpeting.
Higher
___ ___ gases may be evolved from the burning of plastics.
Highly Toxic
The rafter at the angle where two sloping roofs or sides of a roof meet.
Hip
_____ and ____give the roof a variety of sloped shapes, usually for aesthetic purposes.
Hips and valleys
____ tiles were used in early efforts to lighten concrete floors by eliminating concrete below the neutral plane.
Hollow
Two connected wythes of masonry with an air space in between.
Hollow Masonry Wall
The unit composed of vertical hollow cells, utilized in early efforts to lighten concrete floors.
Hollow Tile
Draftstops limit ____ movement through large concealed passages such as open-web floor trusses or attics. Draftstopping may consist of at least 1/2" gypsum board, 3/8" plywood, sheet metal, or other approved materials, usually applied parallel to the main framing members.
Horizontal
One option open to the designer to deal with the characteristic of steel as they relate to fire risk: ___ the problem
Ignore the problem. Often, unwarranted confidence is placed on the fact that the steel is noncombustible.
Regarding Imitation Timber, often wood is made to appear structural when it is not, Sometimes it is not even wood, here is an example: Polyurethane ____ wood beams and fittings such as brackets.
Imitation
Collapse may be due to: Collapse of a floor or roof with consequent ____ load to the masonry wall.
Impact
Collapse may be due to: ____ load of an explosion.
Impact
Environmental Precipitators of Collapse: _____ Load (such as a vehicle striking the building)
Impact
What is the effect of a moving load upon a stationary structure?
Impact Load
What kind of load is a FF gently stepping onto a roof?
Impact Load
What are loads delivered in a short time?
Impact Loads
For years, polycarbonate and plastic backings were added to gypsum board to increase its ___ ___.
Impact Resistance
Sprinklers that are placed within racks to control fires where overhead sprinklers are not adequate.
In-Rack Sprinklers
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: Automatic sprinkler systems as installed are often ____ for the potential fire problem.
Inadequate
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: _____ fire protection, either in initial design or in maintenance.
Inadequate
The fundamental purpose of the sprinkler system is to hit the ____ fire with enough water to control it.
Incipient
The initial stage of a fire after ignition, usually involving a single or small number of combustibles.
Incipient
If permitted to follow its natural course, a fire will often pass through these four stages:
Incipient Free Burning Flashover Smoldering/Decay
___ ___ ___ are a known carcinogen, and concern has led to its removal from buildings.
Inhaled Asbestos Fibers
If a heavy timber building is renovated, steel trusses or girders may replace old columns. The new columns do not have the ____ fire resistance of the massive wooden columns and beams they have replaced.
Inherent
The text defines two types of firestopping. ____ and legal.
Inherent
____ firestopping comes as a result of the normal building construction.
Inherent
Flame resistance that is derived from an essential characteristic of the structural member.
Inherent Fire Resistance
A system component that originates transmission of a change-of-state condition, such as in a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, or supervisory switch.
Initiating Device
One option open to the designer to deal with the characteristic of steel as they relate to fire risk: Protect (____) the steel.
Insulate
The rules of an insurance company in regard to coverage. These regulations may require more fire protection for structures than local building and fire codes require.
Insurance Regulations
Garden apartment tenants should be advised to help themselves in four basic ways: -Be fully _____ for the value of all personal property. -Keep property of unique value in a bank vault. -Call the FD immediately if a fire or gas leak is suspected. -In a fire, evacuate immediately, even if the fire seems inconsequential.
Insured
One of the most important factors in fire spread within buildings is the ____ finish on walls and ceilings.
Interior
A construction factor influencing fire behavior. Combustible ___ ___ or ___, which allow for more rapid flame spread and potentially hasten flashover.
Interior Finishes or Walls
Suspended loads are created by designers that want to eliminate ______?
Interior columns in select locations
The exposed material on a wall, ceiling, or floor.
Interior finish
Some basements use _____ _____ _____ ____, often made of polystyrene or polyurethane, in which concrete is poured and ____ ____ are added, creating a solid insulated concrete basement wall.
Interlocking Insulated Concrete Forms; Reinforcing Rods
Type of column that can fail by crushing or buckling:
Intermediate
Void space made by utilizing deep parallel-chord trusses.
Interstitial Space
Very deep parallel chord trusses have been used as floor beams in hospitals. Engineers borrowed a medical term and called the space produced by such trusses ____ space.
Interstitial.
A layer of air that is warmer than the air below.
Inversion Layer
A truss incorporating a single compression member; it is inverted because the compression member extends downward.
Inverted King Post Truss
A device used in a PV roof panel to convert DC into AC
Inverter
A collapse in which the exterior wall fails horizontally, with the interior wall "folding" horizontally. The top portion of the building fails inward while the bottom half fails outward.
Inward Outward Collapse
A theater marquee acts as a suspended beam. If fire burns away the anchoring connection, what does the marquee behave like?
It becomes an undesigned cantilever.
When loaded, how does a beam react?
It bends or deflects downward.
How long does concrete usually take to reach design strength?
It usually takes 28 days to cure
On the job site, stressing the tendons may be called "____ the cables."
Jacking
Metal ____ hangers or stirrups and heavy steel or wrought iron straps shaped to receive the joist and nailed to the top of the header are used.
Joist
The joisted floor found in legacy construction has one major advantage over the truss: each ____ acts as a firestop.
Joist
Wooden 2 x 8's, 2 x 10's, or 2 x 12's that run parallel to one another and support a floor or ceiling and are supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls.
Joist
Wooden 2x8s, 2x10s, or 2x12s that run parallel to one another and support a floor or a ceiling and are supported in turn by larger beams, girders, and bearing walls.
Joist
Metal angle or strap used to support an individual joist against a beam or a girder.
Joist Hanger
The simplest ordinary construction building consists of masonry bearing walls, with wood joists used as simple beams spanning from wall to wall. The ____ usually are parallel to the street frontage of the building (or the smallest building dimension).
Joists
Some arrangements of braces in high-rise buildings between columns resemble the letter K:
K-Bracing
A rating program for buildings that meet certain green criteria. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (____) certification.
LEED
The ____ is the last stone set in place in an arch.
Keystone
The metric equivalent of a BTU.
Kilojoule (kJ)
The model codes do not require a fire-rated separation between the ____ and dining area in restaurants.
Kitchen
one of the most common places for a fire in a restaurant is in the ____.
Kitchen
A wall typically found in the top floor of a wood-framed home with a peaked roof. The short wall "squares off" the triangular area at the edge of the room where the sloping roof meets the floor.
Knee Wall
Among the most important elements of life safety are proper ___ of ___ and protection against hazards.
Means of Egress
In reference to an elevator, this zone is 18" above or below the landing floor.
Landing Zone
The condition in which the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases.
Lapse
Characteristic of mill construction: A ____ number of windows are used to provide maximum lighting to the interior of the mill.
Large
Draftstops limit horizontal movement through ____ concealed passages such as open-web floor trusses or attics. Draftstopping may consist of at least 1/2" gypsum board, 3/8" plywood, sheet metal, or other approved materials, usually applied parallel to the main framing members.
Large
Large structures in the 1800s, such as barns and churches, continued to use ___ timbers.
Large
Concrete floors in steel buildings may be cast-in-place or precast. They may be only load bearing or they may provide structural stability by being designed to resist ____ loads such as wind.
Lateral
Elongating steel exerts a ____ force against the structure that restrains it.
Lateral
Masonry walls are not designed to resist ___ impact loads.
Lateral
_____ fire spread throughout a strip mall is probably the greatest concern.
Lateral
What kind of load acts on a structure from a horizontal direction, such as wind or seismic forces?
Lateral Impact Load
Column made of vertical units connected with diagonal pieces.
Lattice Column
Popular misconception about sprinklers: The pipes might ____.
Leak
A number of bonfire collapses have occurred when water ____ washed out sand-lime mortar.
Leaks
Limited to wood-frame construction, this type of collapse is characterized by a wooden building that shifts at the upper levels, leaning into adjacent buildings or totally collapsing sideways in the absence of adjacent buildings.
Lean Over Collapse
A collapse of a building's floor(s) in which one end of the floor is still supported, sometimes at or near the original point of connection to the wall. A triangular void space is created.
Lean-To-Floor Collapse
General Visual Indicators of Collapse: _____ walls
Leaning
In regard to open office plans, there is a need for corridors to proved a protected ___ ___ ___, and a means of ___.
Means of Egress; Compartmentation
Concrete floors that are cast onto corrugated steel.
Left-in-place form
In terms of wood-frame construction, the use of solid wood members as opposed to lightweight wood trusses and wooden I-joists.
Legacy Construction
The text defines two types of firestopping. Inherent and ____.
Legal
___ firestopping is installed with no other purpose than to meet the requirements of a code. Such firestopping may provide a barrier to the spread of fire in the interior voids of a building. However, this type is often ineffective.
Legal
A fire cut beam may save a wall, but it weakens the beam because there is ___ wood to burn.
Less
The higher the CRF number, the ____ flammable the carpeting.
Less
What are the sizes of a board?
Less than or equal to 2-inch nominal thickness
Concrete construction carries no guarantee of ____ safety. Factors other than the structure itself, such as interior finish and the inability of the occupants to quickly reach a safe nontoxic environment, may be far more important to the safety of the occupants.
Life
Fire resistance, by itself is not specifically directed at ensuring ____ ____.
Life Safety
Limiting the spread of fire within a building has the added benefit of contributing directly to ___ ___.
Life Safety
Type of building construction where concrete slabs are cast on the ground and lifted into place.
Lift Slab
The ground floor slab is cast first; later the other floor slabs and the roof are cast on top of the ground floor slab. Bond breakers are used between the slabs so they will not adhere to one another. When the slabs reach the designed strength, they are raised up the columns by hydraulic jacks placed on top of the columns describes:
Lift-Slab Construction
An exterior wall constructed with lightweight galvanized steel studs.
Light Gauge Steel-Framed Wall
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: ____ gauge steel-framed wall
Light Gauge Steel-Framed Wall (steel studs)
There has been a definite push to ____ and thus reduce the costs of buildings.
Lighten. Empire State Building weighs 23 pounds per cubic foot. A typical modern high-rise weighs 8 pounds per square foot.
The truss satisfies many building requirements, including: It is ____ in weight than solid construction, thus reducing the weight of supporting walls or columns.
Lighter
A collection of lightweight wood structural components joined in a triangular configuration that can be used to support either floors or roofs.
Lightweight Wood Truss
At one time, ___ ___ was an almost universal finish for ceilings, although some ceilings were also made of embossed steel (tin ceilings) and wooden boards called match boarding.
Lime Plaster
Plaster does not contribute to a fire. In fact, ___ ___ absorbs heat, thereby slowing the process of the fire.
Lime Plaster
Most building codes used to have a provision for so-called fire ____. Within these fire ____, a structure could not be built unless the outer walls were constructed of masonry to limit fire extension.
Limits Wood-framed buildings were banned inside the fire limits.
Type of heat detector (including heat sensitive wires for industrial applications such as cable trays)
Line Type Heat Detectors
Type of smoke detector that covers an area such as the projected beam detectors found in atria.
Line Type Smoke Detector
Arches and beams are the two ways to carry the wall above an opening. Such a beam is called a ____.
Lintel
The horizontal beam that forms the upper structural member of an opening for a window or door and supports part of the structure above it.
Lintel
Steel ____ are tied tightly into the masonry wall. When heated, they elongate and the masonry can fail.
Lintels
Steel ____ have been used for years without any protection for the steel. They have deformed and thrown bricks off of the wall.
Lintels
___ does not contribute to a fire. In fact, lime plaster absorbs heat, thereby slowing the process of the fire.
Plaster
How fast the fire temperature will be achieved in the steel varies. The principle variable is the weight or ___ of the steel unit.
Mass
The current practice of designing buildings of lighter and lighter materials and substituting geometry for ___ has led to significant strides in the architectural field.
Mass
What is fire resistance closely related to?
Mass
Fire resistance is a function of ____.
Mass. Regarding steel, such strong but lightweight members have little inherent fire resistance.
Once beyond an interior offensive attack, be prepared for a ____ fire.
Massive
The cutting of a concrete floor that has been tensioned may cause a _____.
Massive Structural Collapse
At one time, lime plaster was an almost universal finish for ceilings, although some ceilings were also made of embossed steel (tin ceilings) and wooden boards called ___.
Matchboarding
Ceilings made of embossed steel and wooden boards.
Matchboarding
Tongue and grooved lumber (usually lengthwise)
Matched Lumber
How can stiffness (reduced deflection) be achieved in a beam?
Material mass (using extra material) or geometry (truss shapes). The economics of using truss shapes over mass has had a tremendous effect on structures.
It's essential for a FF to understand how ____ behave under fire conditions
Materials used to construct buildings
What is the universal distress signal?
Mayday
A low-ceiling story located between two man stories; usually constructed directly above the ground floor, often projecting over it as a balcony.
Mezzanine
The earliest form of heavy timber construction; a type of factory that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.
Mill
Factories that emerged during the Industrial Revolution
Mills
Because of the nature of the testing process of fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, the listed assembly is the ___ quality structure capable of passing the test.
Minimum
Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means: restrictions on the area/height of the building, limits on the combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces, ___ ___ ___ between buildings, limits on openings in exterior walls (doors and windows), and fire resistive exterior walls.
Minimum Separation Distances
A contributing element in the potential for huge loss warehouse fires: _____ contents of warehouses are increasingly higher hazard materials such as plastics, flammable liquids and gases, and chemicals. Even noncombustible materials are packaged in combustible containers and packaging.
Modern
A construction technique in which a set of prefabricated modules are transported to and assembled at a construction site, creating a building.
Modular Construction
Individual PV roof panels are called ____.
Modules
A measurement of the ability of steel to distort and restore.
Modulus of Elasticity
What is the term for a force causing rotation of a structural member around a fixed point of connection, where the force is applied some distance from the fixed point?
Moment
What loads are applied intermittently?
Repeated Loads
Audible and Physical Indicators of Collapse: Any type of _____
Movement
Planks on which formwork shores rest.
Mudsills
Tapered extension at the tops of columns that assists in the transfer of loads from floor to column.
Mushroom Cap
The _____ and ____ determine the foundation.
Nature of the Ground; Weight of the Structure
When any change is to be made in the foundation of an existing wall, the wall must be supported. Often, holes are cut through the wall, and so-called _____ beams are inserted on both sides to pick up the load of the walls.
Needle Beams
The line along which the length of the beam does not change.
Neutral Axis
The interface between the hot ceiling layer and the cooler air flowing into the compartment.
Neutral Plane
A 1929 fire at the Cleveland Clinic in the X-ray film storage facility sent clouds of deadly ___ ___ gas (one breath can kill), killing over 100 people.
Nitrous Oxide
Individual A/C units that draw air from the outside, have ___ effect on a fire situation.
No
Brick _____ attempting to be used as a fire wall in the party wall studs does not work because it does not block the floor or attic voids.
Nogging
Audible and Physical Indicators of Collapse: Cracking _____
Noises
Thickness of the lumber prior to drying in a kiln at the lumber mill.
Nominal Thickness
Glass fiber insulation is a combination of ___ fibers and ___ binders.
Non-Combustible; Combustible
___-___ bearing uses of wood include wood lath for carrying plaster and wood wainscoting, which is a thin grooved board used for ceilings and wall panels.
Non-Load
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
Non-Load Bearing Wall
Prior to 1880, when Portland Cement became available, the only mortar used was __ __.
Sand-Lime
Wood siding is usually ____ siding, laid on horizontally.
Novelty
Combustible siding laid over the sheathing of a building. This type of siding comes in many different shapes and is laid horizontally.
Novelty Siding
A type of board made of layers of strands of wood cut from logs, with a fairly consistent width-to-length ratio.
OSB
The newer I-shaped beams use 2 x 4" boards for the upper and lower flanges and ___ for the web.
OSB
OSB and plywood each have plies of wood laid at right angles, but the strands of ____ are much smaller (__to__").
OSB; 3-4"
A problem with renovating older buildings is the prospect of a new _____ that is inconsistent with the structure.
Occupancy
The ____ plays a role in how the building is constructed. Specific hazards affect the design and construction of a building and are often regulated by building and fire codes.
Occupancy
Used in building codes to refer to the intended use of a building.
Occupancy
There can be many different occupancy types in a strip mall. Most building codes require a fire-rated separation between different ____ types.
Occupancy The walls must completely separate the occupancies and can be 1,2,3,or 4 hour fire-rated depending on the usage.
A serious hazard exists when a building is altered or rehabilitated while it is still _____.
Occupied
It is a dangerous situation to have a building partially _____ and partially under construction.
Occupied
A ___ wall is thinner than two separate walls. Because the joists of both buildings are supported on the same wall, the builder often found it convenient to support the joists in the same socket.
Party Wall
A load-bearing wall common to two structures
Party Wall
A structural wall that is common to two buildings.
Party Wall
Fire walls are considered to be ____ fire protection.
Passive
Two general types of water heating systems are distinguished as active and _____.
Passive
____ fire protection is provided by protecting steel by a material applied to the steel designed to protect it from thermal effects.
Passive
A material that is applied to a substrate and is designed to protect it from thermal effects.
Passive Fire Protection
Steel structures can be divided into four types: -Unprotected -Dynamically Protected -_____ Protected -Passive/Dynamic Combination Protection
Passively
In reference to atmospheric conditions, the layer of air warmer than the air below it.
Pause
If there is a layer of air warmer than the air below it, the condition is called _____, and the layer is called the _____ layer.
Pause;Inversion
Forcible attachment of a thermocouple to a steel column or beam.
Peened
Embedded into the surface.
Peened (Peening)
When punched with holes, high-density fiberboard is called ___.
Pegboard
Because of the rigid connections in ____ design, a load that might be locally excessive is redistributed over the structure. As a result, the weight of the steel can be decreased. The lighter the steel, the less the fire resistance.
Plastic
A short column with a large cross section in proportion to its length is called a ____. It may be of plain concrete if it is loaded only compressively.
Pier
Short, squat columns that fail by crushing
Piers
Masonry columns projecting from one or both faces of the wall in which they are located.
Pilaster
Method of stabilizing a wall: ____ or columns built inside the wall.
Pilasters
One of a series of large timbers or steel sections driven into soft ground down to bedrock to provide a solid foundation for the superstructure of the building.
Pile
Deep foundation made of wood or steel.
Piles
Structures that will be erected on very weak soils, may need deep foundations such as ____ and _____.
Piles and Caissons These are underground "stilts" upon which the building rests, carrying the load to bedrock or a suitable soil region.
Commercial carpeting presently being manufactured is required to meet a test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a small source such as a dropped match or cigarette. It is a screening test (popularly known as the ____ test), and 7 out of 8 samples must pass the test.
Pill Test
Free standing load-carrying column
Pillar
Ignition of a heated combustible material when a flame or spark is applied.
Piloted Ignition
A description for structural elements that are connected by simple connectors such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints.
Pinned
Two general types of connections:
Pinned, or the building is Rigid-Framed
Precast concrete buildings may be _____ or may be made ________ by the use of ____ ______ in which cast-in-place concrete unites rods that project from precast sections.
Pinned; Monolithic; Wet Joints
Cast iron columns create many problems. Good practice dictated that the column be topped by a ____.
Pintle
Square metal device used to transfer loads or columns on upper floors by passing the loads through intervening beams and girders to metal column caps on the column below.
Pintle
____ are often used to connect wooden columns end to end.
Pintles
Concrete that has no reinforcement, except possibly light reinforcement to resist temperature changes.
Plain Concrete
___ of weakness can be created in masonry buildings due to masonry irregularities making it difficult to make floor beams level.
Planes
From a firefighting point of view, this type of construction has the positive benefit of reducing the volume of concealed space in which fire can burn shielded from hose streams ..
Plank and Beam
Instead of using multiple floor beams placed 16" apart, heavier beams are used and are spaced much farther apart in this type of wood frame building:
Plank and Beam
Used in modern construction, a wood-framed structure built with heavier beams that are spaced much farther apart than the traditional 16".
Plank and Beam
For years, ___ and ___ backings were added to gypsum board to increase its impact resistance.
Polycarbonate and Plastic
If smoke is contaminated with another health hazard substance, such as a radioactive material or ____ ____, the cost of cleanup can be astronomical.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
There have been many serious contamination incidents from ____ ____ released from electrical transformers during fires.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Toxic chemicals used as nonflammable coolants in transformers that may be released during fires.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
____ ____ were used as non-flammable coolants in transformers.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
A spray applied foam or rigid plastic insulator. Polystyrene was spray applied to the surface of older cold storage buildings, while rigid foam panels are used to insulate an enormous number of buildings each year.
Polystyrene Insulation
___ ___ wood beams, a commonly used plastic, can be ignited with a match.
Polyurethane Imitation
A spray applied foam or rigid plastic insulator. It is very often used in the stud channels of walls.
Polyurethane Insulation
A commercially produced organic compound used in transformers and capacitors due to its electrical insulator properties and low flammability rating.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
___ ___ is a very effective electrical insulator and has made itself indispensable a contemporary material. When it burns, however, it emits toxic gases.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
___ ___ of floor beams to cast-iron columns are probably the chief cause of failure.
Poor connections.
High-rises built after WW2, in general have ____ fire protection features when compared with mny of these older high-rises. Pre-WW2 buildings were universally ____-framed construction.
Poorer;Steel
In old buildings and railroad bridges, heavy riveting of girders to columns from top to bottom of the frame is called:
Portal Bracing
The most common type of cement in use today. The powder, when mixed with water, will become a hydrated solid over time.
Portland Cement Mortar
Concrete is a mixture of __, __, and ___.
Portland Cement, Aggregates, and Water
___-tensioning is done at the job site.
Post
A wood-framed structure with an identifiable frame or skeleton of timber fitted together. Joints are constructed by mortise and tenon, fitted together to transfer loads properly.
Post and Frame
Solid concrete walls can be constructed for the basement by _______ or _______
Poured in place with traditional formwork or Constructed of prefabricated interlocking concrete wall panels that are bolted together.
There are two methods of prestressing: ___tensioning and ____-tensioning.
Pre;Post
Systems in which there is air in the piping that may or may not be under pressure. When a fire occurs, a supplementary fire-detecting device in the protected area is actuated. This opens a water control valve, which permits water to flow into the piping system before a sprinkler is activated.
Preaction System
A common wall material used in a steel framed building: _____ prestressed concrete panels
Precast
_____ beams often have the word TOP cast into the top of the beam to ensure that the beam is installed right side up.
Precast
Concrete that has been cast at a location other than the place where it is to remain.
Precast Concrete
______ walls act as vertical cantilevers when being erected and are being braced by tormentors or temporary bracing poles.
Precast Concrete Tilt Slab Walls
Concrete panels that are precast and brought to the construction site.
Precast Prestressed Concrete Panels
Unprotected steel connections can often be found in ___ ___ ___ buildings.
Precast Reinforced Concrete
Perhaps the most dangerous time for a place of worship, in terms of being vulnerable to a fire being initiated, is during _____.
Renovations
Energy conservation and ____ completion are two important considerations in today's buildings.
Rapid
Wood in thin sections can have a very ___ flame spread.
Rapid
Being caught in the ___ ___ of a fire (such as flashover or backdraft), concealed fire bursting out of a void, and rapid fire spread over combustible surfaces may account for as many FF casualties as collapse.
Rapid Development
Offs are at risk from ____ ____ ____, especially where there is a lack of communication between fire prevention and fire suppression personnel.
Rapid Fire Growth
Being caught in the rapid development of a fire (such as flashover or backdraft), concealed fire bursting out of a void, and ___ ___ ___ over combustible surfaces may account for as many FF casualties as collapse.
Rapid Fire Spread
All wood can generate approximately the same total amount of heat per pound, but the _____ at which fuels burn varies dramatically.
Rate
The generally accepted definition of a high-rise was a building beyond the _____ of aerial ladder equipment. When applied to FD tactics, this definition is acceptable and valid.
Reach
The response in structures to imposed loads, which are generally developed at the supports.
Reaction
The FM Corner test is considered a more ____ test compared to the Steiner Tunnel Test because the material is being tested in a more realistic configuration.
Realistic
When used for the construction of walls, CMUs are sometimes reinforced with ____ and their hollow cores (also known as ___) are filled with ____.
Rebar; Cells; Concrete
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, there are two comparisons in evaluating test results. The flame spread over inorganic reinforced cement board is set at 0. The flame spread over Red Oak is set at 100. Tests have shown that fire will reach the end of ___ ___ in 10 minutes.
Red Oak
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, there are two comparisons in evaluating test results. The flame spread over inorganic reinforced cement board is set at 0. The flame spread over ___ ___ is set at 100. Tests have shown that fire will reach the end of Red Oak in 10 minutes.
Red Oak
A stated objective of the LEED program: _____ waste sent to landfills.
Reduce
Pressure treatment (through impregnation) can significantly _____ wood's flame spread and the hazard of wood construction. Given enough exposure to fire, treated wood will burn, although at a slower rate.
Reduce
Foamed plastic may be manufactured so that its flame spread is ___, but it can still melt.
Reduced
_____ masonry construction is widely used to resist earthquakes, particularly on the West Coast
Reinforced
In the Steiner Tunnel Test, there are two comparisons in evaluating test results. The flame spread over inorganic ____ ____ ____ is set at 0. The flame spread over Red Oak is set at 100. Tests have shown that fire will reach the end of Red Oak in 10 minutes.
Reinforced Cement Board
In concrete masonry construction, steel reinforcement that is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
Reinforced Concrete
In concrete masonry structure, steel reinforcement that is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
Reinforced Concrete
Mill construction fell out of favor around WW I with the arrival of ____ ____.
Reinforced Concrete
Steel bar placed in concrete to increase its overall tensile strength.
Reinforcement Bar (Rebar)
Steel rods or bars used to reinforce concrete.
Reinforcing Bars or Rods
The steel ____ not only provide the necessary tensile strength, but also carry some of the ____ load.
Reinforcing Rods /Compressive
One option open to the designer to deal with the characteristic of steel as they relate to fire risk: Relying on ____ codes.
Relying on inadequate codes. Building codes generally classify steel buildings as "unprotected noncombustible," or "protected noncombustible." In this latter case, major columns and beams have some protection. The word protection is often confused with sprinkler protection, but actually refers to physical protection of the steel with gypsum board, spray fire-proofing, or the like.
Device indicating an off-standard or abnormal condition by both visual and audible signals.
Remote Annunciator
Abnormal situations in a fire include encountering unusual heat, smoke, or burning at locations______ could indicate problems.
Remote from the main fire area.
Existing Structural Instability Precipitators of Collapse: Buildings under _____/ construction and buildings being moved
Renovation
Existing Structural Instability Precipitators of Collapse: Structural compromises of load-bearing members during ____
Renovations
After a proportion of the design strength is reached, formwork is removed for use elsewhere. Some shores are set back in place to help carry the load of the still-curing concrete in a process called _____.
Reshoring
Shores that are put back into concrete to help carry the load of the still-curing concrete.
Reshoring
The presence of _____ is an indication that the concrete is not yet up to full strength.
Reshoring
Fire Service Misconceptions About Sprinklers: ____ sprinkler systems are the same as other sprinkler systems.
Residential
Fire ___ ratings are concerned with the length of time a particular building assembly will continue to perform its structural and/or barrier function in the face of an assault by a standard fire test.
Resistance
Fire ____ ratings for building materials must be distinguished from flame spread ratings. It is common (but mistaken) practice to speak of "fire rated tile." The term is meaningless.
Resistance
Fire resistance of floors is concerned with ____ of passage of fire and collapse.
Resistance
Fire ____, by itself is not specifically directed at ensuring life safety.
Resistance. Many lives have been lost in fire-resistive buildings.
Wood is used for interior trim or within older partition walls of otherwise fire-____ buildings.
Resistive
For the fire resistance tests NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119, floor and roof assemblies are often tested under _____ and unrestrained conditions. Essentially, the assemblies are secured on the ends and not permitted to move, seeing if they distort and buckle when heated.
Restrained
Low temperatures ____ the curing of concrete, and freezing is harmful to the material.
Retard
Wood cannot be made fireproof or noncombustible. It can be made fire _____ by impregnation with mineral salts, which slow its rate of burning.
Retardant
Most building codes are not ______
Retroactive
The ADA is ___.
Retroactive
In a sealed, air-conditioned building in the summertime, the stack effect is _____ (and is often called a "reverse stack effect"). In such a case, the air flow is downward.
Reversed
Lightweight wood roofs lack the ___ pole that is present in legacy construction, meaning that the FDs roof ladder hooks will hang on the roof deck sheathing rather than a beam.
Ridge
All of the wood framing members and sheathing of a building. Also known as framing.
Rough Carpentry
Lumber that is left as sawn on all four sides.
Rough Lumber
In recent years, the ___ roof has increased in popularity in type II construction (although this type of roof may also be found in other types of construction).
Rubber
The ____ roof is composed of a single ply of this rubber-like material (to minimize water leakage in the roof) laid over fiberboard and plastic insulation, held in place with metal fasteners, seam tapes, and flammable adhesives.
Rubber
When ____ is gathered in high-rise buildings, it is often concentrated in one location, creating another fire load problem.
Rubbish
Rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, used in rough, uncorked work in the construction of walls and foundations.
Rubble Masonry
A wall composed of an inner and outer wythe of coursed masonry. The space between is filled with random masonry sometimes mixed with mortar. Such walls are unstable to a lateral thrust.
Rubble Masonry Wall
Flammable liquid fires can be controlled with sprinklers, but they present special problems, such as: -____ water may create a significant contamination problem.
Runoff
In a connection failure, steel connectors ___.
Rust
A stated objective of the LEED program: Be healthier and ____ for occupants.
Safer
The ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress.
Safety Factor
Fine Aggregate
Sand
Fine aggregate is usually ____.
Sand
The ____ beam (legacy) has been replaced by wooden I-Beams (composite wood joists)
Sawn
Wooden beam sawn out of a tree trunk. To some extent, these beams have been replaced by the wooden I-beam due to the weight and cost of the true wooden beam.
Sawn Beam
Characteristic of mill construction: One story "___" mill structures became popular around the turn of the early 1900s. They featured a set of windows at the vertical portion of each "tooth."
Sawtooth
An instrument with uniformly spaced marks used to measure distance on a set of blueprints.
Scale
An outlet in a wall of a building for drainage of water from a floor or a flat roof.
Scupper
Characteristic of mill construction: There are ____ to drain off water. The combination of waterproof floors and ____ is provided to reduce water damage on lower floors.
Scuppers
A fully involved, multistory, heavy timber building is a conflagration breeder for a variety of reasons. Such as: ____-up window openings, particularly in old mills. Ventilation would be extremely difficult.
Sealed
Abbreviations used for different shape steel also includes numbers on blueprints to designate their size. The first number refers to the depth of the member (in inches), while the _____ number refers to the weight per foot of the member (in pounds).
Second
Fire Service Misconceptions About Sprinklers: Supplying the FDC is a ____ option.
Secondary
An additional collapse that occurs after the initial collapse. Often occurs when loads shift after a primary collapse, causing additional portions of the structure to fail.
Secondary Collapse
Gray water should not be confused with ____, which is termed black water.
Sewage
Shingles and ____ (longer, thicker shingles are called ____) are also used for siding. As siding, they do not present the extreme conflagration hazard of wood-shingled roofs.
Shakes
____ are larger than shingles.
Shakes
Footings are used to support:
Shallow foundations used to support smaller buildings and those on stronger soils.
The ___ of a material affects its ability to resist a compressive load or a deflective one. Deflection is bending that combines both compression and tension. ___ is not a consideration in tensile loads.
Shape
Concrete is weak in tensile strength and has poor ____ resistance.
Shear
Tongue and groove boards laid diagonally to provide ___ strength were used in older houses.
Shear
What force occurs within a building member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions?
Shear
_____ resistance of post-tensioned slabs is poor.
Shear
What force is often the result of wind loads?
Shear Forces
What kind of walls are installed to resist lateral loads from wind and earthquakes?
Shear Walls
In recent years, low density black fiberboard has been used as ___ in residential construction because it can be installed quickly and has relatively high insulation value.
Sheathing
Many old houses were built without ____, and fire spreading through walls can come out through joints in the siding. Today, plywood is commonly used for this purpose.
Sheathing
When low-density fiberboard is used for ___ and for soundproofing, it is concealed in walls. A common method of igniting this material is the plumbers torch.
Sheathing
____ is the covering that is applied to the studs of framing of a structure.
Sheathing
In firefighting terms, the perception of the surroundings in terms of time and space, the understanding and comprehension of these observations, and the projected outcome of a change in these conditions.
Situational Awareness
Tiles shaped to fit around steel.
Skewbacks
_______ members can carry a load that would require a compressive member of much greater size.
Slender tensile
Fire doors may close by any of three methods: Swinging: the most common choice; used in corridors and stairwell openings. ____: typically found across openings in elevator shafts stairwells in old factories. Rolling: used in large openings found in modern factories and warehouses.
Sliding
Technique by which forms are moved upward as the concrete is poured.
Slipforming
PV shingles can prove to be extremely _____ and will make ventilation difficult or impossible because it is unsafe to break panels or associated equipment. They are sometimes added without regard to the weight to the roof.
Slippery
Brannigan says "____ burning" is a misnomer when it comes to heavy timber buildings.
Slow
A characteristic of a building that should allow a fire in that building to be brought under control before the building itself becomes involved.
Slow Burning
A foundation wall n an excavation that is heavily reinforced with steel and temporarily filled with a slurry mixture that is subsequently displaced by concrete.
Slurry Wall
Commercial carpeting presently being manufactured is required to meet a test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a ____ source such as a dropped match or cigarette. It is a screening test (popularly known as the pill test), and 7 out of 8 samples must pass the test.
Small
Firestops typically limit vertical movement though relatively ____, concealed passages such as under stairs and inside walls. Firestopping material may consist of at least 2" nominal lumber, two thicknesses of 1" nominal lumber with broken up lap joints, or 23/32" plywood, or other approved materials.
Small
Floor beams are placed with an upward camber, but over the years they might sag. To restore the upward camber, the fire-cut beams are sometimes turned upside down. This often results in a very ____ bearing surface of the beam on the wall.
Small
By the 1800s, ____ dimension wood members had replaced large timbers in residential buildings.
Smaller
Audible and Physical Indicators of Collapse: _____ pushing through cracks in the wall.
Smoke
When low-density fiberboard is used for sheathing and for ___, it is concealed in walls. A common method of igniting this material is the plumbers torch.
Soundproofing
Audible and Physical Indicators of Collapse: Moaning/Groaning ____
Sounds
In a PV roof system, arrays (group of individual PV roof panels) typically face ____ (smoothies west) to get the maximum exposure to the sun.
South
In the FM Approvals Corner test, the walls are up to 25 feet high, the east wall is 50 feet long and the ____ ____ is more than 37 feet long.
South Wall
Three dimensional pyramid-type truss
Spaceframe
A small fragment or chip dislodged from the face of a stone or a masonry unit.
Spall
Natural stone buildings will ___ when exposed to fire.
Spall
Loss of surface material when concrete is subjected to heat.
Spalling
Stone walls and interior walls also may lose their strength due to _____ during a fire.
Spalling
Sprayed on concrete ____ badly when exposed to fire.
Spalls
The grade given to lumber includes such thing as:
Span ratings for structural wood panels (establishes safe spacing between rafters and joists)
A beam that carries the load on the exterior of a framed building between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above.
Spandrel Girder
Girders that tie wall columns together in a framed building.
Spandrel Girders
Distance between the top of one window and the bottom of the one above.
Spandrel Space
Rigid frames are a cousin to the arch and are used to achieve wide clear _____.
Spans
A variety of techniques are used to prevent glass from shattering and becoming airborne in a terrorist attack such as:
Special laminates, films (applied retroactively), and special blast curtains(drapes). In addition, special steel frames that absorb the energy without failing are used for large glass windows.
In steel-framed buildings, protected noncombustible _____ construction is found more commonly. The concept is that the protected members will resist collapse until the ____ control the fire.
Sprinklered; Sprinklers
Manuals prepared by building designers that specify which particular type of device or equipment is to be used in the building.
Specifications
A chief advantage of Truss Frame construction is ____. From a FF point of view, these are truly disposable buildings.
Speed.
Due to the shortage of solid timbers, these members are joined together by various metal connectors to transfer loads so that the spliced timber acts as a single member.
Spliced Timber
Various metal connections are used to transfer loads so that ____ timber acts like a single timber. In a fire , the heated metal connections can destroy the wood and the timber may fail.
Spliced Timber
Wooden strips that fit into grooves in two adjacent planks to make a tight floor.
Spline
Type of heat detector (including non-restoreable fusible element detectors, fixed temp detectors, restorable bimetallic strip and disc detectors, combination rate of rise/fixed temperature detector, rate compensation detectors, etc)
Spot Type Heat Detector
Type of smoke detector that includes photoelectric and ionization smoke detectors.
Spot-Type Smoke Detector
One method used to protect the openings created by escalators involves the use of water ____ nozzles directed downward through the opening.
Spray
____-__ fire proofing is vulnerable to being washed away by hose streams.
Spray-On
Sprayed-on fire proofing and membrane protection are the two methods of passive fire protection most likely to be degraded. ___-__ protection is often removed by mechanics accomplishing other work or disposing of an asbestos hazard.
Sprayed-On
Fire resistance ratings for building materials must be distinguished from flame ____ ratings. It is common (but mistaken) practice to speak of "fire rated tile." The term is meaningless.
Spread
Flame ____ ratings are concerned with the rate at which fire spreads over the surface of a material, the smoke it develops, and the fuel it contributes to the fire.
Spread
Typical departures from the true mill construction (and current regulations for heavy timber buildings) include cast-iron or unprotected steel columns, steel or part steel trusses, unsprinklered void spaces, highly combustible contents, unprotected vertical openings, and inadequate or no _____ protection.
Sprinkler
A subcontractor hired by the contractor to oversee the installation and design of sprinkler systems in a building.
Sprinkler Contractor
The model codes allow for a reduction in the class level (flame spread of surface materials) when ___ ___ is available, but in no case can the rating be less than Class C. (i.e., A→B, B→C, C).
Sprinkler Protection
Characteristic of mill construction: Most important is an automatic ____ ____
Sprinkler system
Fire Service Misconceptions About Sprinklers: The building is ____, there is no problem
Sprinklered
Building and fire codes do not require automatic ____ specifically for strip malls.
Sprinklers
What loads are applied slowly and remain constant?
Static Loads
What kind of load is a heavy safe?
Static. It is not a dead load.
A major defect in early fire-resistive buildings (1870-1930): Segmental (curved) brick or tile arch floors were tied with exposed ____ ties.
Steel
A major defect in early fire-resistive buildings (1870-1930): There were no standards for the protection of _____.
Steel
Although the use of concrete is found in some noncombustible buildings, it relies heavily on the use of _____ for its structural system, including roof and floor framing.
Steel
Asbestos was long used by itself or in combination with other materials as a fire proofing agent for ___.
Steel
Concrete's compressive strength is good, particularly when compared to the cost of ____ to resist the same load.
Steel
General characteristic of a strip mall: When of noncombustible construction, strip malls have exterior walls of concrete block or concrete tilt walls with ____ bar joist roof members and a metal deck supporting a built-up roof
Steel
Regarding Imitation Timber, often wood is made to appear structural when it is not, Sometimes it is not even wood, here is an example: Unprotected ____ encased in plaster surfaced to look like wood.
Steel
Regarding Imitation Timber, often wood is made to appear structural when it is not, Sometimes it is not even wood, here is an example: unprotected ____ beams or columns boxed in wood to look like wooden structural members
Steel
What is more expensive: Steel or concrete?
Steel
When a concrete structure is in trouble, it is often repaired with ____.
Steel
Wrought iron, an expensive material in the 19th century, is malleable and contains little carbon (0.2%). It has been replaced by ___ for many purposes.
Steel
___ is almost equally strong in compression and tension.
Steel
____ is a good thermal conductor, so it transmits heat readily. Heat can be transmitted by conduction through walls to combustible materials.
Steel
_____ is the most important metal used in building construction.
Steel
_____ is widely available and relatively inexpensive in the USA.
Steel
A metal connection that allows for movement of floors.
Steel Expansion Joints
An open web design used for the support of floors and roofs.
Steel Joist
____ ____ ____ are widely used for industrial and commercial buildings where clear space is required.
Steel Rigid Frames
What materials would larger buildings use to provide shear strength?
Steel, concrete, or reinforced concrete
Admixtures are added to concrete to give it special characteristics such as corrosion resistance if __ __ __ are to be added to the concrete.
Steel-Reinforcing Rods
A common term that refers to NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.
Steiner Tunnel Test
The FM Corner test is considered a more realistic test compared to the ___ ___ ___ because the material is being tested in a more realistic configuration.
Steiner Tunnel Test
The capacity of a member or framework to resist imposed loads without excessive deflection.
Stiffness
Vertical reinforcing bars in concrete beams designed to prevent cracking under shear stresses are called ____.
Stirrups
____ veneer can be used in the same manner as brick veneer.
Stone
Special high-strength, cold-drawn steel cables. Also referred to as cables or tendons.
Strands
Bales of straw covered with cement plaster or "earth" plaster. A loss of coating will expose the straw, while still densely packed, to a fire.
Straw Bale
A principal contributing factor to a warehouse fire: The size and caliber of the buildings often make even the heaviest fire ____ ineffective.
Streams
When fighting an uncontrollable fire in a heavy timber building you'll need a large water supply, numerous heavy caliber ____, a large collapse zone, and an extensive brand patrol downwind.
Streams
What is the force per unit area that produces a deformation?
Stress
What are the internal forces that resist loads?
Stress and Strain
After concrete is poured and reaches its specified strength, steel tendons are stretched and anchored at the ends of the unit. Also referred to as "Jacking the cables."
Stressing The Tendons
Bricks laid so that the long side is visible.
Stretcher Course
A component of a set of stairs used to support risers (vertical stair components between treads) and treads (horizontal stair components on which people place their feet)
Stringers
Modern one-story retail occupancy building that typically has a lightweight wood truss roof and concrete block walls (Type III) or steel bar joists and a metal deck roof with a masonry wall (Type II).
Strip Mall
There are still new structures being built with ordinary construction. One common example is the one story ____-____ with lightweight wood roof trusses and concrete block walls.
Strip Mall
Plywood is just about equally _____ in all directions.
Strong
A problem presented to the FD by ordinary construction: The ___ stability of the masonry wall.
Structural
All high-rise buildings are designed to resist the effects of fire on the _____ frame of the building and its floors.
Structural
Assume that any _____ support that was added after the building was built was added because it was absolutely necessary.
Structural
Brick veneer is not ____, it carries no load except itself.
Structural
Early mills in the US used large timbers for the ____ frame, but maintained wooden exterior walls.
Structural
Existing Structural Instability Precipitators of Collapse: Rotting or corrosion of _____ members from water leaks/damage
Structural
When "triaging" heat evolved by a fire, here is the order of importance: 1. Heat being absorbed by contents or _____ elements that will be ignited or caused to fail. 2. Heat being evolved from contents that are burning. 3. Heat leaving the structure.
Structural
What is probably the oldest structural member?
The Beam
This SFR is traditionally a 1.5 story home with a steep-pitched roof. These are platform framed structures. The stairway to the second floor is near the front door. Bedrooms may be located on both the first and second floors.
The Cape Cod
The fire that sparked a national "push" for the development of a model building code.
The Great Baltimore Fire of 1904
Low density fiberboard carries a warning: "Combustible. May burn or smolder if ignited." A common method of ignition of this material is ____
The Plumbers Torch
These SFR's have open interiors, large attics, and extended overhangs.
The Ranch House
This SFR is a platform-framed structure that is three floors joined by short-run stairways.
The Split Level
These SFRs are characterized by significant amounts of ornamentation, steep-pitched roofs, and balloon frame construction.
The Victorian
As a group, the struts, ties, and panel points of a truss are called:
The Web
What is strain?
The actual % of elongation (deformation) that occurs when a material is stressed.
Some arches are ___ arches in which a steel tension rod ties the ends of the arch together to eliminate the need for masonry.
Tied
Top horizontal member of a wood-frame wall that supports the ceiling joists.
Top Plate
Cold drawn steel cables inserted into holes driven into the rock and anchored with epoxy. Also refers to braced sheeting used in soil walls to protect against collapse.
Tiebacks
In older heavy timber buildings, overloaded beams are sometimes restored by inserting a _____, which goes up through the building, generally to a truss or a beam extending from wall to wall in the cockloft.
Tie Rod
The failure of one element of a truss may cause:
The entire truss to fail. All parts and connections of a truss are vital to its stability.
The total of the reactions of all supports of a beam must equal:
The weight of the beam and its load
A possibility that is often undervalued regarding types of interior finishes and their flame spread?
The possibility of flames spreading faster than sprinklers can operate.
The material used in a structure might not be as good as the sample tested, the workmanship may be inferior, and the material may deteriorate over the years refers to what?
The reason we don't load structures to their ultimate strength.
In tilt-slab construction, what holds the tilted-up concrete wall panels in place?
The roof
The load carrying capacity of a beam increases by:
The square of its depth.
A major deficiency in the test standards for fire rated assemblies is:
The tests were developed for noncombustible floors assaulted from fire only from below. For example, an electrical fire starting inside the floor assembly (in the truss)
When a tilt-slab building is being constructed, why does the builder carefully brace the walls with tormentors or braces?
This is required for stability until the roof is in place and tied in, thus stabilizing the building.
According to Brannigan, the principal life safety question in any building is not its height but the _____ it takes occupants to reach a safe environment.
Time
Typical indicators of building collapse include smoke or water flowing through walls, soft floors, a small partial collapse, walls out of plumb, and ____ since arrival on the scene. These are good indicators, but sometimes they are insufficient or appear too late.
Time
The three fire resistance tests (NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119) require uniformity in testing. They use a reproducible fire that follows a standard ___ ___ ___.
Time-Temperture Curve
Many building codes previously required so called ___ ceilings for their non combustibility in certain occupancies. These can transmit fire in either direction.
Tin
Embossed steel; will transfer heat in either direction.
Tin Ceiling
At one time, lime plaster was an almost universal finish for ceilings, although some ceilings were also made of embossed steel (___ ___) and wooden boards called match boarding.
Tin Ceilings
One of the major problems with surface coating a piece of wood for fire hazard/flame spread reduction is the tendency for it:
To be spread thinner than its recommended thickness.
Some older codes require that the street floor of ordinary construction be of fireproof construction. Consequently, a concrete floor, or more likely, a concrete ____ over a wood floor, may be find in a building of ordinary construction.
Topping
A torsional load is the result of what force?
Torque
What is the measurable turning force applied to a structural member?
Torque
What force tends to twist a structural member?
Torsion
Plywood and lumber treated to resist insects and moisture (pressure treated) have been used for basement walls and exterior structures such as decks. The fumes from such pressure treated wood are ____, so scraps of this wood should not be used for kindling.
Toxic
Heavy parallel chord trusses have been used as ____ beams.
Transfer
A beam that typically carries a load around a large opening or over an area in order to avoid intervening columns.
Transfer Beam
Used to laterally relocate the vertical load of columns to clear an opening area.
Transfer Beam
Improper alterations of buildings may produce unintended ______ ____ that are points of weakness.
Transfer Beams
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) were used as non-flammable coolants in ____.
Transformers
_____ is a trade name of cement-asbestos board.
Transite
It is important to understand how loads are _____ from the point of application to the ground.
Transmitted.
System that incorporates floors that have beams running in two directions.
Two-Way Structural System
A mechanism that affects the movement of smoke in a high-rise: Air Conditioning. Whether A/C is a significant factor in smoke movement depends on the ____ of system.
Type
Self storage facilities may be found in a variety of types of construction, most notably I-IV. Generally, facilities of the one-story drive-up variety are either Type __ or __ construction.
Type II or III.
Ordinary Construction
Type III Construction
Heavy Timber Construction
Type IV
When is a building fire a structure fire?
When command determines that the fire involves the structure, and not only the contents.
W 12 X 96 is what kind of steel?
Wide Flange Beam or Column 12" Deep 96 Pounds per foot
I-Beams that have flanges wider than standard I-beams.
Wide Flange Shapes
Abbreviation for different shaped steel members: W
Wide flange beams and columns
A mechanism that affects the movement of smoke in a high-rise: _____ is very powerful and influences smoke movement.
Wind
Environmental Precipitators of Collapse: Heavy _____ conditions.
Wind
Members with a Z-shaped cross section.
Zees
Defined area within a protected premises.
Zone
Smoke control system that includes smoke exhaust for the smoke zone and pressurization for all contiguous smoke control zones.
Zoned Smoke Control
Type of smoke management system that is a combo of pressurization and venting; typical in high-rises where the fire floor is vented and the surrounding floors, above and below, are pressurized to prevent migration.
Zoned Smoke Control
Dictate land usage in specific cities (and are written by the cities themselves). Spell out which types of buildings can be built in specific locations and their permitted uses.
Zoning Regulations
One of the major problems of combustible construction is fire spread through______.
hidden voids.
Interconnection of the soffit void with _______ may cause fire to spread vertically throughout the building.
pipe openings