British Empire

Who were the main exponents of the New Liberal philosophy?

- David Lloyd-George - Winston Churchill - Herbert Asquith (PM)

What role did colonial administrators have in the British Empire?

- ranging from company directors to governors and high commissioners, these "men on the spot" often grasped opportunities to increase their personal influence - their independent decisions and actions heavily influenced the way colonies were run and extended - some began as missionaries, explorers or traders - John Kirk ended up as Vice-Consul of Zanzibar

What was the role of the Church in promoting "popular imperialism"?

- regular opportunities for imperialist propaganda particularly amongst the middle class - the Church promoted the idea that imperial occupation spread the Christian faith - fund raising activities and lectures were used to keep the positive aspects of imperialism alive e.g. the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

Give some statistics for the British industry between 1815-60

- responsible for 60% total growth in world manufacturing - while only 2% of world population - in 1850, Britain accounted for 50% of world trade in coal, cotton and iron - 1/3 of all overseas trade was carried out by British ships

What was the impact of the invention of the telegram?

- revolutionised world communications - used to take 73 days to send a message to Australia by boat, now only takes a number of hours

What were the beliefs of Evelyn Baring in the Empire?

- saw himself as a moral reformer - felt that Christianity was key to Empire - felt a long occupation of Egypt was essential to establish a guiding principle - felt occupation should end at some point after Egyptians learned how to self-govern

Why were explorers willing to explore?

- scientific/education/geographical discovery - excitement - fame and fortune

What were the main forms of control?

- self-government or 'native rule' - puppet rulers - formal control

What was the disadvantage of self-government?

It meant that Britain had no real control over her Dominions but she relied on such countries to preserve her global power

What was the significance of the Denshawai Incident?

It raised the question of whether the British were fit to rule Egypt

What was the 'cost' of the Second Boer War?

- £250 mil; Lloyd George: "every shell fired amounted to the cost of a pension for an old person" - Brits: 22,000 Boer troops: 6000 Africans: 12,000 - 16,000 Brits died from disease rather than K.I.A - 400,000 horses, mules and donkeys

What was the importance of self-government?

It secured the loyalty of the white colonies

What institution did Kitchener set up whilst he was Governor-General of Sudan and what was its purpose?

The 'Gordon College' to train young Sudanese to run the country

What were the terms of the The Government of India Act (1858)?

- E.I.C's territories and administrative duties passed on to the queen - A position of Secretary of State of the India office (a cabinet post) was created and given responsibility for governance of India and the Indian Civil Service - An Indian Council of 15 advisors on Indian affairs was created to assist the Secretary - A Viceroy who exercised the direct authority of the monarch replaced the Company's governor general

How was Britain able to support the policy of 'splendid isolation'?

The Navy was assumed capable of defeating any naval force and was thus considered safe

How did the Indian National Congress aid the protest against the British during the Partition of Bengal?

It spread the fear to other ancient Indian provinces that they would face partition unless they took a stand

In what ways did the East India Company take on a governing role?

It took on duties such as public administration and tax collection

Explain the history of why the British became involvement in Egypt

- Egypt's economy was weak and relied on foreign loans but by 1875 Egypt was virtually bankrupt - In order to raise money, the Khedive, Ismail sold his canal shares to Britain - the following year Britain and France jointly took control over Egypt's finances and increasingly its administration - fearing an alliance between France and nationalists, Britain invaded in 1882

What were the common themes of expansion and consolidation of British control in East Africa?

- European rivalry - British usually win

What incident is Curzon most known for?

The Partition of Bengal 1905

What occurred when Britain lost the War of American Independence?

A 'swing to the east', founding the second British Empire which was more focused on trade

What can be seen to be the main focus of Empire in the run up to the First World War?

A shift away from colonial empire to the defence of Britain

What were the disadvantages of such a widespread empire?

Very difficult to protect

Who were Britain's main colonial rivals?

- France - Spain - Portugal - Holland - Germany/Italy - although joined late as only unified in 1860

Explain how Canada became a Dominion of Britain

- French originally settled there - difficulties of governing both French and British settlers - 1837 - a revolt from both groups erupted - 1867 - an Independent Federal State was set up

Give the events of the evolution of British involvement in the Sudan

- General Gordon sent by British to act as Governor General of Sudan (1877-80) - Muhammad Ahmad declares himself Mahdi (redeemer of Islam, successor of the Prophet Muhammad) and forms a Jihadist army against Egyptian/British rule - Khartoum (capital) surrounded by 1882 and General -Gordon is told to evacuate but refused - In 1885 the garrison was overrun and killed and Gordon himself was beheaded - It was not until 1896 that the Sudan would be re-taken by Kitchener

Give examples of countries in the Asia where the British gained control of through trade treaties

- Siam (Thailand) - Iran

What was agreed upon at the Berlin Conference?

- The basin and mouth of the Congo and Niger river would remain neutral and open to free trade - Protect the indigenous people and suppress the slave trade - Countries would support Christian missionaries and charities, scientists and explorers - Countries should notify the other signatories before further expansion - Established the principle of "effective occupation"

How was India prioritised by the British?

- The primary task of the Royal Navy was to protect trade routes to India - British foreign policy was often dominated by the need to protect India and trade - Largest single element of Army spending was on the Indian Army

What were the negative impacts from the expansion into Africa?

- There was no African representation at the conferences and hence the indigenous people had no say in how the partition was conducted - Evident in the complete disregard for natural, ethnic, tribal, linguistic or religious divisions in the boundaries - Despite signing up to take care of the indigenous peoples the powers did little to tackle the remaining slavery and overlooked religious customs and the well-being of the indigenous

What do the Hindus do in protest to the Partition of Bengal?

- There were strikes, protests and boycotts of British goods - Under the leadership of Banerjee the Indian National Congress become increasingly nationalistic

What was the impact (or lack thereof) of Chamberlain's actions?

- They rejected the idea of a imperial defence and customs union - On outbreak of Boer war was perceived as a national hero of imperialism - Unpopularity of the Boer war means he did not become PM and resigned as Colonial secretary 1903 - Split the Conservative party and lost them the election 1906 due to fears of cost of living

When were the Boer Republics granted self-government and South Africa made into a confederation?

- Transvaal self-govt 1906 - Orange River Colony 1907 - The parliaments of those, Cape Colony and Natal (by way of referendum) merge in 1910 to est. The Union of South Africa as a Dominion (the definition of this changed including an ability to vote in an Imperial Conference) - The states could decide their own franchise - all apart from Cape Colony had a "white-only" franchise and segregation ensued

What treaties gave Britain greater influence in China?

- Treaty of Nanking (1842) - Treaty of Tientsin (1858)

What changes did Curzon make in India?

- Tried to stabilise India with efficiencies in the civil service - lower taxes, the gold standard - new departments (Agriculture) - railway extensions - 6000 miles more - reforms to universities and the police - founded the Imperial Cadet Corps to give princes military training and the prospect of officer commissions - Delhi Durbar - rewarded loyal nobles and restored the Taj Mahal

Which other countries were Britain's main trade partners by 1914?

- USA - Russia

What were the attitudes to the Empire in the mid-C19th?

- in the early C19th lack of both speedy communications and wide-spread political institutions across the Empire made close imperial governance impractical - nor did many politicians desire to intervene in Empire affairs: - Largely left to "men on the spot" - Withheld charters from many colonising companies - BUT due to intensifying international competition in the 1870's, the Empire became increasingly bound up with national prestige and economic competition

What famous quote describes Disraeli's original perspective on Empire?

"mill-stones around our neck"

In what way did Britain secure the loyalty of the people they collaborated with in order to control their territory?

'Bought' them over or rewarded them, such as Buganda's king was given autonomy and his chiefs land for their loyalty

What quote describes Curzon's opinion of British rule in India?

'For as long as we rule India, we are the greatest power in the world'

How did Disraeli describe the Conservative party?

'The party of Empire'

What was the name of the company that owned the Suez Canal?

The Suez Canal Company

Give examples of how Chamberlain was involved in Africa

- initiated the Uganda railway - sanctioned the conquest and annexation of Ashantiland - supervised the acquisition of territories of the Royal Niger Company which became formal colonies - exonerated of responsibility of Jameson Raid - presided over the success of the Boer War - tried to develop closer imperial ties with the dominions at the 1902 Colonial Conference

Describe the role of canals and rivers in the British Empire?

- internal means of transport - Welland Canal, Canada 1830 - often canals built by explorers - mainly developed after 1852

Why was the British occupation prolonged until 1956?

- lack of reliable collaborators - events in the south - Ismail's invasion of the Sudan and the slave trade

Describe the role of railways in the British Empire?

- largest type of investment i.e. Canada - part of 'invisible trade' as money was earnt by invested abroad - ensured British control ('railway imperialism') as colonies depended on British investment, the engineers and the rolling stock, allowed Britain to pressurise governments - Canada to accept British policies on defence in mid-1860's

What was the impact of the Second Boer War on British policy?

- A major defence review was conducted of planning, recruitment, ammunition and the poor health of working class recruits - Military and social reform followed: - Free school meals and medical inspections - Dreadnoughts in the navy - A re-focus from wider Empire defence to Europe

Why were the Hindu elite so upset by the Partition?

- loss of property in the East of Bengal - interpreted it as an act of revenge for criticising the Raj through the Indian Civil Service

What were the strategic factors that led to British expansion in Africa? (Smite)

- A string of forts and defences were set up on the Gold Coast and Gambia - Competition with the French seemed the main drive Cape Colony which was seized from the Dutch during the Napoleonic wars was crucial to maintaining sea route access to the Middle East, China, Australia and most importantly India - Suez canal increases the importance

Give examples of people who supported the Empire

- Alfred Milner - Chamberlain - Lord Curzon - Lord Salisbury

What are the similarities in administration/opposition to the British in India and Egypt?

- main opposition came from the growing middle class - criticisms on restraints on industry - allowed limited power - Indian Civil Service, brought more Egyptians into government - however often unrepresentative of the poor - high taxes - killing of dissenters

What were Britain's main imperial concerns?

- maintenance of trade with India - self-government for 'white' settlement colonies but with close links to Britain - preservation of Britain's dominant global position through foreign and imperial policy

What were the different forms of government throughout the British Empire?

- major decisions by the Colonial Office but it allowed the day-to-day running by local administrators such as: - private charter company - Captain of the Royal Navy - Ascension Islands - appointed Governor by the Government

What were the consequences of the Second Boer War on the Conservative government at home?

- Alfred Milner blamed the government - "why keep an Empire for people who are dead set on chucking it away?" - A war predicted to take 3 or 4 months took 3 years - It appeared to be more about the profits of mine owners than Uitlander rights (Chinese forced labour) - Left-wing liberals and socialists become active critics of Empire Emily Hobhouse's report led to the Fawcett commission - A shift in focus from jingoism to "national efficiency"

What was the importance of Egypt to Britain?

- An important route between Europe and Asia - especially to India - Better owned by the Ottoman's than another European rival - British companies invested in cotton market and by 1870's 40% of Egypt's imports were from Britain - was a large producer of cotton which was highly sought after by British textile manufactorers

What ended the 'Great Game'?

The Triple Entente which formalized British and Russian spheres of influence in Persia and their attitudes to Tibet and Afghanistan

Give examples of where children's books expressed the idea of "popular imperialism"

- many imperialist children books through schols which was helped by improved literacy e.g. ABC for baby patriots - magazines aimed at children e.g. Boy's Own Paper (1/4 million audience from 1890-1914) displaying explorers, military men and missionaries as heroes - Boys of Our Empire offered a £25 prize and a visit to a colony for completing a test

What reforms were carried out in the British Indian Arm after the Indian Mutiny?

- British troops 40,000 (1857) ->70,000 (1890's) - Senior roles (officer) and artillery only trusted to British troops - Regiments made mixed-caste and more loyal castes replaced previous. Importing Ghurkhas and Sikhs; to these groups and other being in the B.I.A was prestigious - 3000 miles of railway were built to allow a swifter response along with a separate Imperial Police Force

What technologies enabled large increases in wealth from trade and commerce during the C19th?

- railway - steamship

Describe how the British came to control Ashantiland?

- British-Ashanti relations were characterised by skirmishes throughout the C19th but the British demanded that the king, Prempeh, should turn over the remainder of his empire as a protectorate in the 1890's, to which he refused - the 4th Ashanti War in 1896 saw the takeover of remaining territories - formal annexation took place after an uprising in 1900, and it was later incorporated into the Gold Coast in 1902

What are the different motivations for the expansion of Empire?

- "state of indifference" - formal vs. informal empire - gentlemanly capitalism

Describe how the British came to control Nyasaland

- 'opened up' by Livingstone and then settled by Scottish missionaries - Portuguese backed Arab attacks delayed control until 1891 however guerrilla warfare continued until 1897 - area placed under the control of Rhodes' British South Africa Company until 1907 when it became a protectorate

What was France's early involvement in Egypt?

- C18th conflict (Napoleonic Wars) for control of Egypt - 1805: established the Khedive Muhammad Ali and his successors

What hindered British control in Egypt?

- Caisse de la dette - the Capitulations - the Mixed Courts

Describe the main developments/course of the Second Boer War

- 11th Oct 1899 the war begins with the Transvaal attacking Cape Colony - Begins with a series of British defeats in major towns such as Kimberly and Mafeking; deemed "black week" - This shocks the British into sending more troops and Lord Roberts 'hero of the Indian Mutiny' and Lord Kitchener 'hero of the Sudan' take command - June 1900: Major towns retaken and Pretoria (Transvaal capital) occupied forcing Kruger to flee Kitchener and Roberts return to a jubilant home front who elected the Conservatives in the "Khaki election". - But celebration was premature - the Boers refused to surrender, retreated to the countryside and engaged in guerrilla warfare - By 1901 Kitchener, determined to end the war once and for all, uses controversial tactics as well as more troops from all around the Empire to force the Boers to surrender in 1902

Explain how Australia became a Dominion of Britain

- 1788 - settled by 736 British convicts, women and guards, population rose to a million in 1860 - tension caused from an influx of Asian immigrants - gold rush in 1851 - little competition with other countries - 1901 - became federal state and a member of the Commonwealth

What tensions were there between the British and the Bantu tribes?

- 1877-78 - Xhosa war where tribal communities were annexed in the Cape - 1879 - Zulus defeated at Ulundi and Zululand incorporated into Natal - Pedi also defeated and a fort built at Mashonaland, home of the Shoda people - tribal land ownership eroded by British expansion - discovery of precious materials brought wealth to the area but stayed in the hands of the settlers - laws were passed and jobs allocated to make sure Black Africans did not reap any profits and were segregated

What tensions were there with the Boer Republics?

- 1879 - Boers failed to defeat the Pedi tribe and reluctantly accepted British aid and intervention in Zululand to deal with the Zulus and Pedi - 1880 - Boer Republics declared independence and attack the British (First Boer War) - 1881 - Convention of Pretoria after British defeat at Majuba Hill - 1885 - British seize Bechuanaland in fear of German expansion in the area - 1886 - discovery of gold in the Transvaal brought a mass of Uitlanders including Rhodes and further annexations

Give examples of pieces of the arts (literature) influenced the public's opinion towards empire?

- 1887: Traces the journey of a explorer into the African interior where they encounter a lost kingdom ruled by Queen Ayesha - She - 1st comic issue in 1879 featuring stories about brave soldiers across the globe with contributions from the founder of the Scout movement urging boys to lead "manly and Christian lives". (Boys' Brigade 1883) - stories by Rider Haggard and G.A. Henty glorified British imperialist aims - heroes were always stereotypically male, strong, handsome, and loyal. All opponents to Britain fail because they lack 'English qualities'

Give examples of where the press expressed the idea of "popular imperialism"

- 1890-1914 referred to as the golden age of the press due to the technological improvements and professional journalism - cheaper tabloids for working class e.g. Daily Mail selling a million copies a day - often promoted the Empire with stories of British heroism against Boers and portraying Germans as military threats - mail serialised patriotic books: Walter Wood's 'the enemy in our midst' (1906)

What were the challenges to British rule in West Africa?

- 1898: The British Governor of Sierra Leone. Colonel Cardew, introduces severe 'hut tax' on dwellings (often more than the value of the dwelling) and makes local communities responsible for road maintenance - This caused resistance, firstly in the form of a petition and then the "Hut tax war" which was met by severe repression - 'Scorched Earth' approach of setting fire to villages, farms and crops results in rebellion's defeat in Nov 1898 - Hundreds killed and Cardew ordered 96 of the chief warriors hanged

What measures were taken to improve 'national efficiency'?

- 1902 Education Act (Conservatives) raise school standards and led to the opening of 1000 secondary schools - modernisation of the Royal Navy - Dreadnought 1906 (in the wake of expansion of German fleet) - Imperial College in London established 1907 to improve technological, medical and scientific excellence - spate of Liberal reforms: free school meals (1906), school medical inspections (1907), children's welfare charter (1908), trade boards act (1909), unemployment and health insurance (1911)

What impact did the British have on India's language?

- 200 different languages - originally Persian under Mughals, then English under the British Raj then Hindi as India became independent - English still needed to reach higher level education

Give facts on the Uganda railway

- 660 miles long - connected Mombasa to the fertile highlands bordering Lake Victoria - cost £5 million - took 5 years to build - 2500 labourers died: - 35-100 killed by lions - 500 killed by Masai tribesmen

Describe the course of the Indian Mutiny (1857)

- 85 sepoys who refused to use cartridges were court-marshalled and humiliated in Meerut and then broken out by mutineers who massacred all local Europeans (including women and children) - Mutiny spread through the Bengal army although the Bombay, Madras and Sikh armies remained loyal. - Whole swaths of India no longer under control as the rebellion spread through the civilian population in an unorganised fashion - Rebel leaders started to emerge as some mutineers called for the Mughal Emperor to take control of all India. - Multiple atrocities on both sides including the killing of 400 British men, women and children who had surrendered. - A wave of revenge killing and arson attacks. - A 5 month siege at Lucknow with 3000 troops and families. British press reported allegations of rape and abuse. Lucknow was eventually relieved by the non-sepoy British Army Order restored in June 1858

What were the key components of the governing body in India?

- A Secretary of State in Britain and a figurehead in India of a Viceroy representing Crown's authority - An Indian Civil Service was comprised of a British elite and, at a lower level, educated Indians (with a tough exam!) - A series of local councils with little real power and local officials - The Indian army supported by the British Army was the force behind this power

What were the challenges to British rule in Zanzibar?

- A brief challenge by Khalid bin Barghash who took over from his, most likely poisoned father; Sultan Hamoud without British permission - Despite his 3000 men, heavy naval bombardment results in surrender in just 38 mins

What were the dates for colonies gaining self-government?

- Canada 1867 - New Zealand 1856 - Cape Colony 1872

What social factors led too the expansion of the British Empire and how did they influence imperial policy?

- Annexation and partition of Bengal - led to appeasement of locals - Milner and Barings' Attempts to anglicise 'Milner schools' outlaw Karbash and - India - Support for the caste system divide and rule, Pork and beef fat on cartridges sparked Mutiny - White Man's burden - Pride in Empire: 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition living exhibits -Social Darwinism - Christianity, Civilisation, commerce (Livingstone) - Saving the heathen - Education reforms: University in India and Milner schools - DOMESTIC PRESSURE TO ACT; popular imperialism; the press; Gordon, increased literacy

What were the causes of the Indian Mutiny (1857)?

- Annexation created resentment and joblessness for advisors in former princely states - Railway carriages and stations without segregation would lead to higher castes (Brahmin) having to mix with lowers castes (Untouchables) - religious pollution - Brahmin sepoys were being asked to deploy outside home region and overseas which conflicted with their respectability - The final spark: Sepoys were outraged by rumours the newly issued cartridges were greased with beef fat (sacred to Hindus) or pork fat (prohibited by Islam, seen as filthy) which would have involved having to bite - pay and conditions disputes in army - Landowners frustrated by annexation, peasants by taxation

Who were the main groups campaigning for free trade?

- Anti-Corn League (1839) - free trade economists - Adam Smith, David Ricardo and James Mill - bankers and financiers from the City of London

Give examples of how the working class supported empire?

- Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements and pro-Empire newspapers were very popular among the working class - popular poems and music hall songs - Tommy Atkins You're Alright, It's the English speaking race against the world - politicians had won elections through supporting the idea of imperial expansion

What was discussed/agreed on at the Imperial Conference in 1909?

- Britain was forced to abandon the 'two power standard' and settled for a 60% margin above Germany - Foreign Secretary Grey conveyed the danger to the Dominions if Britain fell so: - South Africa pledged 40,000 men to attack German South-West Africa in the event of war - Australia and New Zealand agreed to take action against German Pacific territories

In what way was the Empire in decline in the run-up to the First World War?

- Britain's embarrassment in the Boer War (30,000 Boers holding out for two and a half years) - 'home-grown' soldiers had been hard to come by during Boer War (40% of recruits found unfit for service) - decline in British industrial production relative to that of both the USA and Germany

What made Britain avoid Splendid Isolation in the run up to the First World War?

- Britain's industrial power was declining at the time and the strain of maintain the Empire was starting to tell - the Central Powers alliance between Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1870 and later Italy in 1882 and the alliances between France and Russia in 1892 and 1894 left Britain vulnerable to both

What were Cecil Rhodes' beliefs in Empire?

- British civilisation and control were the key to the betterment of the world - wanted to establish British rule from north to south Africa linking the Cape to Egypt - felt Anglo-Saxons had a right and duty to dominate Africa

Describe the events of the Denshawei Incident

- British officers angered the residents of Denshawai by pigeon shooting near the village for fun - the pigeons were originally bred for food by the villagers - in the ensuing confusing an officer's gun went off and wounded the wife of a Muslim prayer leader - the soldiers were set upon and an officer fleeing the scene collapsed and died in the intense heat - other soldiers, finding the body, killed a villager, thinking him to be the assassin

Describe the part that investment played in the British empire around 1900

- British overseas investment doubled from £2 to £4 bil between 1900-13 - Britain invested twice the French and three times the Germans - Mostly went to the USA and India - The Colonial Loans and Stocks Acts 1899 and 1900 facilitated infrastructure projects (African ports: Lagos) - The import/export balance of prices moved 10% in Britain's favour between 1870-1914 - BUT loaning to industries in colonies created the threat of rival manufactures (India) and loans outside the Empire, whilst 'riskier', could produce greater returns - Investment as well as other forms of "invisibles" helped Britain to maintain it's "informal empire" (L. America, Turkey, Japan)

What was the nature of British involvement in Latin America?

- British public capital stood at over £80 million by 1865 (10% of British imports/exports in 2nd half of C19th) - City financier, Charlers Morrison, acquired the Mercantile Bank of the River Plate in Argentina in 1881 and invested directly into the country's utilities - British citizens in Buenos Aires lived an elite lifestyle with their own institutions and way of life

Give examples of social benefits that British rule brought to India

- British social reformers such as Mary Carpenter established schools for girls and trained female teachers - a fee-paying education system was introduced - 60,000 graduated university from 1857-87 with many going to work for the British government

What were the benefits of British rule in India?

- British social reformers such as Mary Carpenter established schools for girls and trained female teachers - a fee-paying education system was introduced. 60,000 graduated university in 1857-87 with many going to work for the British government - the civil service, police and banks provided jobs to wealthier Indians who formed a new professional class - thousands of lines of railway were built (4th largest in the world 1909) to assist military control and trad routes. This created construction jobs where "loyal" castes were favoured - from 1,349 km in 1860 to 25,495 km (15,842 mi) in 1880 - new methods of land irrigation led to an improvement in agricultural output on British owned farms (6%) - the British trade allowed Indians to sell valuable crops on the international market but this was at the expense of cheaper crops for local consumption - a complex judicial system was introduced to protect liberties with expensive lawyers - Indian nobles were granted land, titles, medals and high positions in the government to win their loyalty

What companies did George Goldie create?

- Central Africa Trading compnay (1876) - traded palm oil - United African Company - formed of 30 different trading ports to compete with French interests in the region

What were the two main political parties in the 19th century?

- Conservatives - Whigs (Liberals)

What role was the metropole in the expansion of the British Empire and how did it influence imperial policy?

- Gentlemanly capitalists influence - Boer War 'a conspiracy of financiers' (Hobson) the role of the Rand millionaires and City of London refused Transvaal loans Queen appointed empress of India - Gladstone the reluctant imperialist (more forced by events) BUT EXPANDED MORE UNDER HIM - DOMESTIC PRESSURE TO ACT; popular imperialism - Disraeli: Architect of Empire , harness jingoism and bought Suez. Annexed Transvaal - Empire was tied into national pride and Boer war damaged rep - Chamberlain (ideas of tariff reform and imperial preference fell flat) oversaw Jameson Raid - National efficiency turns focus from external to internal. - Focus changes from Empire's security to Europe's security (Triple Entente)

What was Britain's position as the dominant power in Asia like in the run up to the First World War?

- Germany and the USA had emerged as major economic and naval rivals - Russia was still thought of as a threat to India - the presence of France in Indo-China and the growing militarism in Japan suggested there would be further uncertainties

What was Gladstone's imperial policy outlook?

- Gladstone was critical of Disraeli's foreign and imperial policies but was forced to pick up their adventurism during the First Boer War 1880-81 - reluctant imperialist - supported self-government over direct control - Ireland Home Rule Bill - preferred to develop existing colonies - saw the empire as more of a trading bloc

Who are the two well known leaders of the Indian National Congress before 1914?

- Gokhale - Tilak

What were the main ethnic/religious/linguistic groups, where were they located?

- Hinduism is the prevalent religion - some areas were more Islamic, Sikh, or Buddhist - some ethinicities fought for further independence, such as the Tamils - north speak mixture of English, Scandinavian and Mediterranean languages - Himalayan regions speak Tibetan

What did Britain gain from the treaties with China?

- Important trading bases - Hong Kong, Shanghai - 1863 - Robert Hart appointed as the head of Chinese Imperial Customs Office

Which Empire countries made up the greatest proportion of Britain trade by 1914?

- India - 20% of British exports - Canada - 10% of Britain's beef and 15% of flour

Give examples of incidences where the press influenced public opinion towards the empire?

- Indian Mutiny: Highlighted the butchery of rebels during massacres such as Cawnpore where 200 captive women and children were hacked to death and thrown down a well. Major-General Havelock who recaptured it was turned into a national hero and the public paid for a statue in Trafalgar Square - Gen. Gordon was a martyr - Arabi Pasha's revolt in Egypt

How did changes in the periphery led too the expansion of the British Empire and how did they influence imperial policy?

- Indian mutiny led to Government of India Act - Arabi Pasha; nationalist revolt in Egypt (1882) (Response to killing of Europeans) - forced Gladstone - Defending Europeans: Mahdist rebellion in Sudan, Mad Mullah (Somaliland), King Mwanga, 38 min war in Zanzibar - British annexation of Africa forced tribes to move (Zulu war, Xhosa) - Voting rights for the Uitlanders. Role of Kruger Chinese forced labour - Hut tax war in Sierra Leone - Indian nationalism (Kaal) - Denshawei incident - Tough responses to mutinies: Indian Mutineers fired from cannon

What were the core beliefs of the Liberal party?

- Individual Freedom - Free Trade (opposition to protectionism) - Laissez-faire (free market)

What were the positive impacts from the expansion into Africa and how it was carried out?

- It reduced the risk of wider conflict between European powers over Africa as the "ground rules" had been set. - This substantially large "playground" created a safety - valve for European tensions - Britain acquired the "lion's share" of Africa by taking about 5 million square miles of territory. France got about 3-5 million square miles (included the Sahara), while Germany, Belgium and Italy shared a further 2.5 million square miles - Africa benefited from better infrastructure such as roads and railways and a fall in the slave trade

Give examples of where architecture expressed the idea of "popular imperialism"

- Johannesburg Art Gallery (1911) designed by the Lutyens - New Delhi - Brighton/British (Rome) Pavilion

Give examples of anti-imperialists

- John A. Hobson (Imperialism 1902) - Emily Hobhouse - William Digby

Give examples of where literature and plays expressed the idea of "popular imperialism"

- Kipling was very influential in shaping views towards the Empire - e.g. White Man's Burden - and wanted to propagate his views - imperialism also featured in women's writing, particularly romantic fiction - many theatrical productions about Empire - involved stories of the Indian Mutiny, Zulu War (1879) and the death of Gordon (1885)

What were the challenges to British rule in Sudan?

- Kitchener defeated the Mahdists in 1898 whose regime had resulted in a 50% decline in population due to famine, disease, warfare and poor economic circumstances. - It took 30 years to subdue the tribes and completely new concepts such as law, representative government, land tenure and taxation were often rejected and refused - The British response was forceful: - 33 punitive expeditions with brutal repression - The Mahdists rose up several times again between - 1902-1908 and were met with public hangings with no trial - BUT there was some economic development in terms of communications, transport, port Sudan 1906, irrigation with the Gezira Scheme for high-quality cotton

What were the long-term causes of the Second Boer War?

- Long-term antagonism: Initial Boer frustration caused by abolish of slavery - 1st Boer War over British control of the Transvaal following the Zulu War with disagreement over wording of British controls - The British, including Rhodes, wished to annex the Transvaal and Orange Free State to establish a South Africa federation against the wishes of the Boers

Describe how the British came to control the Sudan

- Mahdist revolt against the Egyptian government in 1881, killed Gordon in 1885 - the region the became plagued by war, disease and famine - PM Salisbury (Conservative) 1885 found Egyptian security vital for the welfare of Egypt but also worried about rivals - treaty signed with Germany, French persuaded to concentrate west - co-operated with Italy as an excuse to get involved by "[aiding] Italy and uphold European civilisation against African barbarism" - Kitchener was made commander-in-chief of the Egyptian army in 1896 to retake the Sudan, after the Italians were defeated at Adowa - after resounding victory at Omdurman in 1898, Kitchener was ordered to go to Fashoda where the French expedition had arrived thus the Fashoda Incident - Sudan made into a condominium in 1899 with Kitchener appointed as Governor-General until 1902

What part did individuals have in British expansion in Africa? (smIte)

- Merchant imperialists such as Goldie and Rhodes capitalised on new commodities and industries for fame and fortune - Many of these figures had political connections and high personal ambitions - Many also believed in the politics of colonialism

Give examples of post 1870 chartered companies

- North Borneo Trading Company (1881) receives a charter - useful to the British for; Coal, iron, copper, tobacco, coffee and stop between India and Hong Kong - Royal Niger Company (1886) which also governed the Niger region! - The Imperial British East Africa Company (1888) - The British South Africa Company (1889) - An imperial Federation League was set up to promote colonial unity and enterprise

What were the core beliefs of the Conservative party?

- Opposed to large-scale change - Keen to maintain Britain's foremost position in the world and it's existing Empire - Empire closely linked to Britain's prestige

What part did explorers have in British expansion in Africa? (smitE)

- Political and public interest was also drawn to the process of exploring the "Dark Continent" - Tracing and mapping out and the continents waterways (Niger river) - By 1857 most of Africa had been mapped out yet the Congo River was not charted until a decade later Explorers would publish findings on geography and tribes (as well as spreading exotic tales of their travels) - Without explorers locating regions with reserves of gold, palm oil and diamonds there would not have been the same economic drive for the "Scramble" for Africa

What were Aflred Milner's actions in South Africa?

- Poor negotiator with Kruger 'reform in the Transvaal or war'(2nd Boer). - 'Milner school' (English speaking) -Demanded voting rights for the Uitlanders - Administered Orange Free State and Transvaal 1901 - Secured Peace of Vereenining (May 1902) and became a viscount - 'Milner's Kindergarten' (young lawyers and admin.) who promoted the gold-mining industry for economic growth - Tried to anglicise the area with further English language promotion - Migration of Brits out of Boer republics leads to Milner using Chinese labour (1904) which caused uproar due to poor treatment and flogging - 1906 attempts to censor Milner but created a political backlash - Chinese labour scandal contributes to Tory election defeat 1906 and Liberals reject his plans. Resigns and goes into writing (The Nation and Empire 1913)

How did Britain acquire territories in its Informal Empire in Latin America?

- Pressure put on Mexico in 1861 to keep access open to and uphold free trade treaties - Threat of the Royal Navy ensured compliance in Peru (1857) and Chile (1863)

Give examples of where missionary activity led to the extension of the British Empire

- Punjab region (1850's) - Congo (1880's) - the white dominions - China (mission in North China 1862) - John Mackenzie in 1883 convinced the British to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland and was then appointed Deputy Commissioner

What were the consequences of the Indian Mutiny (1857)?

- Retribution deliberately aimed to strike fear into the peasants to stop a general uprising - Entire villages suspected of supporting the mutineers were massacred as were the Mughal Emperor's sons to stop them being figureheads - Cawnpore mutineers forced to lick clean the blood soaked walls, eat pork or beef and then publically hanged or loaded into/against a cannon and blown apart - In the army; sepoys reduced by 40% and Brits increased by 50%. 3:1 rather than 9:1! - Sepoys recruited from more loyal Sikh areas and adjacent regiments deliberately made of different faiths. The animosity remained - Sepoys given a choice of grease and cartridge made obsolete by 1867 -Suez canal (1869) and telegram system (1870) makes reinforcement, if needed, quicker. The British learnt not to meddle with religious custom and Brits at home had their Social-Darwinist views about the savagery of the Indians confirmed

Describe how the British came to control Rhodesia (Zambesia)

- Rhodes established British presence in the South and it became known as Southern Rhodesia from 1895 - used force to establish British settlers in the region however wars with the local Ndebele (1893-94 and 1896-97) meant that nearly half of the settlers died - territory north of the Zambesi River also taken over through treaties with chiefs

Give examples of institutions that supported the Empire

- Royal Colonial Institute (est. 1870) - Victoria League (est. 1901 by women) - Round Table (est. 1909 by Milner) - Empire Day movement (first celebrated in 1902)

What were the challenges to British rule in Somaliland?

- Sayyid Hassan (aka the "Mad Mullah") built up a force of 20,000-strong Dervishes armed by the Ottoman Empire - Motivated by religious and nationalist reasons they threatened to drive all Christians into the sea! - The British worked in collaboration with Ethiopia's emperor Menelik but could not stop them gaining embarrassing victories such as the Battle of Dul Madoba (1913) which saw the defeat of the 'Camel Constabulary'

What were the consequences of the Second Boer War on Britain's global reputation?

- Scorched Earth and concentration camps where thousands (28,000 est) died from malnutrition and disease led to propaganda from other powers (Germany) - Presented the vulnerability of British in attempts to maintain control "the first nail in the coffin of the British Empire" - Britain no longer seen as a legitimate "policemen of the world" and defender of the weak

Why was there a need for national efficiency?

- Seen as the only way of preventing Britain's decline - nation of amateurs - need for security

What role did missionaries have in the British Empire?

- Since the C18th lots of denominations of Christianity promoted missionary activity -Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterians and Methodists - Aimed at converting the 'known' world to 'the one true faith' occasionally aggressively - missionaries also constructed churches and houses as well as offering jobs, materials, farming methods, education and answers to moral questions - But: all of course in exchange for conversion There was occasionally conflict between the missionaries and the indigenous people - By adopting the 'white man's faith' it was thought that these areas could create their own Christian bases which would be self-financing, governing and expansionist - Missionary activity lead to the British Empire extending its reach - Missionaries would often end up taking governmental roles - BUT occasionally missionaries spoke out against further colonisation and organised opposition - Women often played an active role as missionaries, such as those in the 'Ladies Committee for the Amelioration of the Condition of Women in Heathen Countries' in 1858 and Mary Carpenter in India

What two republics existed in South Africa?

- South African Republic of the Transvaal - Orange Free State

What were the strategic/military factors that led to the expansion of the British Empire and how did they influence imperial policy?

- Suez: 44% 4mil; intervention in Sudan and Egypt - India: Protect the jewel in the crown - Somaliland: protect Indian ocean route - Distrust caused failure of Brussels conference (H. M. Stanley signed over 450 treaties) - Berlin conference; "effective occupation" was starting gun for competition 90% colonised - Rivalry with French (West) and Germans (East) in Africa. Germ. Funded Kenyan forces - Scramble for Africa - Fashoda incident deal struck over Sudan and Nigeria - Trying to stop influence of rivals - The great game with Russia - Railways built for military reasons also

What were Chamberlain's actions to achieve his beliefs?

- Summoned and chaired two Colonial Conferences (of the self-governing white colonies) in 1897 and 1902 - Initiated the Uganda Railway, sanctioned the annexation of Ashantiland into the Gold Coast and oversaw expansion of Royal Niger Company - Presided over the Jameson Raid and the Boer War - Formed Tariff Reform League with political campaigning (leaflets and public meetings)

In what way was the Second Boer War, 'Britain's Vietnam'?

- Superior numbers and firepower - 450,000 vs 100,000 - Costly - 22,000 lives and £250 million - Controversial tactics: - Scorched Earth: destruction of farms and crops - Concentration camps: villages divided by barbed wire and women and children detained with inhumane conditions - Underestimating a determined enemy - who used Guerrilla tactics - Damaged their international prestige

What did Britain do to counter the Russian threat?

- Territory acquisitions - Sind (1843), Jammu and Kashmir (1846), the Punjab (1846-9), Baluchistan (1876), Cyprus - establishing a naval base in China, Weihaiwei in 1898 to counter the Russians at Port Arthur - alliances - Japan (1902), France (1904) and finally Russia itself (1907) - new protective agreements - Bahrain (1880), the Trucial sheikdoms (1887), Muscat (1891) and Kuwait (1899) - wars with Afghanistan to create a buffer state - supporting Turkey - Crimean War (1854-6)

Describe the nature of how the British became more involved in Egypt

- Tewfik becomes new Khedive (Ismail removed 1879) with British financial and political support. - Taxes imposed on population and army reduced by 2/3rds... - Nationalist revolts led by Arabi erupted in 1882 Gladstone, recognising the risk to the Suez Canal and Egypt, tries to get French support for an invasion but fails - 50 Europeans killed in Alexandria and naval forces are sent - British army secure Suez and defeat Arabi's forces in less than an hour. - Khedive Tewfik remained but only as a figurehead while government of Egypt fell into British hands under Major Evelyn Baring who became Consul-General

What was agreed on in the Brussels Conference?

- The Africans were incapable of extracting the valuable raw materials and Europeans had the ability - Developments of roads and railways were required - A newly created International African Association should coordinate European imperialism

What major events occurred during the expansion into Africa?

- The Brussels Conference (1876) - The Berlin Conference (1884-5)

What were the challenges to British rule in the late C19th in India?

- The Civil service was kept relatively small due to concerns over cost - Increased education and literacy with some allowed on representation on provisional councils (1892 + 1909) - Curzon conceded reforms to the Indian National Congress (1885) who were critical of British trading policy, restraints on Indian industry and heavy taxation (although they sang "God Save the Queen") - Social and humanitarian groups such as "The Servants of Indian Society" campaigned for Untouchable rights

What acts led to increased awareness of the Empire?

- The Education Act of 1870 - created state education and improved literacy - The 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts - extending the vote

Give examples of where the British ruled through collaboration

- The Sultans (Hamad and Hamoud) in Zanzibar - The 'Princes' in the Princely States, King Kabaka in Buganda - Middle-class Indians were allowed roles in the civil service - Some groups were favoured in opposition to others to aid control of a region - East Africa: Masai rewarded with cattle and badges in preference to Kikuyu

Who were the lowest members in a caste society?

The Untouchables

What was the primary social reform that took place between 1815-70?

The abolition of slavery

What were the causes of the short term Second Boer War?

- Under the leadership of Paul Kruger; Boer influence in the region had increased with the discovery of Gold in Rand (1886) and taking over of Swaziland. This rivalled British interests - Main issue: The lack of voting rights to the Uitlanders despite them paying taxes (50,000 Brits) (Boers could vote in Cape Colony) - Chamberlain and Rhodes had supported the Jameson Raid (1895) which tried to remove the Kruger from power who went on to win his 4th election - Chamberlain encourages City of London to deny Transvaal loans - Tom Edgar (Englishman) shot by Transvaal police 1898 so the Uitlanders demanded British action.

In what way was the British government different to other empires?

- Very little in common in empire - no single constitution, religion, language, or system of law - wide variation in governing - most importantly it allowed self-government - preferred to rule indirectly

What were the consequences of the Second Boer War on British foreign policy?

- Vulnerability of British forces encourages a shift from 'splendid isolation' to alliance building with Japan (1903), France (1904) and Russia (1907) - Increase in German-Anglo antagonism especially the hostility of the respective presses 'wild Kaiser'

Give examples of political benefits that the British brought to India

- a complex independent judicial system was introduced to protect liberties with expensive lawyers - Indian nobles were granted land, titles, medals and high positions in the government to win their loyalty

What were the reasons of the supporters of Empire?

- a reorganised empire would enable industrial recovery and provide employment - the empire could generate wealth to fund social reforms such as pensions - some claimed the British had a responsibility to bring stability to the world

What were the common themes of expansion and consolidation of British control in South Africa?

- a variety of methods used - most territories eventually became a protectorate - wars and treaties

What was Tilak's political stance?

- admired the national heritage of India and stressed how much of this heritage had been destroyed by the British - favoured open violence with the British and a national mutiny - head of the 'extremist' reformers

Why can it be said that the involvement of more Indians in government had little effect?

- advice/demands could be ignored - only allowed into minor positions - had to take extremely tough exams in order to get into the Civil Service in Britain

What did Britain do to reduce its vulnerability in Asia, thus ending Splendid Isolation?

- agreement with Japan to reduce the problem of insufficient resources for war in the Far East, however only encouraged Japan to go to war with Russia - Anglo-French entente in 1904 - Anglo-Russian Convention in 1907

List events leading to the Abolition of Slavery Act

- anti-slavery and humanitarian pressure groups, mostly in the UK, pressed the government to act - 1811 - movement of slaves made illegal, enforced by the Royal Navy - 1831 - slave uprising in Jamaica (500 killed) - 1834 Abolition of Slavery Act made all slaves under the age of 6 made free, then the rest in 1838

What did the Egyptian nationalists protest about?

- attacked the British for failing to deal with corruption in the Khedive's government - the British had done little to help the poor - the British had failed to promote the Egyptian cloth making industry and were only interested in raw cotton production - there were a lack of opportunities for educated Egyptians who seemed even less likely to be able to run their government than before

What did the Durham Report discuss?

- blamed the Rebellion on the British administration - recommended uniting Upper and Lower Canada and allowing a representative government to form, while the British remained in control of foreign policy

What were the arguments of anti-imperialists in the run up to 1914?

- blamed the empire for Britain's failure to modernise industry which would've raised worker living standards due to high taxes imposed to support the Empire - Britain lagged behind in chemical and electrical engineering meaning it relied on rubber exports from Asia and Africa whereas her rivals produced synthesised rubber by 1910 - importing food from abroad meant that domestic food production fell as it was cheaper from abroad, creating unemployment there was the huge cost of maintaining the Navy and subsidising colonies

Give examples of where Disraeli's imperial stance was shown

- buying of 44% of Suez Canal shares for £4 million in 1875 - passed the Royal Titles Act in 1877 granting Victoria the title 'Empress of India' - intended to embed British rule - established Afghanistan as a client state in November 1878 to protect India from Russia - supported Turkey to counteract Russia - annexed the Transvaal in 1877 and launched a war on the Zulu and Pedi tribes in the hope of establishing a South African Federation

Describe how the British came to control Kenya

- came under the sphere of influence at the Berlin Conference (1884-85) - was seen as useful as it provided a route from the coast of Uganda - the British made use of a succession dispute between the native Mazrui and the Muslim majority to force their control - Sheik Mbaruk rebelled against the British, obtaining weapons from the Germans and it took 9 months to defeat him - Mbaruk fled and Kenya became part of the East African Protectorate in 1895 - although became a formal colony in 1920

Why was there a revival of the Chartered Company?

- challenges from European and American industrialisation - a worldwide economic slump 1870-96 - leading to falling prices, trade, investment and overall prices

In what way was the Second Boer War a turning point for the British Empire?

- change in definition of Dominion - principle of 'one government, one vote' was set up to decide constitutional disputes within Empire, meaning the Dominions could now outvote Britain - change in attitudes - Britain's confidence in her military - change in focus of defence to Europe - increased opposition to Empire - Liberals - "final nail in the coffin"

What was Hobson's argument against the empire?

- claimed that imperial expansion was driven by the search for new markets and new opportunities for the rich capitalists - the small and powerful elite shaped imperial policy through their political power and connections - claimed the Boer War was just part of a 'capitalist plot'

How did the Boer War promote anti-imperialist views?

- considerable media coverage of the brutality of the war e.g. concentration camps - created international opposition that weakened support for imperialism at home - many working class voters rejected pro-war candidates in the 1900 election - only a narrow victory margin of 400,000 - many working class men volunteered for military service not for patriotism but because they faced poverty and unemployment at home - European origins of the victims of aggressive British imperialism discredited imperialism meaning there were very few Liberal imperialists left by 1902 - growing strength of the Labour Party led by Henry Campbell-Bannerman who opposed the methods used - 'methods of barbarism'

Give examples of where Gladstone's anti-imperial stance was shown

- declined to commit further troops, time or money to secure British hegemony in South Africa - he urged the withdrawal of British troops from Sudan in 1884 and reflected that the Sudanese were 'rightly struggling to be free' - showed sympathy to for the Irish nationalist cause when he introduced the Home Rule Bill for Ireland in 1886 - allowed Tswana rulers in Somaliland and Bechuanaland to stay in power to avoid further management costs - avoided challenging Germany over New Guinea as he feared a wider conflict

What is being referred to by the "hidden agenda" concerning the abolition of slavery campaign?

- declining profits in the cotton/sugar industry - lack of social support for slaves post-emancipation

What was the importance of the caste system?

- determined the amount of power and influence people had - people's places in the caste system was pre-determined - could be used by the British to put themselves in charge

What are the arguments for informal/formal empire?

- development of formal empire driven by the economic dominance of British industry, trade and finance - attempts to gain a dominant position within the worldwide trade and finance system - "trade with informal control if possible, trade with rule where necessary" - after 1815 Britain was looking for new markets, new investment investment, stable sources for raw materials - gentlemanly capitalism

What was the Islamic approach to the caste system?

- didn't care much for it, mostly followed by Hindus - many converted to Islam to escape their low status in the caste system

Describe how the British came to control Nigeria?

- established a claim by virtue of their occupation and an agreement in 1890 with the French who recognised British Nigeria in return for recognition of French Madagascar - direct British control of North Nigeria in 1900 then the South in 1906 from the Royal Nigeria Company - eventually the North and South were united in 1914

What reforms/actions did Lord Cromer make?

- established the 'veiled protectorate' - made cutbacks to Egypt's military and bureaucracy - dealt with the budget, improved communication and invested in irrigation - Aswan Dam - improved working conditions, sanitation and health services in towns - placed 6000 troops in the Egyptian armyand put Kitchener in charge - to ensure British interests were not jeopardised by military or popular disturbances - changed law courts, police and education - however only offered a few years of schooling, until 1909 when a university was opened - abolished slavery, forced labour, outlawed punishment by Kurbash, halted import of hashish through a Camel Corp, regulation of alcohol, closing gambling houses and loan sharks through a National Bank and Post-Office savings Bank - bullied Tewfik's nationalist successor Abbas Hilmi II into submission

What were the impacts of the British reforms made in Egypt?

- exports of cotton and sugar trebled - population grew from 7 to 10 million - large expansion of tourism - Thomas Cook and Son became the largest employe

Give examples of economic drawbacks from British rule in India

- famine, illiteracy and widespread poverty persisted - some factories were built but the main focus was on foodstuffs for the British market (tea plantations increased from 1 in 1851 to 295 by 1871) - the British encouraged the Indians to buy British manufactured goods which discouraged development of Indian industries such as the cotton industry

What geographical features made India valuable?

- fertile land - huge land mass - same size as Europe, excluding Russia - hot climate - able to grow exotic goods i.e. tea, sugar - natural barrier of the Himalayas - many sites for trading ports

What were the different forms of control by the British in the Informal Empire?

- free trade agreements or investment - commerce financed by British capital, carried by British ships and providing profits for British companies - settlement - subsequent adoption of native adoption of British language and culture

What use was the Empire to Britain?

- gave Britain a great-power status - provided reliable sources of food and raw materials - Britain imported 31% of its food and 61% of its raw materials in 1815 - provided a large number of naval bases

Give examples of where Gladstone was forced to take an imperialist stance

- he needed to secure the safety of the Suez Canal against Arabi Pasha's uprising in 1882 - forced to expand Empire in Africa at the Berlin Conference (1884-5) - Somaliland and Bechuanaland protectorates formed

In what way did Britain's control over Egypt grow?

- if government officials resisted British advice or interference they were dismissed - the number of Britons in government in Egypt grew steadily from 100 in 1885 to 1,000 in 1905

What were the impacts of free trade within the Empire?

- imperial trade and investment grew enormously which created an 'industrial empire' - supporting the growth in trade were technological improvements in railways, steamships, underwater cables and telegraph lines as well as innovations in banking and company organisation - London became the world's financial capital as British investment overseas and sterling became the main currency of international trade - colonies supplied both the foodstuffs and raw materials which Britain converted into finished goods which were often bought back by colonies - 20% of British imports were from the colonies

What was Gokhale's political stance?

- in charge of the 'moderate' reformist groups - he admired British Liberalism and thus was conciliatory and constructive of his criticisms of British rule - desired a gradual introduction of local and national self-government - favoured non-violence

What was the reason for the so-called period of indifference?

The advent of free trade

Describe the role of agriculture in the British Empire

- most colonies were focused on agriculture - Australia and New Zealand had vast tracts of land which could be used to produce cheap foodstuffs i.e. wool and textiles - tropical colonies were used to grow things that couldn't be grown elsewhere i.e. coffee, cocoa, palm oil and sugar - natives were willing to sell at low prices - plantations abroad usually British owned - Indian workers were transported to work on plantations, often for low wages, in hard and unpleasant work

How did Britain become the foremost trading nation?

- most industrialised country in the world - produced goods for the world market - Britain's urbanisation made her reliant on imports - industry required raw materials found in foreign countries - largest consumer of food and raw materials by 1857

What uncertainties were there about Africa during the mid-1870's?

- much of the continent was unexplored - Europeans saw it as 'vacant'- therefore saw no reason to intervene

Give examples of where music/music halls express the idea of "popular imperialism"

- music halls often featured patriotic songs - the rich enjoyed patriotic songs in operas e.g. 'Imperial March' for Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee 1897 - composers created jingo songs e.g. Elgar, and 'Gilbert and Sullivan' which spread the imperialist message in a humorous way

What were the benefits of the Uganda railway?

- new markets and settlements - facilitated the export of tea and coffee - tourism - protected the source of the Nile - connected East Africa to the Indian Ocean

What can be seen as a primary reasons for British expansion between 1815-70?

- new territories acquired to protect other areas under control - safeguard trading interests - assist British nationals in the area

Describe the role of mining in the British Empire

- one of the motives behind expansion was for rare minerals which became an important trading commodity - tin in Nigeria, gold along the Gold Coast, diamonds in South Africa - the discovery of gold in South Africa in 1886 prompted a gold rush where 30,000 Britons emigrated, which fueled further British ambitions - mining was a large source of income e.g. gold discovered in New South Wales in 151, by 1866 Victoria was producing £124 million of gold

What is the significance of the reforms made by Lord Cromer in Egypt?

- only made Egypt more important as a source of raw cotton - more educated Egyptians meant there was greater opposition - many changes done with a religious intent

Describe how the British came to control Cape Colony

- original quest for a confederation of South Africa taken up in the 1890's largely to counter German gains and Boer confidence derived from the Transvaal, but the republics opposed confederation - gold rush saw migration of Uitlanders to theTransvaal - in 1895 the Uitlanders were denied citizenship which provided an excuse to get involved, leading to the Jameson Raid which only embarassed the British and worsened relations - eventually led to the Second Boer War - Chamberlain wanted to avoid war but wouldn't allow a weakening of influence whereas the Boers wanted a preemptive strike - after the war the republics became self-governing in 1905 and 1908 then South Africa became a single British dominion in 1910

What is the argument supporting that the working class did not support the empire?

- orthodox belief that working classes supported the Empire may be too heavily based on hall songs - they don't always mean that people believe the song content - the large numbers of people enlisting for the Boer War was not a compulsion of patriotism but of poverty and unemployment - the 1900 'Khaki Election' was only narrowly won by the Conservatives (400,000 margin) and many jingoistic candidates in both parties were rejected in many working class constituencies - frequent losing in by-elections and landslide Liberal victory in 1906 showed that the British public were not prepared to consolidate the Empire if it meant lower living standards - only cared if it improved their situation

Why can one suggest that Industrialisation in India was delayed?

- out competed industry by foreign nations where people had higher incomes and therefore there was more incentive to invent better methods of production - deliberately done by Britain do prevent Indian advancement against their rule

Why did the socialists oppose imperialism?

- popular imperialism was just a method of distracting the working class from the issues of wages and working conditions - capitalists were using patriotism and militarism to divert the working class from challenging the social and economic status quo of the 1890's

What were the key motivations for European expansion into Africa?

- possibilities of undiscovered/rare resources - desperation from the Great Depression - possibility of new markets - gaining prestige - French regaining prestige after humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War - influence of individuals - Livingstone's 3 c's, Men on the Spot e.g Rhodes - moral factors - spreading civilisation, Christianity and commerce (3 c's) - strategic factors - protecting sea routes to India (Suez Canal, expansion into Sudan and Uganda), preventing expansion of other empires - public pressure to protect and expand economic opportunities such as big importers/exporters of desired resources - pressure of Chartered Companies - IBEAC (1888) pressured British expansion into Uganda, Kenya, Zanzibar and Somaliland

Give economic/financial reasons for why the British Empire expanded

- protecting trade interests in regions - taking control of scarce resources - gold, diamonds etc. - East India Company starts involvement in India - The informal Empire became more formal and mercantilism moves to free trade - Industrial revolution (bought new tech; steamships, telegram) - Irrigation in Egypt and India - Companies given royal charters: B.S.A.C - Cotton in Egypt, wool New Zealand, diamonds in Sierra Leone - GOLD in Transvaal (1886), G Coast and Oz - importance of India as the main trading colony - 60% of imports British by 1913 - British consumer market; tea, coffee sugar - INVESTMENT! £2 to £4 bil between 1900-13 - 4th largest RAILWAY in the world UGANDA 660

Describe how the British came to control Somaliland

- protectorate established in 1888 - British reinforced the region with both military and administrative personnel

What role did traders have in expanding the Empire?

- protectorates were often established to protect commercial interests in a region - which frequently went hand in hand with strategic or moral interests too - once commercial footholds were established, formal British administration followed e.g. E.I.C -> British Raj

What were Cecil Rhodes' actions to achieve his aims?

- sent settlers to Fort Salisbury, Matabeleland in 1890 to open up those territories (later Rhodesia) - tried to build the Cape to Cairo railway but was blocked by German occupation of East Africa in 1891 - resigned as PM of South Africa after the in 1896 after the Jameson Raid - used his fortune, political power and control of Cape newspapers to propagate the right and duty of Anglo-Saxons to dominate Africa and beyond - imperial legacy lived on through the Round Table

Describe how the British came to control Uganda (Buganda)

- settled by Anglican and French Catholic missionaries in C19th as well as Zanzibar Muslims - in 1886 the king, Mwanga, attempted to assert his authority by executing 30 Catholics and Protestants but it provoked a civil war during which Mwanga fled - he gave some sovereignty to the British in return for their backing, he was restored in 1889 (IBEAC represented Britain) - in 1890 he signed a treaty with Lord Lugard on behalf of IBEAC, ceding powers over revenues, trade and justice to the company. These powers were transferred to the Crown in 1894 and Buganda became a protectorate as part of Uganda - rule consolidated by the building of the Uganda railway

Give the history of the settlement of South America

- settled by Dutch, Spanish, French, Portuguese then British which led to tensions then war - main export was sugar and tobacco - 1810 - wars of independence formed independent states

Give the history of the settlement of New Zealand

- settled by Whalers then escaped convicts who traded with the indigenous Maori tribes - 25,000 settlers in 1850 to 300,000 in 1875 - main export was wool - 10 million sheep, invention of refrigerated ships allowed exportation of meat too - 1907 - became self-governing Dominion

What role did individuals have in expanding the Empire?

- small settlements, which were often initially established simply for strategic reasons, were frequently expanded due to the influence of "men on the spot" who sought wealth, adventure, power or religious conversions (or a combination) - despite varying motives all of these individuals believed they were doing 'good' work (Christian influence) - imperial duty

How did the government enforce free trade?

- some nations willing to accept free trade - unwilling countries were threatened with the Royal Navy and outright coercion was sometimes used - Opium wars with China

What was the drawback of the Indian Councils Act 1909?

- some representatives chosen by the British - only a very narrow franchise

What were the British responses to Indian opposition?

- sometimes appeased the people - reunited Bengal in 1911 - imprisonment - sentenced the founders of Kaal on charges of sedition - censorship - banned the nationalist paper Kaal

What was the impact of the steamship?

- sped up naval voyages significantly - e.g. only 22 days to make Atlantic crossing by 1833 - vessels could now travel upstream meaning regions could be opened to trade and explorers and coaling stations became strategic necessities to the Navy

Describe the role of shipping in the British Empire?

- technological advances were utilised to facilitate trade and maximise profits as transportation became increasingly efficient in terms of cost, speed and quantity - Clipper was originally used however it had a short life expectancy (20 years) and could only carry small cargoes - steamship invented - shortened travel time (down to 3 weeks to West Africa) could carry more, travel upstream (thus inland) and didn't depend on the wind

Give example of innovations which furthered Britain's development

- telegraph - steamships - new international banking and finance system based in London - railways

Give examples of where the British displayed their belief in racial superiority and pride in the achievements of Empire

- the 1862 International Exhibition, South Kensington 28,000 exhibitions from 36 countries - 1877 Nubian village display at London Alexandra Palace - 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition - Indian style buildings, ceremonial swords and natives as living exhibits - 1890 Africa Exhibition: - A showcase of Stanley's African travels - Photographs, maps, shields and spears - A hut with two boys from Bechuanaland

What was the fear for India during the 'Great Game' with Russia?

- the British forces there wouldn't be able to stop a Russian invasion - fears of Russian incitement of the Indian population

What forms did Indian opposition take?

- the Indian National Congress - the Indian Mutiny - nationalist newspapers from professional educated classes - Kaal 1898 - the Abhinav Bharat (Young India) organisation founded in 1903 - assassinated British officials e.g. Curzon Whyllie 1909 - Tilak at the forefront of a self-sufficiency campaign (swadeshi) designed to undermine the Raj - carried out protests, boycotts of British goods and reunited Bengal in 1911

Give examples of economic benefits that British rule brought to India

- the civil service, police and banks provided jobs to wealthier Indians who formed a new professional class - thousands of lines of railway built (4th largest in the world) to assist military control and trade routes. This created construction jobs where "loyal" castes were favoured - new methods of land irrigation led to an improvement in agricultural output on British owned farms (6%) - British trade allowed the Indians to sell valuable crops on the international market but this was as expensive as cheaper crops for local consumption

What were the drawbacks of British rule in India?

- the education system only encouraged English values, customs and language - famine, illiteracy and widespread poverty still persisted - some factories were built but with the main focus of providing foodstuffs for Britain (1 tea plantation in 1851 to 295 by 1871) - the British encouraged the Indians to buy British manufactured goods and discouraged development of Indian industries such as the cotton industry - Indians only allowed minor positions of power and ultimate political and military control retained by the British - the caste system encouraged to politically divide the Indian people and discourage rebellion

Give examples of sections of the upper classes that generally supported the Empire?

- the landed aristocracy - the officer class of in the army and navy - colonial administrators - middle-class business men

What are the reasons for the opinion of the Empire during the period of indifference?

- the maintenance of the colonies was becoming costly to the taxpayer - claimed people "in the highest quarter" had no wish to preserve the Empire

What were the British public's attitudes towards race and empire?

- the majority of the British public believed the white race was naturally superior - linked to Social Darwinism (Spencer) and anthropologists' engaged in quasi-science to support these theories - not only did they had a moral right to control and influence the rest of the world but a duty - the Empire was a benevolent force in the world because it was thought only the white race could bring true religion, morality, political institutions and law and order to other races - this was all about 'civilising' the 'savage heathen' into 'hard-working and law-abiding' citizens

What is the argument against the period of indifference?

- theory based on the writings, speeches and letters of free-trade liberals who had little influence over government policy, the Colonial Office, or the two major political parties - failed to explain why the empire expanded - annexation or occupation of New Zealand, Gold Coast, Lauban, Hong Kong, Natal, Lagos, Sierra Leone, Transvaal

Give examples of where youth organisations and education expressed the idea of "popular imperialism"

- there was a focus on Anglo-Saxon history and geography on the British Empire - public schools had a cadet corps e.g. Boy Scouts 1907, Girl Guides 1912 - which focused on sport and promoted religion which prepared people for a life in the military

In what way were some Liberals against imperialism?

- there was the moral issue of using force to spread British international power e.g. the brutal suppression of a Matabele revolt in Rhodesia 1893-4 - also questioned the economic advantages of Empire: the Empire encouraged imperial preference but many felt this undermined free trade

Name some of the achievements of the British Empire?

- took over 1/4 of the world - spread capitalism, English language, Christianity, law and order, technology and democracy - pillars of the modern world

In what was was the Second Boer War not a turning point for the British Empire?

- trade increased dramatically - exports up 32%, imports up 31%, trade with Africa doubled, 42% of investment went abroad

What was India's economic value to Britain?

- trade route between India and India was the busiest in the world - traded spice silk, tea, cotton, jute and indigo - was the largest single market for British manufactured goods - by 1913 60% of India's imports came from Britain - well paid jobs for Britons in India's administration and lucrative rental property for landlords - British investment was attracted to opportunities to develop Indian infrastructure

What methods did the British use to expand in Africa?

- treaties - intimidation - aggression

Describe how the British came to control Zanzibar

- treaty signed by Britain and Germany during the 1890's which established spheres of influence - Zanzibar to Britain - became a protectorate in 1890 and a puppet Sultan was installed - Hamad - the Sultan's mysterious death in 1896 sees the accession of Khalid, the Sultan's cousin, without Britain's blessing - Khalid was ordered to stand down but he refused so the British bombarded the palace and peace was restored in 38 minutes - Khalid was replaced by a pro-British Hamud

What evidence is there to support the view of a period of indifference?

- troop withdrawals from New Zealand, Canada and Australia - 1861 recommendation by a Parliamentary Select Committee of the abandonment of British possessions in West Africa - the granting of self-government to all settled colonies - apart from West Indies and Western Australia

What were the main issues that caused opposition in India in the late C19th and early C20th?

- unsupportive of Indian industry - Indians not allowed into many positions of government - high taxes - neglection of Anglo-Indian class - partition of Bengal (1905) - Britain unilaterally declared war on behalf of India (1914)

What were the general themes of the expansion and consolidation of British control in West Africa?

- use of force - gradual takeover - eventual merging of colonies

What further changes were made in India by Viceroy Hardinage?

- used the visit by King-Emperor George V in 1911 as an opportunity to reunite Bengal - moved Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi (a Muslim stronghold) - undermined revolutionary groups - crowned George V Emperor of India in a celebratory durbar in 1911 with a display of both power and pageantry designed to shore up the loyalty of Indian princes

Why were the British interested in Somaliland?

- wanted to limit French and Italian ambitions in the area - few resources but it commanded crucial access to the Indian Ocean and Eastern territories

What were Chamberlain's beliefs?

- wanted to prevent Britain's decline as a world power through effective use of the Empire (favourable trade would aid British unemployment) - 'Colonial development'; trading/investing in the poorest colonies - 'Tariff reform' with 'imperial preference', taxes on all non-Empire goods which would be duty-free - closer union with colonies

How did Russia provoke fears for Britain?

- wars with Turkey - advances in central Asia - absorbing Kazakhstan in 1880, commercial concessions from China and annexing the Chinese Amur (1858) and Ussuri (1860) which secured a new navy base at Vladivostok - Russian representation in Afghanistan but no British allowed - concessions from Persia - Caucuses - Russian influence in Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, and China

What made trading with the British Empire an attractive option for British colonies?

- where non-colonial trade could be restricted, colonial markets would remain open - colonies wanted to trade with Britain out of loyalty, duty and because it was easier - trading patterns well established - Empire states shared a common language, currency and commercial law - borrowing from London capital markets was cheaper and lenders had more faith in British possessions

Give examples of political drawbacks of British rule in India for Indians

- while Indians were allowed to take minor roles in the civil service the British retained ultimate political and military control over India - the caste system was encouraged to politically divide the Indian people and discourage rebellion

What evidence is there from the Boer War that there was widespread support for imperialism?

- widespread support of the conflict - nationwide celebrations following the relieving of a British garrison at Mafeking in May 1900 - Khaki election in 1900

What were the trade and economic factors for British expansion into Africa? (smiTe)

-Early trade from C16th for gold and ivory - By C18th involvement in Africa was mainly about the slave trade until with was outlawed (1807) - Discovery of more minerals and resources inland increased economic interest in the region - Coal, Iron and timber were needed to fuel the industrial revolution (especially during the Long Depression 1870's) - Manufactured goods; clothing and weapons, sold back to Africa - Construction/protection of the Suez canal and British trade routes

What was the percentage of share of British exports to Africa by 1914?

1.2%

How much land was uncolonised in Africa by 1900?

10%

How long was the Second Boer War?

11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902

What was the nature of the British defeat at Majuba Hill during the First Boer War?

150 killed

When was a charter granted to the East India Company?

1600

From what point did the East India Company become the dominant power in India and until when?

1757 (after the French defeat at the Battle of Plassey, Seven Years War) until 1857 (Indian Mutiny)

What was the Fashoda Incident (1898)?

A French expedition led by Major Marchand was sent into the Sudan with the aim of controlling the upper basin of the Nile and thus exclude the British from the Sudan. The British led Egyptian army led by General Kitchener met the French at Fashoda and although the two forces met peacefully, the incident was reported at home to make it seem as if there was going to be a war between the two nations. After heated rhetoric where both sides blamed the other for trespassing the French gave way and the Incident ended with the signing of a treaty

As a result of the growing nationalist movement in Egypt, what was formed?

A National Party (al-Hizb al-Watani) originally formed in 1881 but revived in 1893 as a secret society

When was the abolition of slavery?

1833

When was free trade in Britain introduced?

1846

When did Disraeli buy the Suez Canal Company shares?

1875

When was the Brussels Conference held?

1876

When did Britain annex the Transvaal and until when?

1877-80

Give an example of conflict between the Church and its native African converts

1880's The Anglican Church Missionary Society vs Samuel Crowther (the 1st Anglican African Bishop, former slave, eventually forced to resign)

When did Egypt and Sudan come under the 'influence' of Britain?

1882

When was the Berlin Conference held?

1884-5

When did opposition to the British in Egypt begin to grow?

1890's

When did Sudan become a condominium?

1899

Who followed Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring) as Consul-General of Egypt?

1907-11 Sir Eldon Gorst 1911-14 Viscount Herbert Kitchener

When did South Africa become a Dominion?

1910

When did Egypt become a protectorate?

1914

Roughly how many Europeans emigrated to the colonies?

20 million

Roughly how many castes were there in India?

2000

How much of India was still controlled by "Princely States" by the time of the Indian Mutiny?

25%-35%

How many British administrators were there in India and what was the population of India?

3000 officials ruling over 3 million Indians

How much of the Suez Canal Company's shares did Disraeli buy?

44%

What were the consequences of the Denshawai Incident?

52 villagers were arrested: - 4 of whom were convicted of murder and sentenced to death - 1 villager was given a life sentence of penal servitude - 26 were given various terms of hard labour and ordered to be flogged - a policeman who had testified on behalf of the villagers was given two years imprisonment and 50 lashes

How many Princely states were there in India?

562

What was the ratio of white:native populations in South Africa?

5:1

How much less distance did the British have to travel to India if the Suez Canal route was used?

6000 miles

How much land was uncolonised in Africa in 1884?

80%

How did the East India Company's power grow?

A cycle of acquiring new markets and strategic locations to protect existing markets and pay for war meant the company's influence expanded

Why were the conferences held?

The aggressive expansion was beginning to carry the threat of war which the European powers wanted to avoid

What was the cause of the Canadian Rebellion (1837)?

The arbitrary rule of the British governor who ignored calls for greater democracy and oppressed the French minority

What was the final agreement between the European powers following the Boxer Rebellion?

A partition of trading concessions: - Russia took control of the trade in the north - France gained exclusive trading rights to the south - Germany gained concessions in Shantung - Britain was left with the Yangtse valley for trade

What did Egypt come to be recognised as under British rule?

A veiled protectorate

Who led the Conservative party?

Disraeli

What caused the breakdown in agreements from the Brussels Conference?

Distrust spoilt the cooperation and it transpired Leopold was constructing his own private Congo empire (H. M. Stanley signed over 450 treaties on the King's behalf to establish the Congo Free State)

What was the dominant British opinion of the Boer Republic's forces before the Second Boer War?

Dominant opinion at the time (inc Milner) was that this rag-tag army of farmers would be defeated "by Christmas"

What was Gladstone condemned of?

His reluctance for imperialism

What was the effect of General Gordon's death on the popularity of Gladstone?

It was a major blow to his popularity. Critics said Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon. Critics inverted his acronym, "G.O.M." (for "Grand Old Man"), to "M.O.G." (for "Murderer of Gordon"). He resigned later that year and his party was defeated in the subsequent general election

What can be seen as the main way in which Britain tried to control new territories and why?

Often collaborated with indigenous people (collaborative politics) because the British saw locals as well placed to offer their services and British manpower was very limited. Furthermore in order to effectively manage settlements, officials consulted local chiefs, scholars etc. in order to understand the local culture

Give an example that shows the impartiality towards the Empire during the mid 19th centuary

In 1865 a Parliamentary Select Committee even recommended pulling out of West Africa due to cost

What triggered the Second Boer War?

In 1899, Alfred Milner the High Commissioner for South Africa, insists voting rights be granted at the Bloemfontein Conference and with only half-hearted reform Kruger demands British troops withdraw from the Boer republics. They refused

How much did Britain trade with India by 1900?

India consumed 1/5 of British exports

What evidence is there to suggest that British investment was simply exploitative?

India's share of the world income went from 27% in 1700 (compared to Europe's share of 23%) to 3% in 1950

How did the British maintained control of the Indian Civil Serve?

Indian Civil Service made up of almost entirely of Oxbridge white Brits who ensured the Indians were kept compliant

What reforms were carried out under the Morley-Minto reforms?

Indian Councils Act 1909 - further aided by democratic reforms in 1910

What was the purpose of the "Anglo-Indian" class created by the British?

Mitigated reforms creating an "Anglo-Indian" ruling elite; favoured British rule and were intended to lead fellow Indians towards the 'light'

What is the likely impact of the Liberal's core beliefs on their opinion on Empire building?

More concerned with oppression and self-ruling/government - Liberals in power at the time Canada was granted self-government, first to do so

What is the likely impact of the Conservative's core beliefs on Empire Building?

More likely to expand

What were Alfred Milner's beliefs of Empire?

Ardent imperialist - convinced of British superiority over the Boers and Africans

Give another example of how Britain forced a country into its Informal Empire

Afghanistan 1879: - the threat of a full invasion secured the Treaty of Gandamak which provided Britain with territorial gains and control over Afghanistan's foreign policy

What was the Liberal view towards Empire?

Aimed at education and improvement of colonies and their peoples - ultimate objective of self-rule

What was the purpose of the Morley-Minto reforms?

Aimed to deal with the fallout from Curzon's plans and appease the Bengalis

How did Britain originally try to deter further Russian expansion in the East?

Alliance with Japan in 1902

What did the appointment of Robert Hart to a position of power in China allow Britain to do?

Allowed them to protect British interests: - unhindered access to Chinese markets

Who was/How many were invited to the Berlin Conference?

Bismarck invited foreign ministers of 14 European states (+USA!)

What did Gorst do whilst Consul-General of Egypt?

Attempted to weaken the Egyptian National Party: - brought more Egyptians into responsible government positions - imposed tighter censorship of newspapers in 1909

Why was India referred to as the 'Jewel in the Crown'?

Because of India's economic value to Britain hence it was priotised in several ways

When was the Suez Canal built?

Began in 1859 and was opened in 1869

What was Lord Curzon's belief of the Empire?

Believed in a moral imperial duty

Who bought the shares of the Suez Canal Company?

Benjamin Disraeli, British Prime Minister

How did Disraeli manage to afford to pay for the Suez Canal Company's shares?

Borrowed money from the wealthy Rothschild family without parliament's consent

Which party supported Empire?

Both Conservatives and Liberals

Why was free trade able to be so successful?

Britain had gained an enormous lead over economic rivals in industry trade and finance - Industrial Revolution

What changes to the military did Britain undertake in the run up to the First World War?

Britain remodeled the army for continental deployment, and was thus forced to rely on French collaboration (with whom secret military conversations had taken place since 1905)

In what way did Britain lose in the outcome of the Boxer Rebellion?

Britain was only left with the Yangtse Valley to trade whereas they'd previously controlled 70% of all Chinese foreign trade

Who were the main beneficiaries of the expansion of British influence?

British industrialists and traders

What measures did the British take in order to allow the Indians a greater say in the governing of their country?

Cautious measures to involve Indians in the government such as Indian advisers in the Legislative Council

What was the expansionist nature of missionaries also referred to as?

Christian imperialism

In what way were self-governing colonies still reliant on Britain?

Colonies became much more dependent on British investment, trade, expertise and defence

What was the state of colonies' industries in the British Empire?

Colonies struggled to compete with Britain as there was little development so they couldn't produce as cheaply as Britain - done deliberately to keep the colonies dependent on Britain i.e Indian cotton industry declined after Britain took control and British cotton flourished

Despite the recognition of the Boer Republics, what did the British still claim?

Control over their affairs

What was the condition of self-government for colonies?

Could only be granted to 'politically advanced colonies' - well established colonies with large white populations

Who was the Viceroy of India from 1899-1902?

Curzon

What was the result of the upset caused by the Partition of Bengal?

Curzon is forced to resign in 1905 and the two parts of Bengal are reunited in 1911

What document was produced as a result of the Canadian Rebellion (1837)?

Durham Report (1839)

What was the significance of Isma'il Pasha's reign?

During his tenure, Egypt underwent the modernisation of the economy: built irrigation, railways, schools and most importantly, the Suez Canal

What did the Indian Councils Act of 1909 do?

Enabled 27 Indians to be elected from provincial constituencies to the Viceroy's Council and assisted in making laws which was further enlarged to 135 Indians from the democratic reforms in 1910

How did Curzon aim to protect the British Raj from the Russian threat?

Established the N.W.F.P and got involved in Tibet and Persia to block Russian influence

Who was the British Consul-General in Egypt from 1883-1907?

Evelyn Baring (Lord Cromer)

Despite the difference in attitudes towards the Empire with Disraeli, what occurs more under Gladstone?

Expansion

Who was Britain's main competitor for Egypt?

France

What was the major economic reform between 1815 and 1870?

Free trade

What made the belief of the wealth brought by Empire false?

Free trade - it didn't matter who you traded with anymore as tariffs were no longer much of an issue

Who proposed the idea of an informal and formal empire?

Gallagher and Robinson

What caused an increase in interest in the Empire during the 19th century?

Intensifying international competition

What religion were the Mughals?

Islamic

What was the significance of the slave trade to Britain?

It had in some ways defined the Empire and was the main source of profit

What events caused tension in the relations between Germany and Britain in the lead up to the First World War?

Germany antagonised Britain by: - supporting the Transvaal after the Jameson Raid and supplied the Boers with weapons during the war - establishing warm relations with the Ottoman Empire as a means of better access to Africa, the Persian Gulf and India's trade without depending on British controlled Suez - financed the construction of a railway from Constantinople to Baghdad - huge expansion of the German Navy - challenging British suzerainty of the High Seas - threatened French interests in Morocco when the Kaiser visited in 1905, the matter was sorted at the Algeçiras Conference (1906) where Britain supported France - a further crisis in 1911 when the French sent 20,000 troops to disperse rebels at Fez and the Kaiser sent the warship 'Panther' to the port of Agadir 'to prevent a French invasion.' Fearful that the Germans were trying to seize Agadir the Royal Navy were prepared for war until the Panther was ordered home as the Kaiser gave way

What was the relationship between the British and the Princely states? What were their liberties under the British?

Given some local autonomy - allowed their own laws, holidays, languages, ministers and rulers - however couldn't instigate actions that went against the Raj

Who led the Liberal party?

Gladstone

Who was the British Prime Minister at the time of the invasion of Egypt?

Gladstone

What allowed Lord Cromer to increase control of the Egyptian government and how?

Granville doctrine - gave control of hiring and firing ministers to the British

Who was Viceroy after Minto?

Hardinage

What was Lord Cromer's response to the growing nationalist movement in Egypt?

He appointed Saad Zaghuls Pasha, a nationalist, as Minister for Education

Why did Curzon partition Bengal?

He believed it would weaken the enemies of the Raj

What did Curzon do to partition Bengal?

He divided the province in two between the Muslim-majority province of East Bengal and Assam, and a Hindu-majority province of West Bengal

How does Disraeli's efforts to play on people's jingoism affect his imperial stance?

He frequently changed stances between being for and against the maintenance of Empire

How did Disraeli aim to win votes?

He played on the jingoism of the electorate which had been enlarged in the 1867 Reform Act - 650,000 to 1.5 million voters

What was Alfred Milner's political connection with South Africa?

High Commissioner for South Africa from 1897

What was Sati?

Hindu custom requiring widows of notable Hindu men to throw herself on the funereal pyre and hence sacrifice herself

What were Thugees?

Hindu followers of the goddess Kali engaged in human sacrifice of random victims typically through strangulation. Which now appears to have been more criminal than religious

What did countries do after the breakdown in cooperation from the Brussels Conference agreements?

Hired explorers to gain similar footholds as Belgian

What is meant by the term effective occupation?

If a power could demonstrate it had a treaty agreement, form of administration and an ability to police a region it was allowed formal control of that territory unless another country put in a rival bid

How was the policy of annexation used to expand the control of the E.I.C's control of formerly princely states?

If a ruler of a Hindu state died without a heir then the province was declared British territory

What meeting was held between Britain and her Dominions and when?

Imperial Conference on defence, 1909

Due to the use of force Britain sometimes undertook to open up countries to free trade, what name was given to Britain's use of force to sustain it's dominance?

Imperialism of free trade

What was the Conservative view towards Empire?

In favour of creating a stronger and more closely united empire: - supported territorial expansion - supported schemes that would bind the empire together in trade and government

When did the British recognise the legitimacy of the Boer Republics?

In the 1850's

In what way can politics be seen as an example of increased interest in the Empire?

Increased party political debate - Gladstone vs Disraeli

What territory was Britain most worried about from the 'Great Game'?

India

What was Britain's new main source of income after the abolition of slavery?

India

What is the advantage of self-government in terms of maintenance?

It was cheaper than more direct forms of control

What was the benefit of ruling through self-government and puppet rulers?

It was cheaper to run and appeased the locals

What happened to the East India Company after the Indian Mutiny?

It was disbanded

What ultimately caused the outbreak of war in 1914?

It was more the result of other nations' quest for empire than British ambitions - Russia, Germany and Italy all wanted to expand into the Balkans - the Austria-Hungarian Empire wanted to crush the Slavs in Serbia - Germany's invasion of Belgium after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and its subsequent refusal to reply to the British ultimatum brought Britain into the war

How can the British invasion of Egypt be justified?

It was not an act of territorial expansion but a protective measure for British economic interests

What can be the interpretation of the development of self-government in favour of the empire?

It was part of a grand scheme to spread civilisation thus there was the eventual goal of breaking up the empire

What about self-government argues that it was not part of a goal of breaking up the empire?

It was simply a way of saving money to compensate for a growing defence budget and in some cases to appease the settlers

How was Britain able to indulge the free trade doctrine?

It was the world's foremost trading nation

Who was the Secretary of State for India whilst Minto was in power?

John Morley

When did the Partition of Bengal take place?

July 1905

When was the Denshawai Incident?

June 1906

Who led the Socialist movement?

Keir Hardie

Give an example of when the Conservative's view of Empire helped them win an election?

Khaki election 1900

What was the title given to the ruler of Egypt?

Khedive

Who held the Brussels Conference?

King Leopold of Belgium

How did the government allow 'men on the spot' to act independently whilst not actively encouraging expansion?

Official policy was often open to interpretation and individual discretion

Why did Kruger prevent the Uitlanders from having voting rights?

Kruger wanted to deny them a potential majority where 'Rand millionaires' supported their cause - Hobson: 'conspiracy of financiers'

How did the E.I.C consolidate its power?

Large private armies (100,000 troops) and fortifications in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras

What was the stance of the Princely states at the time of the Indian Mutiny 1857?

Largely loyal to the British

Who proposed the idea of a period of indifference?

Lenin

Give examples of journalists who promoted Empire and how

Leopold Amery and Lord Beaverbrook (chief proprietor of Daily Express in 1916) emphasised the concept of an 'imperial family' and propagating imperialist values

How the British imperial influence affected Indian society during the E.I.C's rule?

Liberal beliefs known as Westernisation led to British attempts to change Indian culture. For instance: - Criminalisation of Sati in 1829 - Police suppression of Thuggee by 1837 - Education, railway and telegram systems established Without regards to locals concerns about the pace and methods of change - English was made the official language of law, administration and government - The controversial policy of annexation

What did Kitchener do whilst Consul-General of Egypt?

Like Gorst, he tried to curb the Egyptian nationalist sentiment and uncover those groups stirring up trouble, thus under his consulship British dominance increased rather than diminished - in 1913 a new Legislative Assembly replaced the Advisory Council of Laws and General Assembly, consisting of 66 elected and 17 appointed members, it represented the rich landowners rather than the ordinary people of Egypt - with the coming of the First World War and the Ottoman Empire on the side of the Central Powers the British declared Egypt a formal protectorate in November 1914 - since control was crucial because of the Suez Canal, the ruling Khedive (an ally of the Ottoman Sultan) was deposed and his successor Hussein Kamel was compelled to declare himself as an independent Sultan of Egypt, under British protection

What role did Mary Slessor have in expanding the British Empire?

Lived among the Efik tribe in Nigeria and helped to establish a British influence in the region and was later made vice-consul in 1892

In what way was London the financial capital of the world?

London remained the world's financial capital and the pound sterling determined the global monetary system only China, Persia and some Central American nations did not use Britain's "gold standard"

Where was the main centre of Mughal power?

Mainly based in the north-west

What were the moral factors that led to the expansion of the British Empire in Africa? (sMite)

Many Christian missionaries saw it as their religious duty the spread the Christian faith to non-Christians (To save the 'heathen')

What was the result of the Boxer Rebellion?

Many Europeans and Chinese were killed before Germany, France, Russia and Britain intervened, suppressed the rebellion and restored order

What was the general state of the British Indian armies during the 1850's?

Many Indians believed that the British were seeking to destroy traditional Indian social, religious and cultural customs, a view shared by the sepoys of the Bengal Army, a substantial number of whom were high-caste Brahmins. Discipline, administration and command in the Bengal Army had for some time been inferior to that in the Company's other two armies and matters were brought to a head by the introduction of the Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle

Despite the increased anti-imperialist concerns after the Boer War, what can be seen as the nature of these concerns?

Many of these concerns were more to do with the conduct of the Boer War than a direct challenge to the concept of Empire

What were the strengths of having such a widespread empire?

Many resupply stations for ships

What was the main principle which early European empires were run?

Mecantilism

What fueled the Egyptian middle class nationalist movement?

Nationalist newspapers

What region did George Goldie govern?

Niger

What was the original intention for British occupation of Egypt?

Only to be temporary

Who hosted the Berlin Conference?

Otto Von Bismarck

What was British policy towards Britain in 1860?

Palmerstone: "Egypt should be attached to the Turkish Empire.... we wish to trade with Egypt"

What did the change in attitude towards the Empire signify about politics?

Politicians began to involve the Empire in their campaigns as they wanted votes

What policy did mercantilism support?

Protectionism

What was agreed upon in the Convention of Pretoria?

Recognition of the Transvaal as self-governing except over foreign affairs

What 'policy' did the British use with the Indian caste system in order to give greater control?

Religious divides were encouraged in order to discourage future unified uprisings against the British

What was Gladstone's opinion of the occupation of Egypt?

Reluctant to get involved but was forced to because of national interest

What was the result of the Indian Mutiny for British control over the region?

Resulted in greater control with the establishment of the British Raj and the disbanding of the East India Company

What was the compensation for the loyalty of Princely states?

Rewarded with land and money

What was the effect of the Partition of Bengal on the status of the Indian National Congress?

Rose the profile of the Congress as a group capable of providing leadership to the Indian people

What was the cause of the 'Great Game' with Russia?

Russia's advances towards Afghanistan and India

How did Gladstone view the Liberal party in its role in the empire?

Saw the Liberals as the party of justice as he wanted to focus on domestic reform

What did William Digby do to spread anti-imperialist views?

Served in India and set up the Indian Political and General Agency in London in order to raise awareness about Indian grievances in the British Parliament and press in 1888

What was Queen Victoria's opinion of India?

She had a considerable warmth in the relationship between herself and India. Indians welcomed direct if distant control and Victoria herself maintained a special affection for India such as by having an Indian personal adviser in her household, Abdul Karim and that she became the Empress of India

How was Emily Hobhouse a critic of Empire?

She led a government inquiry into the conditions of British concentration camps during the Boer War which helped to tarnish the allure of imperialism and its supposed civilising mission

What is the significance of the very low percentage of British exports to Africa in terms of reasons for expansion?

Shows that trade and commerce may not have been as important as other factors such as strategic factors

What new political movement opposed imperialism?

Socialist movement

What international relations policy did the British uphold following the conclusion of the Napoleonic War in 1815?

Splendid Isolation

What was the name of the figurehead ruler of Egypt 1879-1892?

Tewfik

What events caused tension in the relations between Russia and Britain in the lead up to the First World War?

The 'Great Game' was a constant source of tension between the two nations: - the establishment of a railway to Tashkent (within striking distance of Afghanistan) - movement of 300,000 troops in manoeuvres near Afghanistan in February 1900 at a time when Britain's resources were stretched from the Boer War and there were only 100,000 troops to defend N. India - growing naval presence in the Mediterranean in Toulon following the military agreements with France in 1892 - appeared a threat to the Suez Canal

What was the name given to the introduction of the Liberal reforms to improve national efficiency?

The 'New Liberal' philosophy

Which Indian army revolted?

The Bengal Army

What conference followed the Brussels Conference?

The Berlin Conference

What event can be seen as the catalyst of anti-imperialist views?

The Boer War

What people lived in the South African Republics?

The Boers

What rebellion took place in China in opposition to British rule and when?

The Boxer Rebellion, 1900

What section of Indian society did the Partition most upset?

The Brahmins

Who were the highest members in Indian society?

The Brahmins

Despite the already high cost, what did the British do as a form of 'war guilt' for the Boers?

The British agreed to pay for damages (£3 mil) and 63,000 claims were filed by Boer farmers as well as protecting the Afrikaaner language and free elections with self-government - this promoted a sense of Afrikaaner nationalism

Why was the E.I.C disbanded after the Indian Mutiny?

The British government deemed it too powerful and decided to take formal control of the company and the Mughal Empire

What was the main benefit of having an Informal Empire for the British?

The British were able to enjoy power around the world without the costs of responsibility

What was the cause of the development of self-government?

The Canadian Rebellion in December 1837

How did the setbacks in the Afghan and Zulu campaigns affect British politics?

The Conservatives had a resounding defeat in the 1880

What incident occurred as a result of the tension between the British and the Egyptian nationalists?

The Denshawai Incident

What people originally settled in South Africa before the British?

The Dutch Boers

Who replaces Curzon as Viceroy following his resignation?

The Earl of Minto

What does the proportion of trade with the Empire signify about its importance to Britain by 1914?

The Empire was becoming less important for trade and commerce

What does the motives of "men on the spot" (imperial duty) suggest about British policy in expansion?

The Empire's expansion was not a deliberate centralised policy but occurred due to the actions of various individuals with various motives

What prevented the complete partition of China following the Boxer Rebellion?

The European powers feared each other's ambitions more more than they wanted to rule China

What did the Indians refer to the India Mutiny as?

The First War of Indian Independence

Who was the main contributor to the construction of the Suez Canal?

The French

What were the terms of the treaty signed at Fashoda?

The French would allow the British to have control over Sudan in exchange for Morocco

What was the name document that countries agreed to at the Berlin Conference?

The General Act

Why were Gorst's attempts at weakening the Egyptian nationalist movement largely unsuccessful?

The Germans provided funds to fuel anti-British sentiment

Which Parliament Act was passed in order to give the government control over India?

The Government of India Act (1858)

What major event occurred in India during 1857?

The Indian Mutiny

What major change promoted Britain to leading superpower status?

The Industrial Revolution

Despite the Hindu opposition to the Partition of Bengal, what was the opinion of the Muslims?

The Muslims supported the Partition - causes tension

What major event ensured that Britain had almost worldwide dominance?

The Napoleonic War

Why did the African chartered companies give way to formal control?

The companies were either becoming too expensive and were financially unsustainable

What was the opinion of politicians on Empire during the period of indifference?

The complete independence of British colonies was no only inevitable but desirable

How did the British govern the huge sub-continent of India?

The development of an infrastructure of railways, roads, postal services etc was all beneficial to British rule, yet also required immense planning and monitoring.

What major political reform occurred during 1815-70?

The development of self-government

Give an example that shows the fading interest in Empire around 1900 in terms of trade and commerce

The disbandment of the Imperial Federation League - formed only in 1884 then disbanded in 1893

Give an example of a social drawback of British rule in India

The education system encouraged English values, customs and language

What event compelled Russia to join the Triple Entente?

The embarrassment in the war with Japan in 1905

What was the purpose of the Empire Day movement?

The festivities were intended to reinforce imperial unity and celebrate the image of a motherly Queen Victoria

What can be said about the relationship between the government promoting imperialism and literature?

The government didn't force people to publish literature on the empire, they did it because it was popular therefore profitable

Where did the main bulk of opposition come from in Egypt?

The growing middle classes and educated Egyptians

What was the cause of the Boxer Rebellion?

The increased European takeover of Chinese lands was seen as taking away Chinese independence which the people weren't prepared to lose and so rose up

What was the common assumption of empire in terms of trade and commerce?

The more Empire the more wealth Britain had

What can be seen as a primary reason for British involvement in China?

The need to finance the activities of the East India Company through the sale of Opium to the Chinese

How did political control in India originally grow?

Through agreements with Nawabs and princes as the Mughal Empire started to decline

What was the official job of the British Consul-General of Egypt?

To advise the Khedive

Why did Rhodes want to build the Cape to Cairo railway?

To outflank the Germans and Boers

What can be one reason be to explain why the British were able to stay in power despite nationalist stirrings?

The people saw the British rule as the best road to the future and thus accepted British values

What section of society was the main source of criticism to British rule?

The professional middle class

What was the most dramatic step in the move towards free trade?

The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846

Why did the British refer to the Indian Mutiny as a mutiny?

To play down the breadth of the uprising and scapegoat military leaders. In reality it was the first major insurgency against British rule

What had been the purpose of the Imperial Federation League?

To promote closer colonial ties

What's the significance of a company owning the Suez Canal?

The shares were internationally available

What did the British claim due to the tensions between the Hindus and Muslims from the Partition of Bengal?

The tension is exploited by Brits with the excuse that religious conflict would erupt if the British withdrew

Which trade route did Britain feel especially concerned of from Russian expansion?

The trade route through the Suez Canal

How was Britain able to make concessions from China?

The use of Britain's naval power to threaten attempts to disrupt the opium trade between India and China

Why was Britain able to influence China to the extent that it did?

The weakness of the Chinese empire and the relative strength of the British

What does the massive expansion into Africa indicate about British imperial policy?

There was an increased readiness to take over territory whereas before the government had been content to rely on informal control through trade treaties and understandings with local leaders, only using force as a last resort

What was the British native policy?

There was no overall policy as the treatment of indigenous peoples was very dependent in the territory and circumstances of it

Why did the British government take more steps to gain greater control of the E.I.C's activities?

There was the concern that it was becoming too powerful

What do the Muslim organisation was created during the Partition of Bengal?

They form the All India Muslim League in 1906 to protect Muslim rights (support self-govt 1913)

What happened to many of the British African chartered companies in the 1890's?

They gave way to formal control

What was the role of the press in influencing the public opinion of empire?

They influenced public attitudes by reporting on incidences occurring in the Empire

Why did many of Chamberlain's plans fail?

They proved too idealistic and didn't get the necessary support

In what way did the British seek to control both Egypt, India and indeed many colonies?

They sought to collaborate with the native peoples

What was the reality of the strength of the Boer Republic's forces?

They were prepared for war and funded by the Germans

What does the condemnation of Gladstone indicate about the British public during the 1880's?

They were pro-imperialist

Why was the system of mercantilism and protectionism dismantled?

Under the influence of new theories of the free trade doctrine advocated in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations which argued that wealth maximised through the removal of commercial restrictions

What was Disraeli's imperial policy outlook?

Wanted to expand and maintain the Empire however Disraeli was skeptical of unlimited acquisitions or a restructuring of Empire

What eased tensions between Russia and Britain?

When Russia joined Britain and France in a Triple Entente in 1907 settled disputes by making the Persian Gulf neutral and Afghanistan under British influence

What was the tone of the White Man's Burden poem?

White men had a duty to take care of non-whites in order to lead them towards civilisation as they were at the time to be considered 'heathen'

What percentage of British trade was with the Empire by 1914?

exports: 37.2% imports: 25%

How much in terms of value of exports did Britain have with her Empire by around 1900?

£183 million of £745 million 1896

How much were the shares that Disraeli bought worth?

£4mil or £85.9mil today