BSC 1020 Mastering: Ch2 Chemistry, Ch3 Cells, Ch4
Identify the solutions below as neutral, acidic, or basic.
- In a neutral solution at pH7, (as well as in just pure water) the concentrations of H+ and OH‒ ions are equal. - In an acidic solution with pH < 7, the H+ concentration is greater than the OH‒ concentration. - In a basic solution at pH > 7, the OH‒ concentration is greater than the H+ concentration.
Connective Tissue
- a few cells amid non-cellular ground substance & fibers -diverse forms & functions: support, protection, energy storage
Drag the descriptions with the corresponding type of burn
-1st degree: only epidermis damaged; red; painful; heals in a few days -2nd degree: painful; blisters;epidermis & dermis damaged; red -3rd degree: gray or blackened; requires skin grafts; often numb, because nerve endings destroyed; full thickness of skin destroyed
When examining a spot or mole on the skin, which of the following features should raise concern about possible skin cancer?
-Diameter > 1/4 inch -Uneven borders -doesn't heal -uneven color -evolving quickly -asymmetry
Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.
-Eating food provides fuel & building blocks for your body -After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transport to cells via the circulatory system -Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis & the citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle) -ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain
Drag the features to the box with the corresponding layer of the skin where those features are found.
-Epidermis: surface layer; flattened layers of mostly dead, keratin-filled cells for waterproofing; melanocytes for pigment -Dermis: middle layer; blood vessels & nerve endings; hair roots, oil & sweat glands; dense connective tissue for strength & flexibility
Match the terms on the left with their descriptions on the right.
-Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones where they contact one another within joints. -Synovial membrane lines joint capsule and secretes a lubricating fluid. -Ligaments join bones to other bones within a joint. -Tendons attach muscles to ones.
DNA and RNA are composed of ________. (Choose all that apply.)
-Nitrogenous bases -Phosphate groups -5-carbon sugars
Match the types of chemical bonds on the left to their definitions on the right.
-Nonpolar covalent bond = electrons are shared equally between the atoms -Hydrogen bond = The oppositely weakly charged parts of two polar molecules attract each other -Polar covalent bond = Electrons are shared between the atoms but spend more time around one of the atoms than the other -Ionic bond = Electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another
Match the components of bone tissue to their descriptions.
-Osteoblasts deposit a hard extracellular matrix to develop bone. -Osteoclasts digest bone matrix to release calcium and phosphate. -Collagen is the main protein fiber in bone matrix. -Hydroxyapatite is the hard mineral component of bone matrix, made of calcium and phosphate. -Chondroblasts make cartilage. -Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone.
Body position & direction
-Posterior: at or near the back -Anterior: at or near the fron -inferior: located below another structure -distal: further away from the trunk -proximal: nearer to the trunk -transverse: plane that divides the body into superior & inferior sections -frontal: plane that divides the body into front & rear sections -Superior: located above another structure
Matching Membranes to their Description
-Serious membranes: line & lubricate internal body cavities to reduce friction between organs -Basement membranes: layers of extracellular material that anchor epithelia to underlying connective tissue -Synovial membranes: line thin cavities between bones in moveable joints -Mucous membranes: line the airways, digestive & reproductive tracts
Match each of the following items with its description.
-Skeletal muscle: connects to tendons -Cardiac muscle: can rhythmically contract without any stimulation from nerves -Smooth muscle: located in walls of hollow organs & tubes -Both cardiac & smooth muscle: have gap junctions between adjacent cells; involuntary -all forms of muscle: have the ability to contract; composed of tightly packed cells called muscle fibers
Muscles use a variety of enrgy sources. Arrange the items below into the sequence they are typcally used.
-Stored ATP -Stored creatine phosphate -stored glycogen -aerobic metabolism
Drag the skin structures on the left to their corresponding functions on the right.
-blood vessles, fat: regulation of body temperature -keratin, dermis, fat: protection from injury -cholesterol: vitamin D precursor -Epidermis, white blood cells in dermis: protection from microorganisms -Keratin: protection from dehydration -nerve endings in dermis: sense of touch
Epithelial Tissue
-broad sheets of cells -covers surface & lines cavities forms glands
Muscle tissue
-cells that contract -movement
Match each organ system with its description
-circulatory: moves gases, nutrients, & metabolic wastes through body -nervous: responds to stimuli by producing electrochemical signals -endocrine: responds to stimuli by producing & releasing hormones -respiratory: promote gas exchange between the body the environment -skeletal: protects & supports softer body parts; produces blood cells -muscular: produces & resists movement; produces heat -urinary: functions to remove metabolic waste products; maintains body water composition -lymphatic: participates in immune responses; returns excess tissue fluid to circulation -reproductive: produces sex cells -digestive: mechanically & chemically breaks down food into smaller units -integumentary: protects the body from injury & dehydration; receives sensory information from the environment
Drag the features at the top to the boxes with the type of joint which has those features. Note that some features may belong to more than one joint type.
-fibrous joint: immobile or slightly moveable; bones joined by collagen fibers -cartilaginous joint: bones joined by cartilage; immobile or slightly moveable -synovial joint: freely movable; bone ends covered with cartilage & enclosed in fluid-filled capsule; hinge, ball & socket, etc
ATP ________. (Choose all that apply.) (More on ATP in Chap 3.)
-is like the adenine nucleotide of RNA, but with 3 phosphate groups -is the universal direct energy source for all cellular work -supplies energy for cellular work by transferring high-energy phosphate groups to other molecules *ATP is broken down to ADP + phosphate +energy. ATP is regenerated using the energy extracted from food, but it is not a dietary nutrient itself.
Which of the following tissues may be found in the skin?
-nervous tissue -smooth muscle -epithelial tissue -fibrous connective tissue
Nervous Tissue
-rapid communication -generates & conducts electrochemical impulses
Match the terms with the correct description of possible issues with bones
-sinusitis: inflammation of the air spaces of the facial bones -rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune inflammation of synovial membranes -carpal tunnel syndrome: a repetitive stress syndrome that occurs when the tendons of the hand and fingers become inflamed -Osteoarthritis: inflammation of a joint due to wearing out of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones -Sprain: condition resulting from a stretched or torn ligament -Osteoporosis: condition in which bones decrease in size over time due to an imbalance in the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Choose the biomolecular classes and functions that match each of the following.
-some monosaccharides, such as glucose, are used for energy. -Some monosaccharides, such as (deoxy)ribose, are used for structural components -Most disaccharides, such as sucrose, are used for storage. -Some polysaccharides, such as starch, and glycogen are used for storage. -Some polysaccharides, such as cellulose, are used for structural components.
Match the following bones of the skull to their description. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right.
-temporal: forms the left & right sides of the skull -occipital: forms the base & the back of the skull -mandible: lower jaw -frontal: forms the forehead -parietal: forms the upper left & right sides of the skull -maxilla: anchors the upper row of teeth -zygomatic: forms the cheekbones & portion of eye sockets
Body Position & Direction examples
-the heart is located ANTERIOR to the spine -the wrist is located DISTAL to the elbow -the heart is located SUPERIOR to the stomach
Drag the labels onto the flowchart to identify the sequence of steps that occurs during muscle contraction. The step numbers correspond to the numbers in the diagram above.
1. action potential in the motor neurons triggers an action potential in the muscle cell 2. action potential spreads down tubules in the muscle cell 3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) releases calcium ions 4. Calcium ions bind to protein complex on thin (actin) filament, exposing myosin-binding sites 5. myosin heads bind to actin & shorten the sarcomere 6. when action potentials stop, calcium ions are pumped back into the ER 7. myosin-binding sites are blocked & muscle relaxes
An iron atom has an atomic mass of 56 with 30 neutrons. If this atom is electrically neutral, how many electrons does it have?
26 *atomic mass = #of protons + # of neutrons
Arrange in the proper sequence the following events as they occur in the ossification of a long bone. 1. Chondroblasts die, and the surrounding matrix breaks down. 2. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid. 3. Blood vessels transport osteoblasts into the area to be ossified. 4. Chondroblasts create a model of long bones from cartilage. 5. Osteoblasts become osteocytes.
4, 1, 3, 2, 5
Energy is observed in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. Which of the following is an example of potential energy?
A bowling ball placed on the top shelf of a closet *Potential energy is energy stored in position or structure which can be converted into energy of motion (kinetic energy), such as if the bowling ball rolls off the shelf and is acted upon by gravity.
Because water has a high heat capacity, which of the following statements is true?
A great deal of energy (heat) is required for water to go from a solid to a liquid. Additional energy is required for water to go from a liquid to a gas.
Which of the following events occurs during transcription?
A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Ch5 Bones All of the following are functions of bone EXCEPT ________?
All of the following are functions of bone EXCEPT ________?
What is the role of ATP in muscle function?
All of the listed choices are correct. - ATP enables myosin to detach from actin. - ATP provides energy that enables myosin to form cross-bridges with actin. - ATP provides energy to transport calcium back into storage.
When comparing an acid and a base, which statement is true?
An acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and a lower pH than a base.
Which part(s) of the molecule is/are considered non-polar?
B & C - fatty acid tails are rich in carbon & hydrogen. which are also hydrophobic
Lipids do not mix with water. Why not?
Because lipids are made almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen, which share electrons about equally.
Which of the following might result from a parathyroid tumor that causes oversecretion of parathyroid hormone?
Bone loss due to stimulation of osteoclasts
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Which of the following would most easily pass through a phospholipid bilayer? -Cl- ions -CH4 -H2O -polar molecules like glucose & amino acids -Na+ ions
CH4- methane is small & non-polar similar in character to the core of the bilayer
What is the function of calcium ions in the contraction of a muscle?
Calcium binds to the troponin-tropomyosin complex so that the actin and myosin can interact and the sarcomere can contract.
Based on the chemical formula provided, which molecule contains the LOWEST chemical energy?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Which diagram has the reactions correctly labelled?
Dehydration synthesis forms a water molecule by removing pieces of it, so to speak, from the ends of 2 biomolecules. "Lysis" means splitting. Hydrolysis splits water to split a biomolecule into smaller subunits.
What stage of cellular respiration makes the most ATP by far?
Electron transport chain
What does the law of conservation state?
Energy is never created or destroyed; it is converted from one form to another.
Using the figure above, match the following. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right. Where certain functions or things are within the bone - epiphysis or diaphysis or both
Epiphysis - location of red bone marrow; location of spongy bone; location of hyaline cartilage (in mature bone); location of blood cell production Diaphysis - location of compact bone; location of yellow bone marrow
Which of the following might be most helpful in determining whether an adolescent is no longer growing?
Examining the growth plates near the ends of long bones
Drag the labels onto the chart to match each process with its description.
Exocytosis - a vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane & releases its contents outside the cell. Facilitated diffusion - a form of passive transport. Molecules move across the plasma membrane using a transport protein. Endocytosis - the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell Diffusion - a form of passive transport. Molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer Active transport - requires energy from the cell. molecules move against their concentration gradient.
Enzymes are used up in the process of doing their jobs.
F - The definition of a catalyst is that it speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered or used up in the process.
A buffer speeds up a chemical reaction.
False
Trace elements occur in small amounts in the body and therefore are not essential for life. T/F
False - Although trace minerals each account for much less than 0.1% of body mass, they are still critically important. For example, iron carries oxygen in the blood, while others like zinc and magnesium are essential cofactors for many enzymes. Love and be grateful toward your trace minerals!
Buffers regulate the body's metabolic rate.
False - hormones that do this
T/F All cells are surrounded by a cell wall.
False - no animal cell has a cell wall. All cells are surrounded by a CELL MEMBRANE. Cell wall - plants, fungi, most prokaryotes, & many protists have cell walls of various materials.
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
Golgi apparatus The endomembrane system includes the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. It manufactures, processes, and transports lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins.
Define the term hematoma.
Hematoma is a scientific term for a blood clot.
What type of chemical bond exists between a sugar molecule and the water in which it is dissolved?
Hydrogen bond - Because they contain oxygen, sugar and water are both polar molecules, with partial positive and negative charges on different parts of the molecules. This allows the water molecules to surround and stick to the sugar molecule (Opposite charges attract.) and hold it suspended within the mass of water.
Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration.
Inputs: 1 Glucose (fuel) + 6 O2 Oxygen (gas we inhale) Outputs: 6 CO2 (gas we exhale) + 6 H2O (water) + ATP (energy packets that cells use to do work)
What type of chemical bond exists between the sodium and chloride within a salt crystal?
Ionic bond - Each sodium ion has lost an electron and therefore has a +1 charge. Each chloride ion has gained an electron and therefore has a ‒1 charge. Opposite charges attract, and this holds the Na+ and Cl‒ within the salt crystal.
Which of the following best describes denaturation?
Loss of the three-dimensional structure of a protein *A protein's function depends largely on its shape. That shape is maintained by a variety of bonds between different parts of the folded amino acid chain. Factors like excessive heat, or changes in the pH or ion concentration of the enzyme's environment can permanently disrupt its shape by breaking the bonds that
Adequate calcium intake is important in the prevention of osteoporosis. Which of the following might occur if calcium intake were too low? See Section 5.6 ( page 116)
Low blood calcium levels would stimulate the activity of osteoclasts. Calcium is stored in the bones and will be released from the bones through osteoclast activity when blood calcium levels are low.
Why are we "carbon-based life forms"? Why aren't we based on some other element, like rubidium or neon?
More than any other element, carbon can form several different types of bonds with other atoms in different geometries to create an immense variety of molecules with a wide array of chemical properties.
What type of chemical bond exists between carbon atoms within a glucose molecule?
Nonpolar covalent bond - Because they are the same element, each carbon atom has the same pull on electrons. So they share them equally. The bonds with oxygen within glucose are polar, but the carbon-carbon bonds are nonpolar.
Organelle that produces RNA used to make ribosomes
Nucleolus
Drag the correct description under each cell structure to identify the role it plays in the cell. Nucleus Lysosome Mitochondrion Ribosomes
Nucleus- stores the genetic information of the cell Lysosome- Breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes Mitochondrion- converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell Ribosomes- works with mRNA to synthesize proteins Smooth ER- site of lipid synthesis
Which of the following statements about osteoblasts is true?
Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone.
What type of chemical bond exists between the oxygen and hydrogens WITHIN a single water molecule?
Polar covalent bond - The oxygen has a much stronger pull on electrons than the hydrogens do. The electrons therefore spend more time around the oxygen, creating partial negative charge around it, and a partial positive charge around the hydrogens. This allows water to hydrogen bond, which then leads to all of water's special characteristics.
What is one of the structures that every cell of every type, kingdom, and domain has?
Ribosomes
Drag the labels onto the flowchart to trace the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell.
Rough ER (manufacturing - vesicle from ER (transport) - golgi apparatus (processing) - vesicle from golgi (transport) - Plasma membrane (secretion)
Which term describes the subunits of a myofibril?
Sarcomere
Why does ice float in liquid water?
Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water.
Consider two solutions. Solution A has a pH of 2, and solution B has a pH of 4. Which statement is true?
Solution A is 100 times more acidic than solution B. *The increment between each two whole numbers on the pH scale is 10. So solution A is 100 times more acidic than solution B.
Enzymes are proteins.
T
Which of the following structures is not contained within a muscle fiber?
Tendon
Which statement describes the sliding-filament theory?
The actin and myosin interact and the actin is pulled over the myosin, shortening the sarcomere.
What is a major function of the cartilage covering the ends of long bones?
The cartilage is for protection in areas of contact between two bones.
A child climbs the stairs to the top of a waterslide and makes her way down. Which of the following best describes this in energetic terms?
The chemical energy of food is converted to kinetic energy as the child climbs the stairs.
Which statement about electrons is FALSE? -Electrons determine an atom's chemical behavior. -Electrically neutral molecules have the same number of electrons as protons. -The closer electrons are to the nucleus, the greater potential energy they have. -Electrons have very little mass compared to protons and neutrons. -Atoms and molecules that have gained or lost electrons are called ions.
The closer electrons are to the nucleus, the greater potential energy they have. *electrons further from the nucleus have a greater potential energy
Which one of the following occurs during translation?
The message in mRNA is used to assemble a protein.
Which of the following events is the direct result of an action potential in the membrane of a muscle cell?
The muscle cell's endoplasmic reticulum (ER) releases calcium ions.
If you put some sodium chloride (table salt) into a glass of water, what will happen?
The sodium and chloride ions will dissociate. Chloride ions will be attracted to the hydrogen ends of water molecules whereas sodium ions will be attracted to the oxygen ends of water molecules.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondria.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
Any enzyme can catalyze any chemical reaction.
This statement is false. Most enzymes are very specific to a single type of reaction with specific reactants.
Let's not get lost in the details. What's the FUNCTION of cellular respiration? Why bother doing all this?
To get energy from nutrients into a usable form for doing cellular work.
Buffers combine reversibly with hydrogen ions.
True
The bicarbonate buffer system ( HCO3‒ + H+ ↔ H2CO3 ) is the most important buffer in blood.
True
Buffers minimize changes in the pH of a solution.
True - As the H+ concentration rises, the buffer accepts more H+, and as the H+ concentration falls, the buffer releases more H+ to maintain the solution at a constant pH.
A buffer consists of a weak acid and its corresponding base.
True - The acid donates H+ ions and the base accepts them to maintain the same concentration.
Each enzyme is suited to a particular physical and chemical environment. Enzymes can be deactivated by changes in temperature, pH, or ion concentration,
True. An enzyme's (or any protein's) function depends largely on its shape. Changes in the enzyme's environment can permanently disrupt its shape by breaking the bonds that maintain that shape.
Enzymes often change shape (reversibly and in a limited way) in the process of doing their jobs. But factors like excess heat or acid can cause them to lose their shape permanently.
True. As it works, an enzyme may change shape in a limited specific way. Changes in an enzyme's environment can cause it to come unfolded entirely.
Enzymes cause chemical reactions to happen dramatically faster than they would on their own.
True. Enzymes cause reactions to happen in a tiny fraction of a second which would often take days or years to occur otherwise.
An enzyme's function is determined by its shape and by the side chains of the amino acids in its active site where reactants bind.
True. Shape means everything in molecular biology.
In this diagram, the purple dots represent sugar molecules. If the membrane (dotted line) across the botom of the tube is permeable to water, but not permeable to the sugar, what will happen? Left side- less solute; more water right side- more solute; less water
Water will diffuse from the left to the right side until there is an equal concentration of water on both sides.
Human blood plasma is a 0.9% saline solution. If a patient is mistakenly given an IV of distilled water (pure water will no solutes), what is likely to happen to the patient's blood cells.
Water will flow into the cells, causing them to swell and burst. The cells' cytoplasm is isotonic with (has the same solute concentration) as) the blood plasma (~0.9%). The distilled water is hypotonic to the cell. (It has a lower solute concentration than the cells: ~0%.) The cells are hypertonic to the distilled water. (They have a higher soulute concentration than the water.) Because there is relatively more water where there is less salt, and vice-versa, water will flow into the cells, and they will swell up and burst.
A cotton bath towel (which is made of almost pure cellulose) soaks up water. Does this result ultimately from the polarity of water?
Yes- Cellulose is made of long chains of glucose molecules, which are polar & therefore hydrophilic
Ice floats, so the oceans don't freeze solid. Does this result ultimately from the polarity of water?
Yes- In solid ice, water molecules are locked into an orderly crystal pattern. At just above freezing, hydrogen bonding pulls the molecules slightly closer together. Ice is thus less dense than water and floats. This is vital for the survival of aquatic organisms, and because the oceans are central factors in the climate and weather
Sweating on a hot day helps you cool off. Does this result ultimately from the polarity of water?
Yes- Temperature is the average kinetic energy of molecules within a substance (like a drop of sweat). Because the sticky hydrogen bonds between water molecules require energy to overcome, only those molecules with the greatest kinetic energy can escape into the vapor state. This lowers the average energy of the remaining water, and lowers its temperature.
Inland cities tend to have greater extremes in their high and low temperatures than cities on the coast. Does this result ultimately from the polarity of water?
Yes- Temperature is the average kinetic energy of molecules within a substance (like an ocean). The sticky hydrogen bonds between water molecules require energy to overcome, which means that water can gain or lose large amounts of heat energy with only a slight change in its own temperature. This helps to smooth out temperature extremes in coastal areas compared to inland. The Earth's vast ocean areas are also the biggest factor by far in stabilizing a planet's climate.
Oil and water don't mix, but salt and water do. Does this result ultimately from the polarity of water?
Yes- The abundant carbon-hydrogen bonds in lipids like oil share electrons about equally, and therefore are nonpolar and don't interact well with polar water. Salt is composed of charged ions which are attracted to the oppositely (partially) charged areas of water molecules. The water molecules surround the ions and hold them in solution ALL of water's special properties are due to hydrogen bonding, which results from the polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen
Water beads up on the roof of a freshly waxed car (or on the waxy surface of a leaf). Does this result ultimately from the polarity of water?
Yes- Waxes are lipids, and therefore hydrophobic. Water's polarity gives it high surface tension, meaning that water is much more attracted to itself than to the waxy surface or to the air. This causes the surface to curl and bead up into droplets. (The waxy leaf surface also helps keep water inside the leaf, so the plant does wilt so easily.)
During the process of bone repair, the function of fibroblasts is to invade and form ________.
a cartilaginous callus
When an electrical impulse traveling along a motor neuron arrives at a neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine is secreted at the neuromuscular junction
A myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge?
actin
Adhesion junctions
allow for movement & flexibility, such as is needed for tissues like the epithelium of the skin that must stretch & bend
What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell?
arrival of an action potential
Secondary growth centers begin ________ and continue ________.
at about the time of birth; throughout childhood
Calcium ions
bind to the protein that blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin.
What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin?
binding of ATP
The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?
binding of calcium to the protein complex
The bones of trained athletes may be thicker and heavier than the bones of nonathletes because __________. See Section 5.3 ( page 105)
bone mass increases when bone is stressed
All of the following processes continue in the skeletal system throughout the life span, EXCEPT __________.
bones continue to lengthen
All of the above (monosaccharides, polysaccharides, disaccharides) are subclasses of
carbohydrates
Four elements make up about 96% of the mass of the human body. Which are those four elements? (Choose all that apply.) -carbon -calcium -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen
carbon (18%), hydrogen (9 1/2%), oxygen (62%), nitrogen (3%) calcium - only 2%
Organelles that position & divide the genetic material during cell division
centrioles
The structural framework in a cell is the
cytoskeleton.
What is the term used to describe the unfolding of a protein?
denaturation The disruption of bonds that hold a protein in its compact, three-dimensional shape is called denaturation. The application of extreme temperatures and/or pH is a condition under which proteins will unfold.
An atom can have MORE or LESS and still be the same element.
electrons and/or neutrons
Which of the following correctly sequences joints in order of increasing mobility? See Section 5.5 ( page 114)
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Which of the following sequences represents the correct order of events in bone repair after a fracture?
formation of a blood clot, formation of a cartilaginous callus, formation of a bony callus
Which of the following actions occurs first during bone development?
formation of a cartilaginous model of the future bone
Tight Junction
found between cells lining the digestive tract & prevent leakage between adjoining cells
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
stack of flattened membranes; site where cell products are modified & prepared for secretion from the cell
golgi apparatus
What energizes the power stroke?
hydrolysis of ATP
Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.
immune - The immune system is involved in protecting the body against invasion by foreign objects.
Gap Junctions
join cardiac cells, allowing transfer of ions & water between cells
Ch3 Over the course of evolutionary time, animal body sizes have gotten larger, yet cell sizes have not. Elephant cells are about the same size as mouse cells, there are just a lot more of them. Cells have stayed proportionally the same size to remain efficient, because
larger cells would become limited by the ability to move materials across the plasma membrane. As cell size size increses, the volume of the cell grows much faster than the surface area. Very large cells would be unable to bring nutrients in or move wastes out fast enough. Multicellularity allows an organism to be much larger, while each of it's cells can still move things across the membrane efficiently.
Which of the following organelles breaks down other worn-out organelles?
lysosomes
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
mRNA
Ch6 Muscles All of the following are functions of the muscular system, EXCEPT __________.
maintenance of body calcium stores
extensions of cell membrane that increase surface area of the cell
microvilli
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondria
Where in an animal cell is ATP made?
mitochondria
A muscle cell contains bundles of long
myofibrils
Which of the following proteins makes up the thick filament of the sarcomeres?
myosin
This image illustrates the interactions between factors regulating the blood's calcium level.
negative feedback
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
nucleus
organelle that stores genetic information of the cell
nucleus
The bony collar is formed by the ________.
osteoblasts, beginning at about the third prenatal month
Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein? -tendons -muscles -spider silk -ovalbumin -ligaments
ovalbumin - Ovalbumin is a storage protein.
organelle that contains enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide
peroxisome
Which of the following lists the bones of the arm in the correct sequence from the fingertips to the shoulder joint?
phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius and ulna, humerus
Which of the following makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
phospholipid molecules
T tubules are an invagination of the ________.
plasma membrane
What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
plasma membrane
Which of the following molecules will not be able to easily pass directly through the phospholipid portion of the cell membrane?
polar molecules The phospholipid portion of the cell membrane is largely nonpolar, so nonpolar substances generally can pass through, but polar molecules cannot, and instead typically go through protein channels.
This image illustrates the interaction between uterine contractions and the hormone oxytocin.
positive feedback
Which of the following adaptations would increase the surface area of a cell?
presence of microvilli Microvilli are numerous small projections from the cell surface. They greatly increase the total surface area for exchange. The cells lining the small intestine have microvilli, which suits their job of absorbing nutrients. (Note that microvilli are not the same as cilia. Cilia are like a bunch a small flagella that wave back and forth. They have very different internal structures than microvilli.)
Which level is most important in determining the structure and function of a protein?
primary The arrangement of amino acids in the chain will ultimately determine how the proteins fold due to interactions between the R-groups of closely arranged amino acids. Burying the hydrophobic residues is one of the driving forces for protein folding.
Which type of molecule forms channels through the cell membrane?
protein Some proteins form channels that allow the passage of materials that cannot otherwise pass through the mostly hydrophobic membrane.
One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by
ribosomes
site of protein production in a cell
ribosomes
The site of translation is
ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.
Which level of protein structure is characterized by twists and turns stabilized by hydrogen bonds?
secondary Parts of the peptide chain use hydrogen bonding along the peptide backbone to form twists called α-helices and folds called β-sheets.
Which part of a mature long bone is hollow, infiltrated by blood vessels, and forms dense, compact bone?
shaft
All of the following organ systems may be involved in thermoregulation, EXCEPT the __________. -nervous -muscular -integumentary -ciruclatory -skeletal
skeletal system
large network of membranes in which cellular lipids are synthesized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Where are lipids made in the cell?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
When a sarcomere contracts
the actin and myosin filaments do not change in length.
When ATP attaches to a myosin head,
the myosin head detaches from actin.
During chemical bonding, which specific subatomic particles form the bond?
valence electrons *Only the outermost electrons—the valence electrons—participate in chemical bonding
Drag the features to the box with the corresponding tissue type.
→Loose connective tissue: mostly ground substance with random fibers; surrounds & cushions organs →Dense connective tissue: strong parallel collagen fibers; tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin →Reticular connective tissue: soft organs; thin interconnecting collagen fibers →Cartilage: bone precursor, joints; mostly hard rubbery ground substance →Bone: mostly calcium salts in collagen matrix; very hard & strong, support & protection →Blood: transport & immune functions; red & white blood cells in liquid plasma →Adipose Tissue: mostly fat-filled cells; energy storage, cushioning, insulation