BSC 109 Test 1

Fossils of these ____________ year old organisms have fish-like gills and fins for breathing and swimming underwater. However, like ______________, they have flat heads with eyes on the _______. This is an advantageous _________ to living in shallow river bottoms.

375 million, tetrapods, top, adaptation

What is catastrophism?

A new assembly of species moves into an area after mass extinction events.

Measuring the levels of radioactive isotopes from fossils in order to estimate the age of the fossils is called __________ dating. A. Absolute B. Atomic C. Relative D. Isotopic

A. Absolute

Which group of organisms is the most likely ancestor of the Ordovician period land plants? A. Algae B. Mosses C. Protozoans D. Ferns

A. Algae

A type of mating that occurs when individuals choose a mate with a preferred trait is called __________ mating. A. Assortative B. Associated C. Random

A. Assortative

Which group of organisms would be the most difficult to classify according to the morphological species concept? A. Bacteria B. Trees C. Fish

A. Bacteria

The belief that change in organisms over time can be explained by a series of major extinction events followed by repopulation is called ____________. A. Catastrophism B. Artificial selection C. Natural Selection D. Evolution

A. Catastrophism

The terms ________ _________ describes how information flows with the following words: DNA --> RNA --> Proteins A. Central dogma B. Genetic pathway C. Central flow

A. Central dogma

How would early protocells have acquired energy if they evolved at the thermal vents? A. Chemosynthesis B. Heterotrophism C. Photosynthesis D. Decomposition

A. Chemosynthesis

Some scientists believe that the first monomers on Earth came from outer space because A. Comets and meteorites have been shown to contain monomers B. The monomers had to have been produced by extraterrestrial organisms as life had not yet evolved on this planet C. There is no way to explain how they would have formed otherwise

A. Comets and meteorites have been shown to contain monomers

Bees, birds, and bats share a common trait of wings, yet they do not share a recent common ancestor. The wings are the result of _________ evolution. A. Convergent B. Divergent C. Allopatric D. Sympatric

A. Convergent

The founder of the science of paleontology was ___________. A. Cuvier B. Linnaeus C. Lamarck D. Darwin

A. Cuvier

The type of selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate phenotype is ___________ selection. A. Disruptive B. Directional C. Stabilizing

A. Disruptive

What did Stanley Miller use to simulate lightning during his chemical evolution experiment? A. Electricity B. Light C. Radioactive isotopes D. Radiation

A. Electricity

Reproductive isolation between species prevents ________. A. Gene flow B. Sexual selection C. Genetic drift D. Natural selection

A. Gene flow

Two insect species live in different parts of the tree canopy of a tropical rain forest, and thus never mate, this would be a type of prezygotic isolating mechanism called __________ isolation. A. Habitat B. Temporal C. Mechanical D. Gametic

A. Habitat

Which of the following are characteristics of mammals? (Select all that apply) A. Hair B. Cold blooded C. Milk production

A. Hair, C. Milk production

The evolutionary species concept considers two organisms to be in the same species if they A. Have the same physical characteristics B. Can interbreed with each other C. Lived at the same time

A. Have the same physical characteristics

Select the postzygotic isolating mechanisms from the list. A. Hybrid inviability B. Hybrid sterility C. Mechanical isolation D. Habitat isolation E. Behavioral isolation F. Temporal isolation

A. Hybrid inviability, B. Hybrid sterility

Which term refers to the mating between two different species? A. Hybridization B. Fertilization C. Zygote mortality

A. Hybridization

Which of the following demonstrates the imperfect nature of natural selection? A. Increased chance of spinal injury from walking upright B. The development of language and increased brain size C. Increased hand dexterity and freedom of movement in upper limbs

A. Increased chance of spinal injury from walking upright

What is the origin of new species and other taxonomic groups called? A. Macroevolution B. Biogeography C. Microevolution

A. Macroevolution

Which group of animals do the megafauna fall into? A. Mammals B. Fishes C. Reptiles D. Birds E. Amphibians

A. Mammals

Which of the following are prevented by prezygotic isolating mechanisms? (Select all that apply) A. Mating B. Fertilization C. Gametes

A. Mating, B. Fertilization

The extraterrestrial hypothesis is supported by the presence of organic molecules in what structures? A. Meteorites B. Thermal vents C. Ocean sediment

A. Meteorites

A single layer of fatty acids with their heads pointing out and their tails pointing towards the center of the sphere are called ________. A. Micelles B. Microspheres C. Liposomes D. Coacervate droplets

A. Micelles

The development of the ozone shield would have allowed life to survive __________. A. On land B. In the oceans C. Underground

A. On land

Chemoautotrophic organisms obtain energy from _______. A. Oxidizing inorganic molecules B. Digesting organic molecules C. Performing photosynthesis

A. Oxidizing inorganic molecules

Which gas is responsible for forming the ozone shield? A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrogen D. Ammonia

A. Oxygen

The species concept that uses a common ancestor to define a species is the _______ species concept. A. Phylogenetic B. Biological C. Evolutionary D. Morphological

A. Phylogenetic

Isolating mechanisms that prevent the formation of zygotes are called _________ isolating mechanisms while those that prevent the hybrid from reproducing are called ___________ isolating mechanisms. A. Prezygotic, postzygotic B. Postzygotic, prezygotic

A. Prezygotic, postzygotic

According to Lamarck, if a dog has its tail removed and this serves to improve its hunting ability, it should A. Produce offspring without tails B. Grow the tail back C. Modify its genes accordingly

A. Produce offspring without tails

Which feature is used for the biological species concept but not used for the evolutionary species concept? A. Reproductive isolation B. Physical traits C. Molecular information

A. Reproductive isolation

According to the biological species concept, members of different species are ___________. A. Reproductively isolated B. Structurally different

A. Reproductively isolated

In some animals the males and females differ in size and other characteristics. This is referred to as ___________. A. Sexual dimorphism B. Sexual reproduction C. Sexual selection

A. Sexual dimorphism

In what way did the amphibians evolve during the Carboniferous period? A. Size and shape B. Shape and method of respiration C. Size and reproductive method

A. Size and shape

Which groups of dinosaurs were present during the Cretaceous period? A. Tyrannosaurs rex B. Triceratops C. Pterosaurs D. Parasaurolophus

A. Tyrannosaurs rex, B. Triceratops, D. Parasaurolophus

Which dinosaurs most likely gave rise to the birds? (Select all that apply) A. Velociraptors B. Jeholodens C. Tyrannosaurus rex D. Triceratops

A. Velociraptors, C. Tyrannosaurus rex

The origin of life from nonliving matter is called __________.

Abiogenesis

As the environment changes, populations __________ to conditions. Individuals that are better suited to the environment survive and pass on their traits, making those favorable characteristics more prevalent in the population over time.

Adapt

Biochemical evidence of evolution

All organisms contain DNA, RNA, and ATP Hox genes are highly conserved and found in all animals

A gene pool includes all of the ________ of all of the genes of a species.

Alleles

Evolution is considered a change in the frequencies of __________ over generations.

Alleles

If the frequencies of _________ do not change from one generation to the next, ________________ has occurred.

Alleles, genetic equilibrium

By looking at the frequencies of ________ within a single _________ over a period of time, one can determine if __________ has occurred. If the frequencies of ________ have changed, then ______________ has occurred.

Alleles, population, microevolution, alleles, microevolution

Microevolution is the change in the frequencies of _________ in ____________ from one generation to the next.

Alleles, populations

If two related species of plants hybridize, and the hybrid doubles its chromosome number, the resulting hybrid will have a polyploid condition known as _________.

Alloploidy

The fossil record provides ample evidence that lobe-finned fishes of the Paleozoic era are the ancestors to which group?

Amphibians

Both birds and insects have wings to fly.

Analogous structures

Convergent evolution results in __________ traits, the result of evolution in similar environments; ___________ traits evolve from common ancestry, but different environments result in varied use.

Analogous, homologous

A monophyletic branch in phylogeny includes all the descendants of a single common _________.

Ancestor

______________ had feathers and are thought to have been capable of gliding long distances. They had opposable toes and long tails.

Archaeopteryx

If a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis and those diploid gametes fuse with a haploid gamete of the same species the resulting polyploid offspring has a condition known as _________.

Autoploidy

Calculate the homozygous recessive genotype frequency if the recessive allele frequency is 0.4. A. 0.6 B. 0.16 C. 0.64 D. 0.2

B. 0.16

A misaligned crossover between two homologous chromosomes usually results in: A. A deletion in one chromosome and no change in the other B. A deletion in one chromosome and a duplication in the other C. Deletions in both chromosomes D. Duplications in both chromosomes E. No change in either chromosome

B. A deletion in one chromosome and a duplication in the other

What was most likely the early energy source for protocells? A. Sunlight B. ATP C. ADP

B. ATP

The production of organic molecules from inorganic materials is called __________ synthesis. A. Biotic B. Abiotic C. Organic D. Inorganic

B. Abiotic

A type of speciation that occurs when a single ancestral species gives rise to a variety of new species is called A. Sequential diversification B. Adaptive radiation C. Punctuated equilibrium D. Sympatric speciation

B. Adaptive radiation

Stanley Miller's chemical evolution experiment has been criticized because it is unlikely that primitive Earth's atmosphere contained ________. A. Hydrogen gas B. Ammonia C. Methane D. Water

B. Ammonia

Vestigial structures are anatomical structures that apparently functioned in a(n) __________ but have lost most or all of their function in a(n) __________. A. Descendant, ancestor B. Ancestor, descendant

B. Ancestor, descendant

Species specific courtship rituals are examples of ___________ isolation. A. Mechanical B. Behavioral C. Gametic

B. Behavioral

According to cost-benefit analysis, the __________ of partaking in a particular behavior or strategy must outweigh the ___________. A. Competition, fitness B. Benefit, cost C. Cost, benefit D. Threat, reward

B. Benefit, cost

Select the disadvantages of the biological species concept. A. Does not rely on reproductive isolation when distinguishing species B. Cannot be applied to organisms that reproduce asexually C. Often cannot be tested in nature D. Cannot be applied to extinct organisms

B. Cannot be applied to organisms that reproduce asexually, C. Often cannot be tested in nature, D. Cannot be applied to extinct organisms

Which era contains the Paleogene and Neogene periods? A. Paleozoic B. Cenozoic C. Precambrian D. Mesozoic

B. Cenozoic

Under appropriate conditions, concentrated mixtures of macromolecules can give rise to a complex unit called a _________ droplet. A. Lysosome B. Coacervate C. Microsphere D. Liposome

B. Coacervate

The theory that some eukaryotic organelles developed from bacterial ancestors is called the ________ theory. A. Intracellular B. Endosymbiotic C. Ectoplasmic D. Interspecific

B. Endosymbiotic

Select the individuals who supported the concept of evolution prior to Charles Darwin. A. Plato B. Erasmus Darwin C. Aristotle D. Buffon

B. Erasmus Darwin and D. Buffon

A species that is currently in existence is known as _________. A. Extinct B. Extant

B. Extant

Which of the following are types of genetic drift? (Select all that apply) A. Sexual selection B. Founder effect C. Nonrandom mating D. Polymorphisms E. Bottleneck effect

B. Founder effect, E. Bottleneck effect

The hypothesis regarding sexual selection that states that females choose mates on the basis of traits that increase a male's chance of survival is called the ___________ hypothesis. A. Runaway B. Good genes

B. Good genes

Homologous genes are best described as genes that: A. Have identical sequences B. Have a common ancestral gene C. Have similar functions D. Are on the same chromosome E. Are on homologous chromosomes

B. Have a common ancestral gene

Chemical evolution refers to the _________. A. Formation of life forms from chemicals B. Increase of chemical complexity over time C. Presence of chemicals on land before plants and animals were

B. Increase of chemical complexity over time

Which of the following may have been involved in the formation of the first polymers on Earth? (Select all that apply) A. Protocells B. Iron-nickel sulfides C. Liposomes D. Thermal vents

B. Iron-nickel sulfides, D. Thermal vents

Changes observed in the fossil record that involve speciation demonstrate __________. A. Coevolution B. Macroevolution C. Microevolution

B. Macroevolution

Which group of animals characterize the Pleistocene epoch? A. Cartilaginous fishes B. Mammalian megafauna C. Large terrestrial dinosaurs D. Amphibians

B. Mammalian megafauna

Which of the following is an example of hybrid sterility? A. Fertile hybrids produce infertile offspring B. Members of different species produce a sterile offspring C. Nonmatching chromosome sets prevent mitotic cell division

B. Members of different species produce a sterile offspring

Which of the following cell organelles are components of the endosymbiotic theory? (Select all that apply) A. Nucleus B. Mitochondrion C. Chloroplast D. Lysosomes

B. Mitochondrion, C. Chloroplast

Using the fixed rate of mutations helps determine how long ago two species have been evolving separately. This information helps build _____________. A. Taxonomic records B. Molecular clocks C. Geologic timescales D. Evolutionary trees

B. Molecular clocks

Which features are associated with gymnosperms? A. Seedless vascular plants B. Nonflowering seed plants C. Nonvascular seed plants

B. Nonflowering seed plants

Homologous genes within a single species are said to be: A. Orthologs B. Paralogs C. Metalogs D. Xenologs E. Homologs

B. Paralogs

Which of the following illustrates why Lamarck's hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics is not an accepted theory? A. Giraffes with dark brown spots on their fur have offspring with dark brown spots B. People who visit tanning booths and have dark tans do not have babies with tanned skin

B. People who visit tanning booths and have dark tans do not have babies with tanned skin

The first cell structure to have evolved was most likely the __________. A. Nucleus B. Plasma membrane C. Mitochondrion D. Cell wall

B. Plasma membrane

The concept that the Earth is covered with moving plates that lie over a hot mantle layer is called ___________. A. Continental transformation B. Plate tectonics C. Continental subduction D. Continental drift

B. Plate tectonics

Comparative anatomy is the study of ________ structures across species A. Dissimilar B. Similar

B. Similar

The scala naturae was envisioned as a sequential ladder of life where the lower rungs were occupied by __________ organisms and the higher rungs were occupied by _________ organisms. A. Complex, simple B. Simple, complex

B. Simple, complex

Speciation is the splitting of one species into two or more __________. A. Groups B. Species C. Phyla

B. Species

Living in the same environment, but breeding at different times of the year is an example of _________ isolation. A. Behavioral B. Temporal C. Gametic D. Mechanical

B. Temporal

Lamarck proposed that ________ could bring about inherited changes in an organism. A. Natural selection B. The environment C. Mutation

B. The environment

A structural difference between reptiles and mammals that is seen in a transitional form in the fossils of Jeholodens deals with A. Length of the vertebral column B. The position of the forelimbs C. Length of the jaw D. The shape of the skull

B. The position of the forelimbs

Paleontology is ___________. A. The study of geological forces B. The study of the fossil record C. The study of sedimentation D. The study of sediments within strata

B. The study of the fossil record

Living organisms share a common ancestor which helps explain the _______ of life on Earth. A. Diversity B. Unity

B. Unity

Micelles can merge under the right conditions and form __________. A. Liposomes B. Vesicles C. Microspheres D. Coacervate droplets

B. Vesicles

Darwin completed a five year journey around the world on the HMS __________.

Beagle

A male cricket is chirping for a mate. A female of a different species of cricket does not recognize his chirping pattern and will not mate with him. This is an example of a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation called ____________ isolation.

Behavioral

The naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus (Carl van Linne) is known as the ________ system of nomenclature.

Binomial

According to the __________ species concept horses and donkeys are different species because they cannot produce fertile offspring.

Biological

Archaeopteryx was a feathered, but flightless reptile that served as a transitional species between reptiles and _______.

Birds

What are these examples of? A hurricane destroys 1/4 of the bird population in southern Florida An apartment complex is built on a wetland, reducing the wetland habitat by over 75% and the fish population by close to 60%

Bottleneck Effect

Identify the population that has the greatest chance of becoming reproductively isolated over time. A. 27 elk living in one of the several neighboring herds in Colorado B. 300 geese living on a pond C. 6 katydids in an isolated prairie

C. 6 katydids in an isolated prairie

Which mid-eighteenth century taxonomist believed that species had an "ideal" form? A. Charles Darwin B. Aristotle C. Carolus Linnaeus

C. Carolus Linnaeus

During the process of glycolysis, ___________ is/are being transformed into energy. A. Sunlight B. Inorganic molecules C. Chemical bonds

C. Chemical bonds

Molecular genetics helps support the biological species concept by showing similarities and differences in the species ________. A. Behavior B. Physical traits C. DNA

C. DNA

Which type of selection is most likely to persist in an environment that is subject to a high degree of change? A. Directional B. Stabilizing C. Disruptive

C. Disruptive

What structures would be required in order for the protein-first hypothesis to function? A. Iron-sulfer B. Carbohydrates C. Enzymes

C. Enzymes

The remains of plants and animals from the past are called ________. A. Extant beings B. Paleotons C. Fossils

C. Fossils

Population genetics studies the diversity of a population at the level of the _________. A. Chromosomes B. Species C. Gene D. Behaviors

C. Gene

A Canada goose leaving its population in order to mate with a goose from another population is an example of ______________. A. Genetic drift B. Gamete isolation C. Gene flow D. Natural selection

C. Gene flow

The bottleneck effect is a type of ___________. A. Genetic mutation B. Nonrandom mating C. Genetic drift D. Founder effect E. Macroevolutionary change F. Industrial melanism

C. Genetic drift

Assortative mating can cause the frequency of ____________ to change within a population. A. Females B. Males C. Genotypes

C. Genotypes

Which allele combination will help maintain genetic diversity within the population? A. HH B. hh C. Hh

C. Hh

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection? A. Dark snail shells in forested areas and light-banded shells in low vegetation areas B. Bright coloration in guppies in areas with fewer predators C. High frequency of intermediate birth weight in humans

C. High frequency of intermediate birth weight in humans

The alleles in nonrandom mating assort according to ____________. A. Seasonal behavior B. Equilibrium assortment C. Mating behavior D. Isolated assortment

C. Mating behavior

The term __________ refers to allele and genotype changes occurring within a population. A. Equilibrium B. Natural selection C. Microevolution D. Macroevolution

C. Microevolution

Male baboons at the top of a dominance hierarchy benefit by __________. A. Giving up his food to his offspring B. Defending a large territory C. Monopolizing fertile females

C. Monopolizing fertile females

Speciation can result from geographic isolation combined with the ___________ of developmental genes. A. Expression B. Macroevolution C. Mutation D. Evolution

C. Mutation

Which evolutionary process produces the variation that natural selection can act upon? A. Genetic drift B. Bottleneck effect C. Mutation D. Gene flow

C. Mutation

____________ is the raw material for evolutionary change and introduce new variations among members of a population. A. Nonrandom mating B. Genetic drift C. Mutation D. Macroevolution

C. Mutation

Which gas was present in the smallest quantity during the formation of the primordial soup? A. H2O B. CH4 C. O2 D. H2

C. O2

The morphological species concept uses _________ to identify a species. A. Reproductive isolation B. Molecular techniques C. Physical features

C. Physical features

The model of evolution that describes the process as having occasional periods of rapid change interrupting periods of relative stasis is called __________. A. Uniformitarian B. Gradualistic equilibrium C. Punctuated equilibrium D. Catastrophism

C. Punctuated equilibrium

Which enzyme is used by some viruses to form DNA? A. DNA ligase B. RNA polymerase C. Reverse transcriptase

C. Reverse transcriptase

During the Mesozoic era, which trait was present in the therapsids that link them to the mammals? A. Jointed appendages B. Warm blooded C. Skeletal traits D. Produce eggs

C. Skeletal traits

Speciation that occurs while populations overlap geographically is called __________ speciation. A. Adaptive B. Parapatric C. Sympatric D. Allopatric

C. Sympatric

The hypothesis for chemical evolution that describes the formation of a nucleic acid prior to the formation of the first cell is called _________ hypothesis. A. The DNA-first B. The protein-first C. The RNA-first D. The protein-second

C. The RNA-first

Why would an organism develop hybrid inviability? A. One of the parents was genetically incapable of having offspring B. The zygote was exposed to mutagens increasing its genetic potential C. The zygote inherits incompatible genetic information from the parents and does not develop properly

C. The zygote inherits incompatible genetic information from the parents and does not develop properly

The belief that geological change is a slow and continuous process is called _________. A. Catastrophism B. Gradualism C. Uniformitarianism D. Equilibrium

C. Uniformitarianism

The Earth experienced sudden changes and massive disruptions

Catastrophism

Darwin observed organisms and populations to form his idea of natural selection, which is the process by which he proposed species ________________.

Change over time

Who came up with the theory of uniformitarianism?

Charles Lyell and James Hutton

The formation of organic monomers and polymers prior to the development of life on Earth is called ________ evolution.

Chemical

Sexual selection in males usually results in an increased ability to _________ for mates, whereas sexual selection in females usually involves ___________ a mate with the best fitness.

Compete, selecting

_______________ had feathers, sophisticated wings, opposable toes, and a short tail with bones that were fused together. They also had toothless beaks.

Confuciusornis

The group of plants that was the most prevalent during the Triassic and Jurassic periods were the _________.

Cycads

The protein _____________ is essential for cellular respiration.

Cytochrome c

The sequence of amino acids for ______________ in humans is very similar to that of simpler organisms, such as yeast. This indicated that these organisms share a __________ ancestor.

Cytochrome c, common

The number of differences between the amino acid sequence of _____________ in humans ____________ (increases/decreases) with increasing distance from simpler organisms.

Cytochrome c, increases

Reproductive isolation between organisms is the feature used to identify species using the ___________ species concept. A. Systematic B. Organismal C. Evolutionary D. Biological

D. Biological

Paleontology is the study of __________. A. Weather B. Art forms C. Caves D. Fossils E. Genotypes

D. Fossils

The movement of alleles between populations is referred to as ____________. A. Founder effect B. Allele swapping C. Genetic drift D. Gene flow E. Equilibrium genetics

D. Gene flow

A double-layered bubble that is formed from lipids and is roughly the same size as a cell is called a ___________. A. Lysosome B. Microsphere C. Coacervate droplet D. Liposome

D. Liposome

When proteinoids are placed in water they form a ________. A. Lysosome B. Polysome C. Cytosphere D. Microsphere

D. Microsphere

The large flying dinosaurs of the Jurassic period were called _______. A. Tyrannosaurs B. Stegosaurs C. Apatosaurs D. Pterosaurs

D. Pterosaurs

Which model of evolutionary change suggests that transitional fossils are not likely to be found? A. Gradualistic equilibrium model B. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model C. Allopatric equilibrium model D. Punctuated equilibrium model

D. Punctuated equilibrium model

Which of the following would be least likely to fossilize? A. Shell B. Bone C. Teeth D. Skin

D. Skin

The protein-first hypothesis assumes that protein enzymes arose prior to the formation of ________.

DNA

Darwin hypothesized that the living forms of these organisms were ___________ from the extinct forms he observed in the fossil record.

Descended

What is the conclusion to the observation? Rhea birds in South America look similar to African ostriches.

Different/unrelated species can evolve similar traits when living in a similar environment.

During the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation as they began to fill habitats previously occupied by ___________.

Dinosaurs

When an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve moves toward that extreme, this would demonstrate a type of natural selection called __________ selection.

Directional

What type of selection are these examples of? Many antibiotics are no longer effective against bacteria because the bacteria have evolved resistance against them A new flu vaccine is needed every year because the flu virus evolves resistance to our immune system cells created by the old vaccine

Directional Selection

What type of selection are these examples of? Individuals in one population of finches occupy different niches and eventually evolve to have different beak sizes British land snails comprise two very different phenotypes, as they are both adapted to different habitats

Disruptive Selection

In some populations, males or females will establish __________ hierarchies in which high-ranking individuals have greater access to resources.

Dominance

A cell with a nucleus and membranous organelles is a(n) ____________ cell.

Eukaryotic

Genetic changes occurring in a species over generations, which lead to genetic and phenotypic differences, are collectively known as _________.

Evolution

What are true things regarding evolution?

Evolution is a theory about how the diversity of life emerged after life originated Although not all transitional organisms have been preserved, scientists have unearthed many, including the Tiktaalik Complex human structures did not evolve as a single functioning unit, but slowly over millions of years, piece by piece Evolution is both observable and testable; populations have been observed evolving in the laboratory and in the field Evolution is a theory, or a well-established and accepted scientific model that is based on extensive experimentation and observation Mutations that cause variation originate spontaneously by chance, but natural selection drives evolution and is not random

Speciation in the fossil record is explained by the ___________ species concept.

Evolutionary

The total disappearance of a species or high taxonomic group is called ___________.

Extinction

True or false? Most adaptations resulting from natural selection are perfectly suited to the environment.

False

True or false? The gradualism model of evolution suggests that speciation occurs rapidly, followed by long periods of time associated with very little evolutionary change.

False

Because females produce _______ eggs compared to the _______ sperm that males produce, females choose a male with the best _________, or the ability to produce surviving young.

Few, many, fitness

Darwin observed numerous different species of _______ on the Galapagos Islands that each had beaks specially adapted to their food choice.

Finches

Darwin speculated that all _______ on the island could have descended from mainland ________, and _________ occurred on the island so that the _________ evolved independently.

Finches, finches, speciation, finches

The ability of an organism to produce surviving offspring, compared to the other members of a population is called __________.

Fitness

Any remains or traces of past life are called ________.

Fossils

During this time, he made many observations, including finding raised beaches and marine _________ located high in the Andes Mountains.

Fossils

These included _______ of ancient animals, such as the Armadillo-like ___________ and the giant ground sloth __________.

Fossils, Glyptodon, Mylodon

When genetic drift occurs, resulting in rare alleles, or combinations of alleles, occurring at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population, this is called the _________ effect.

Founder

What are these examples of? A highway is built through a pristine forest, splitting the deer population in half. The associated development around the highway prevents the two halves from interacting A hive of bees is overcrowded and half the population swarms to form a new hive elsewhere

Founder effect

An example of genetic drift in which a small group of individuals establishes a larger population is called the ______________. A population exhibiting this effect is normally _________ from a general population.

Founder effect, isolated

The percentage of each allele in a population's gene pool is referred to as an allele ____________.

Frequency

If two different species of frogs mate but the gametes do not fuse this is a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation called _________ isolation.

Gamete

What are these examples of? A single frog is removed from its habitat for a school project and is returned to a different watershed where it joins another population Pollen from a genetically engineered wheat crop pollinates a population of native wheat plants nearby

Gene flow

Random changes in the allele frequencies of a gene pool are referred to as __________. These changes are due to _________ rather than _________ in the environment. These events can include ____________, disease, or famine. Because of this, these events _______ necessarily lead to adaptations to the environment.

Genetic drift, change, selection, natural disasters, do not

The history of Earth, divided into eras, periods, and epochs is called the ________ timescale.

Geologic

What scientist developed the theory of catastrophism?

Georges Cuvier

The ____________ hypothesis suggests that females select males based on their traits that increase survival.

Good genes

The _________ model of evolution describes a slow, continuous process, the ___________ equilibrium model describes a process that is interrupted by periods of stasis.

Gradual, punctuated

Darwin and others noted that organisms exhibit _________ variation, or differences that they pass from one generation to the next.

Heritable

This type of structure is evidence of evolution for a common ancestor Gill pouches present in all vertebrates at some point during development Whale fins and bat wings that contain the same bone structure

Homologous structures

The heterozygote advantage means that the heterozygote for a trait has an advantage over the two ______________.

Homozygotes

These _____ genes control the development of the body plan in all animals. Therefore, they are __________ conserved meaning that ______ mutations survive.

Hox, highly, few

Humans share some of the same genes, such as ______ genes, with simpler organisms such as ________.

Hox, insects

______________ had feathers and sophisticated wings with powerful flight muscles attached to a breastbone. This allowed for true flight rather than gliding. They also had opposable toes and toothless beaks.

Iberomesornis

Fossils used to identify deposits made at the same time in different parts of the world are called _______ fossils.

Index

Relative dating of rock strata uses _______ fossils to help estimate the age of a stratum.

Index

In South America, an _________ formed to allow ______________ into the continent. These ______________ flourished and outcompeted the __________.

Isthmus, placental animals, placental animals, marsupials

What scientist developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

What are examples of artificial selection?

Kohlrabi evolved as a result of farmers selecting for plants with increased lateral meristematic growth Dogs are all the same species but breeds exist due to selective dog breeding by humans Brussel sprouts evolved as a result of farmers selecting for abnormally large bud size Chinese cabbage evolved as a result of farmers selecting for plants with decreased intermode length Intentional choice to breed animals with desirable traits

The early nineteenth century scientist who proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics was Jean Baptiste de __________.

Lamarck

During dry years, large dry seeds flourish and ________ beaks have a selective advantage.

Large

The history of Earth is associated with large-scale evolutionary change called ________________.

Macroevolution

Australia and South America were once connected in one large land mass containing recently evolved _________. This land mass broke apart.

Marsupials

Biographical evidence of evolution

Marsupials were originally in both South America and Australia but were outcompeted in South America Finches on the Galapagos Islands were similar to those on the mainland, but had unique beaks suited specifically to life on the island

To this day, there are few ___________ in South America and many in Australia. Therefore, ___________ in South America share a(n) __________ (common/unrelated) origin, and the diversification of __________ in both continents occurred after they were geographically isolated.

Marsupials, common, marsupials

The disappearance of large numbers of species in a few million years or less is. called a ______________.

Mass extinction

When the genitalia of animals or floral parts of flowers are not compatible with each other for reproduction, this is an example of prezygotic reproductive isolation called ___________ isolation.

Mechanical

In many cases, he found specimens that varied from the _________ species in these areas and around the world.

Modern

A predator feeds on fish living on the reef. It is _____ (more/less) likely to see the orange fish than the yellow fish; so, as a result, the ________ fish are more likely to survive and ____________.

More, yellow, reproduce

In this manner, ____________ is driving __________ of beak sizes within a finch population.

Natural selection, evolution

Classify natural vs. artificial selection. A dog breeder wants the agility of a border collie and the coloring of an Australian shepherd, so he breeds the two Desert plants, such as cacti, are adapted to store water during dry conditions A variation that increases the speed of rodent increases its chances of escaping predators and reproducing A rose produces larger blooms so the seeds are chosen to plant again Rattlesnakes blend in with their wooded surroundings Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, and Chinese cabbage all descended from the same ancestor

Natural selection: Desert plants, such as cacti, are adapted to store water during dry conditions A variation that increases the speed of a rodent increases its chances of escaping predators and reproducing Rattlesnakes blend in with their wooded surroundings Artificial selection: A dog breeder wants the agility of a border collie and the coloring of an Australian shepherd, so he breeds the two A rose produces larger blooms so the seeds are chosen to plant again Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, and Chinese cabbage all descended from the same ancestor

What is the conclusion to the observation? Finches on the Galapagos Island were different from those on the nearby mainland.

New species arise from preexisting species.

Iron-nickel sulfides at the thermal vents would have been able to catalyze the change of _________ gas into ammonia.

Nitrogen

What is required to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

No mutations, no migration, random mating, no selection, and a large gene pool.

Individual organisms within a population differ in reproductive success; those that manage to successfully capture a larger amount of resources and produce more _________ have greater __________, a measure of this reproductive success.

Offspring, fitness

What is an example of Darwin's hypothesis?

Originally, giraffe neck length varied. Struggle to exist causes long-necked giraffes to have the most offspring. Due to natural selections, now giraffes have long necks.

What is an example of Lamarck's hypothesis?

Originally, giraffes had short necks. Giraffes stretched their necks in order to reach food. With continual stretching, giraffes all had long necks.

As Darwin sailed across South America, he had the opportunity to compare ______________ of the grasslands with the animals commonly found in the grasslands of England.

Patagonian hares

Darwin notices the ________________ resembled England's rabbit with its long legs and ears and wondered if it was because they were adapted to the same ____________, today known as _____________________.

Patagonian hares, environment, convergent evolution

What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Physical changes that are acquired by an organism during its lifetime are passed on to its offspring.

In Australia, there were few _____________ and therefore little competition, so __________ flourished and diversified.

Placental animals, marsupials

The condition of having three or more of a type of chromosome is called _____________.

Polyploidy

A __________ is a group of organisms of a single species living in the same geographic area.

Population

Over several generations, the _________ will consist of more ________ fish than _________ fish, as the population has adapted to the environment as a result of ____________.

Population, yellow, orange, natural selection

Reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent members of different species from mating and producing zygotes are called ___________ isolating mechanisms.

Prezygotic

Cell types that lack a nucleus as well as other membrane bound cell organelles are called ___________.

Prokaryotes

Amino acids will polymerize abiotically when exposed to dry heat and form a structure called a __________.

Proteinoid

Prior to true cells forming, the structure with an outer membrane called a ___________ would have been present.

Protocell

In the founding individuals of the population, ______ alleles can be present. These ______ alleles may be at a ________ frequency in the founder population than they were in the original population. Because of this, evolution is said to have occurred because the _______________ of the population has changed.

Rare, rare, higher, allele frequency

What is the conclusion to the observation? Long-necked tortoises lived in areas with tall cacti, and short-necked tortoises lived in areas with short cacti.

Related species can evolve different traits when exposed to different environments.

If migration between populations does not occur, the gene pools of those populations may become different over time which can lead to the populations becoming ____________ isolated.

Reproductively

Organisms also compete for _________. Some are better equipped to do so than others.

Resources

His observations of ______ in different _________ led him to speculate that differences in the __________ could modify species accordingly.

Rheas, latitudes, environment

A RNA molecule with enzymatic properties is called a(n) _________.

Ribozyme

The _________ hypothesis suggests that females select males based on their traits that increase survival.

Runaway

It's possible that females choose colorful males because their choice indicates the increased potential for their offspring to be chosen by females, thus passing on their genes, consistent with the __________ hypothesis. Or, it's possible that females choose colorful males because the bright plumage indicates the male's health and vigor, consistent with the __________ hypothesis.

Runaway, good genes

The process by which particulate material, carried by moving water, eventually settles is called ____________.

Sedimentation

The adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate is called ________ selection.

Sexual

An example of the runaway hypothesis is that cardinals exhibit _______________ meaning that males are large and colorful, whereas females are smaller and less colorful

Sexual dimorphism

The process that drives adaptive changes between males and females and leads to an increased ability to attract a mate are referred to as ________________.

Sexual selection

__________ had feathers. They also had more sophisticated wings that could fold against their body and allowed for longer flight. They had opposable toes and still had a tail.

Sinornis

Because the mountains were a great distance from the sea, Darwin hypothesized that ________ geological changes in the Earth brought them there over time.

Slow

During wet years, small tender seeds flourish and ________ beaks have a selective advantage.

Small

If the percentage of beak sizes within the finch population was plotted, one would find that during wet years, the percentage of finches with ________ beaks increases and during the dry years, the percentage of finches with _________ beaks increases.

Small, large

Although genetic drift occurs in populations of all sizes, the effect on the frequencies of alleles is greatest in ________ populations

Smaller

What idea did Erasmus Darwin come up with?

Species change over time.

What type of selection are these examples of? Very large and very small newborns are more likely to suffer serious health problems Bird clutch sizes consisting of 4-5 eggs are more likely to hatch than larger or smaller clutches

Stabilizing Selection

A recognizable layer of sediment in a stratigraphic sequence is referred to as a(n) _________.

Stratum

A __________ studies organisms and places them into groups, organizing species based on similarities into the tree of life.

Taxonomist

The defensive behavior necessary to defend a territory is called ___________.

Territoriality

The area that is defended against competitors is called a __________.

Territory

Also like _________, they have the beginnings of _______ bones for use in pushing themselves along the shallow river bottom.

Tetrapods, wrist

What is the conclusion to the observation? Layers of rock on South American beaches contained extinct fossil remains.

The Earth is very old and changes over very long periods of time.

What is the conclusion to the observation? Strata within the Andes Mountains contained fossilized marine organisms.

The Earth is very old and changes over very long periods of time.

What is uniformitarianism?

The Earth today is shaped by the same slow natural processes that shaped it in the past.

Anatomical evidence of evolution

The bone structures of whale fins, bat wings, and human arms are all very similar All vertebrates have a tail and a gill pouch at some stage of embryonic development

What idea did Thomas Malthus develop?

The human population is growing at an exponential rate, but limited food, water, and shelter keep this growth in check.

Fossil evidence of evolution

Tiktaalik fossils show an intermediate between fish and tetrapods The remains of ancient whales have leg bones, indicating a terrestrial ancestor

The fossil of Tiktaalik, which exhibits fins, scales, and gills along with a flat head and wristlike forelimb is much like a fish as well as a tetrapod. This type of fossil is an example of a _________ fossil, which suports the idea that animals descended from a common ancestor.

Transitional

Tiktaaliks are considered to be __________ forms between fish and __________.

Transitional, tetrapods

True or false? A scientist is examining two fossilized skeletons of what he believes are extinct whales. Both have: tail bones, teeth, and front limbs. However, one has very small back legs and the other has very long back legs. He is using the evolutionary species concept to identify them as two different species.

True

The Earth is subject to slow continuous cycles of rock formation

Uniformitarianism

During times of environmental change, populations with genetic _______ have a better chance of adapting.

Variation

Within the population of finches on the Galapagos Islands, ________ exists within beak size

Variation

This type of structure is evidence of evolution from a common ancestor The wings of penguins are similar to wings of other birds, but penguins do not fly The human appendix is still present even though we no longer need it for a plant-based diet

Vestigial structures

Taxonomy is the science of _________ organisms.

classifying

Within a(n) ___________ of fish that inhabits a yellow coral reef, some fish are orange and some fish are yellow as a result of a _______ for body color.

population, gene