BSC2011 Exam 1
b, d
A cell in the leaf of a pine tree (a gymnosperm) has 40 chromosomes. If you examine a seed from this pine tree, you would expect to find some cells with the following number of chromosomes (mark all that apply): a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40
phylogenetic tree
A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms
eudicots
A group of angiosperms with pollen grains possessing three openings. Typically with two cotyledons, net-veined leaves, taproots, and floral organs typically in multiples of four or five.
rhyniophytes
A group of early vascular plants that appeared in the Silurian and became extinct in the Devonian. Possessed dichotomously branching stems with terminal sporangia but no true leaves or roots.
clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
cyanobacteria
A group of unicellular, colonial bacteria that were the first organisms to conduct oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll a. they do not contain a nucleus nor chromosomes.
monilophytes
A group of vascular plants, sister to the seed plants, characterized by overtopping and possession of megaphylls; includes the horsetails and ferns.
ginkgo
A gymnosperm group with only one living species. The ginkgo seed is surrounded by a fleshy tissue not derived from an ovary wall and hence not a fruit.
gnetophytes
A gymnosperm group with three very different lineages; all have wood with vessels, unlike other gymnosperms.
photorespiration
A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide. When RuBisCO is present, it fixes oxygen and not carbon dioxide. The plant is then unable to produce glucose, which creates a problem for the plant since they expend more energy to fix RuBisCO's role
peristome
A ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures on the bryophyte sporangium, often specialized for gradual spore discharge.
3
A seed contain tissues from how many generations?
algae
A term of convenience encompassing various distantly related groups of aquatic, photosynthetic eukaryotes
Casparian strip
A water-impermeable ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls. This area releases suberin to stop apoplast movement, yet allow the bypass of symplast movement
cuticle
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
roots
Absorbs water and minerals from the ground. Anchors plant in ground.
streptophytes
All green plants other than chlorophytes.
a.
All mammals share a large number of features. Which of the following features shared by all mammals is likely to be a synapomorphy, that is, a shared characteristic derived in a recent common ancestor? a. Milk production b. Four limbs c. Presence of a backbone d. Breathing air
1. cycads 2. gingkos
Among the seed plants, which 2 groups of gymnosperms have swimming sperm?
adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
progymnosperms
An extinct group of seedless, vascular plants that were among the first large, woody trees; lived in the Middle Devonian and Early Carboniferous periods.
plasmodesmata
An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells
monocots
Angiosperms characterized by possession of a single cotyledon, usually parallel leaf veins, a fibrous root system, pollen grains with a single opening, and floral organs usually in multiples of three.
cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
archegonia, antheridia
Both the ______________ and ________________ are produced on the same individual, so each individual has both male and female reproductive structures.
do not have, osmosis, do not have, small, desiccation, wet, moist
Bryophytes __________(have/do not have) roots, stems, and leaves. They obtain water through _______________. They _____________(have/do not have) strong support tissue in their plant body. Therefore, their size is ____________(small/large). They have signaling proteins that are involved in __________________ tolerance, which allows they to survive in harsh conditions. Once ________, they can continue their life cycle in any environment. They usually live in __________ habitats. Water allows their sperm to swim and reproduce.
do not, do not, do not, do not. do, do not, do not, do not do, do, do not, do not do, do, do, do not do, do, do, do
Bryophytes ___________(do/do not) contain vascular tissue. They ___________(do/do not) have megaphylls. They ___________(do/do not) have seeds. They ___________(do/do not) flowers. Lycophytes ___________(do/do not) contain vascular tissue. They ___________(do/do not) have megaphylls. They ___________(do/do not) have seeds. They ___________(do/do not) flowers. Monilophytes ___________(do/do not) contain vascular tissue. They ___________(do/do not) have megaphylls. They ___________(do/do not) have seeds. They ___________(do/do not) flowers. Gymnosperms ___________(do/do not) contain vascular tissue. They ___________(do/do not) have megaphylls. They ___________(do/do not) have seeds. They ___________(do/do not) flowers. Angiosperms ___________(do/do not) contain vascular tissue. They ___________(do/do not) have megaphylls. They ___________(do/do not) have seeds. They ___________(do/do not) flowers.
b.
By providing connections between adjacent cells that facilitate the exchange of chemical signals, dissolved substances, and nutrients, plasmodesmata make which feature possible? a. Mycorrhizal partnerships with fungi. b. Three-dimentional tissues such as "parenchyma". c. Gas exchange through pores that can be open and shut. d. Growth in a single direction, also known as "apical growth".
PEP, malate, bundle sheath,
C4 Photosynthesis 1. Stomata open and carbon dioxide diffuses in to connect with _______. 2. Once combines, they problem a soluble chemical, _______________. 3. This is transported to the ___________ ___________, where RuBisCO resides. 4. Malate then decomposes to carbon dioxide and PEP. 5. The carbon dioxide's concentration is increases, where near RuBisCO.
b.
C4 photosynthesis differs from CAM photosynthesis in all the following ways EXCEPT a. the timing of when stomata are opened. b. the use of malate as a intermediate in which CO2 can be stored and/or moved. c. the anatomical arrangement of photosynthetic cells in leaves. d. the ability of species to facultatively switch the alternative pathway on or off depending on conditions.
open, night, day, closed
CAM photosynthesis: 1. The stomata is ___________(open/closed) at night. 2. Carbon dioxide is stored in a 4-carbon malate during the ____________(day/night). 3. Malate decomposes to carbon dioxide and PEP, during the ___________(day/night). RuBisco is then able to interact with carbon dioxide. 4. At this point the stomata should be ___________(open/closed), during the day
stems
Carry substances between roots and leaves; provide support for plant; holds leaves up to sunlight
apoplast
Cell walls and intracellular space that act as a continuous meshwork of cellulose in cell walls. This pathway does not allow water and solutes to cross a membrane
a.
Choose the words that best complete the following statement: Many flowering plants have __________ that are composed of many __________. Sometimes this can be deceiving, for example in the Sunflower or Daisy family, where each "petal" is actually an individual flower. a. infloresences; flowers b. anthers; infloresences c. flowers; petals d. infloresences; anthers
Mesozoic
Commonly during the _____________ time periods, the Ginkgos have both male and female trees. The difference is determined by their sex chromosomes
conifers
Cone-bearing, woody seed plants
1. c 2. e 3. a. 4. b. 5. d.
Connect the Gymnosperm group to the relevant characteristic. 1. Ephedra 2. Welwitschia 3. Gingko 4. Cycads 5. Conifers a. nearly extinct in the wild, dioecious, common street tree b. Fern or palm-like leaves, native to tropical regions, dioecious, flagellated sperm c. desert shrub; dioecious, source of stimulant compounds d. Most species of major gymno groups, monoecious, most widespread & abundant in temperate zones. e. native to the deserts of southwestern Africa; dioecious, only two leaves
symplast
Continuous cytoplasm of living cells connected by plasmodesmata. The plasmodesmata control the movement of water by filtering out soil, since they cell walls are selectively permeable
d.
Cyanobacteria are capable of many biochemical reactions that other organisms depend on. In addition to being the primary prokaryotes to employ oxygenic photosynthesis, many cyanobacteria can make their fertilizer by "fixing" which element (that is, converting an inert form into a biologically useful form)? a. Potassium b. Phosphorus c. Calcium d. Nitrogen e. Oxygen f. Carbon Dioxide
c.
Double fertilization results in: a. Two seeds b. An embryo and a megagametophyte c. A zygote and endosperm d. An ovule and two sperm nuclei
dormant
During the ___________ stage, the seed coat protects the embryo from excessive drying and may also protect it against potential predators that would otherwise consume the embryo and its nutrient reserves.
green algae
Earliest branching of green plants. They are mainly found in marine and fresh water environments.
green plants
Eukaryote with chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis. Organisms with chlorophylls a and b, cellulose-containing cell walls, starch as a carbohydrate storage product, and chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes.
phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
tracheid, vessel, flowers, carpels, stigma, double, diploid, triploid
Facts on Angiosperms: The Angiosperms contain __________ cells and __________ cells in their xylem. This allows for net venation in leaves. Angiosperms allow for ___________ and fruits to be produced. Ovules and seeds are enclosed in the ____________, whereas germination of pollen begin on the ___________. This process requires _________ fertilization, which produces a ___________ zygote and a ______________ endosperm.
megaphylls, endogenous, have
Facts on Euphyllophytes: Euphyllophytes have _______________(microphylls/megaphylls). This caused by overtopping growth. Their roots and stem branching are ______________. And their sperms ___________(have/do not have) multiflagellate sperm.
water, moist, gametophytes, independent, sporophytes, independent, gametophyte, sori, indusium, homosporous
Facts on Ferns: Ferns require __________ for the sperm to reach the eggs. This is the reason they live in ____________ habitats. Their ________________(gametophytes/sporophytes) are small and short-lived and ______________(dependent/independent), whereas the ______________(gametophytes/sporophytes) can be very large and survive hundreds of years and are ______________(dependent/independent). The ______________(gametophyte/sporophyte) will cease to exist once the other outgrows it. Sporangia are born in clusters called ________, on the underneath surface of leaves. The _____________ cover these structures. They are __________________(homosporous/hetersporous), though aquatic ferns may be the other type.
horns, base, is, sporophyte
Facts on Hornworts: Hornworts have sporophytes that look like __________. These sporophytes grow from the _________ region of the plant _________(is/is not) capable of indefinite cell division. Therefore, the oldest ______________(gametophyte/sporophyte) is found at the tip of the hornwort. The youngest is found at the base.
independent, independent, strobilus, microphylls, silica
Facts on Horsetails: Horsetails have ______________(dependent/independent) gametophytes, whereas the sporophytes are ______________(dependent/independent). The sporangia are produced in the _____________. They have reduce true leaves in whorls, which may be considered as _______________(microphylls/megaphylls). They also have true roots. The horsetails leave "scouring rashes" and cause scratchy textures. The stem is hollow and leave strands of _____________ containing cells.
apical growth, do not, gametophyte, is not, stomata, mutualistic, sporophyte, gametophyte, elaters
Facts on Liverworts: The liverwort's growing occurs at the apex of the plant, meaning they have the adaptation of ___________ __________. Liverworts ____________(do/do not) have true roots. The sporophyte remains attached to the larger ________________. Most liverworts can reproduce sexually and asexually, though there _________(is/is not) internal water conduction There is also no structure for gas exchange, or ______________. They can live on bare rocks, tree banks, buildings, since they share a ________________ association with fungi. The _______________(gametophyte/sporophyte) is dependent on the ________________(gametophyte/sporophyte). The sporangium has a stalk, capsule, and _____________, which are used in disperses spores.
independent, independent, strobili, dichotomous, microphylls, homosporous
Facts on Lycophytes: Lycophytes have ______________(dependent/independent) sporophytes and _____________(dependent/independent) gametophytes. Their sporangia is found in clusters called ________________. Their root and stem branching is ______________. They have ____________(microphylls/megaphylls). Though most vascular plants are heteresporous, lycophytes can be both heterosporous and _______________. Therefore, they have both megaspore and microspores
stomata, hydroids, sporophyte, gametophyte, peristome teeth, humidity
Facts on Mosses: Mosses are erect leafy gametophytes that have ____________, for gas exchange. They also have ____________, which are cells that die and leave a channel through which water can travel. The ______________(gametophyte/sporophyte) is dependent on the ______________(gametophyte/sporophyte). The sporophyte produces a single capsule, where _____________ ___________ aid in the dispersal or spores. These structure are hygroscopic, meaning that they shape due to _____________.
heterosporous, wood,
Facts on Spermatophytes: All spermatophytes are ______________(homosporous/heterosporous). They produce _________ through secondary growth, since it increases the plant's diameter.
suberin
Fatty material found in the cell walls of cork tissue and in the Casparian strip of the endodermis
b.
Ferns, like bryophytes and lycophytes, can only survive in places that are constantly wet. a. True b. False
parenchyma
Fundamental tissue composed of thin-walled living cells in streptophytes. They function in photosynthesis and storage, since they link with plasmodesmata
b.
Haploid cells cannot divide via mitosis. a. True b. False
seed plants
Heterosporous vascular plants that produce seeds; most produce wood; branching is axillary (not dichotomous). The major seed plant groups are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
scouring rushes, irregularly, large, small, independent
Horsetails are sometimes called "____________ __________" because rough silica deposits found in their cell walls once made them useful for cleaning. They have true roots that branch ___________. They have a _______(small/large) sporophyte and a ________ (small/large), each ______________(independent/dependent) of the other.
b.
How high is it possible to suck water up through a straw? a. There is no absolute limit, it depends on how strong the suction is. b. It depends on the surrounding air pressure, but at sea level it is ~10m.
c.
How many genetically distinct "generations" are found in a mature angiosperm seed? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
9,000
How many species exist of liverworts?
12,000
How many species of ferns exist?
1,200
How many species of gymnosperms exist?
100
How many species of hornworts exist?
15
How many species of horsetails are there?
15,000
How many species of mosses exist?
c, e
Hygroscopic structures change shape when humidity changes. In bryophytes, such structures ensure that spores are released when conditions are optimal for dispersal. These structures include [choose all correct answers] a. Opercula b. Stipes c. Elaters d. Stomata e. Peristome teeth f. Capsules
oogamus
If a plant does not produce morphologically different types of gametes, it is not ______________.
b.
If a plant is homosporous, then it does not produce sperm and eggs. a. True b. False
b.
If a plant species self-pollinates frequently what would you expect to happen to the frequency of the deleterious recessive an allele in the population over evolutionary time? a. It should increase b. It should decrease c. It should stay the same
b.
If a species of plant is dioecious, can it self-pollinate? a. yes b. no c. maybe
c.
If you discover a vascular plant that has primarily dichotomous branching in the aerial stems and sporangia in strobili, to which group should you immediately suspect this plant belongs? a. Horsetails b. Liverworts c. Lycophytes d. Monilophytes
cones
In Conifers, a reproductive structure consisting of spore-bearing scales extending from a central axis
b.
In a pine, the microstrobilus is composed of numerous scales derived from modified leaves, with ____________ developing in between the scales. (Choose the single best answer) a. microspores b. microsporangia c. pollen d. microgametophytes e. eggs f. sperm
a.
In a species that has male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers on separate individuals, which whorl is adjacent to the pistil? a. Petals (corolla) b. Stamens (androecium) c. Pistil (gynoecium) d. Not enough information to say
a.
In a species that has male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers on separate individuals, which whorl is adjacent to the sepals? (Note: a "whorl" is a ring of organs around the stem. There can be whorls of leaves, or whorls of flower parts, such as the gynoecium or androecium, the calyx or the corolla) a. Petals (corolla) b. Stamens (androecium) c. Pistil (gynoecium) d. Not enough information to say
independent, dependent
In a vascular plant, the sporophyte is nutritionally _______________(independent/dependent). The sporophyte is also able to grow much larger than ones of nonvascular land plants, which are ____________(independent/dependent).
petals, corolla, sepals, calyx
In addition, many flowers have specialized sterile leaves. The inner ones are called __________, collectively called the ____________. The outer ones are called the ___________, collectively called the ___________.
double fertilization
In angiosperms, a process in which the nuclei of two sperm fertilize one egg. One sperm's nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to produce a zygote, while the other combines with the same egg's two polar nuclei to produce the first cell of the triploid endosperm
fruit
In angiosperms, a ripened and mature ovary containing the seeds. Sometimes applied to reproductive structures of other groups of plants
microstrobilus
In conifers, male pollen-bearing cone that is typically herbaceous rather than woody, as its scales are composed of modified leaves, beneath which are the pollen-bearing microsporangia
megastrobilus
In conifers, the female seed-bearing cone (ie: woody cone from pine tree)
small, large, water, sori
In ferns, the gametophyte is _________(small/large) and short-lived, but the sporophytes can be ___________(small/large) and live up to hundreds of years. Ferns require ____________ for the transport of male gametes to female gametes. The sporangia of ferns are typically borne on a stalk in clusters called ________. They are found on the undersurfaces of the leaves
independent, dependent, sporophyte, gametophyte
In nonvascular land plants, the gametophyte is nutritionally _______________ (independent/dependent). Whereas, the sporophyte is nutritionally ______________ (independent/dependent). The ______________ remains permanently attached to the _______________.
sporangia
In plants and fungi, any specialized structure within which one or more spores are formed
gametophyte
In plants and photosynthetic protists with alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid phase that produces the gametes
ovule
In plants, a structure comprising the megasporangium and the integument, which develops into a seed after fertilization
independent, longer
In seed plants, the sporophytes are ____________(independent/dependent) of the gametophyte. The sporophytes generation is ____________(shorter/longer) than the gametophytes
independent, homospory
In seedless vascular plants, the gametophyte and sporophyte are both______________(independent/dependent) and are usually both photosynthetic. The spores produced are a single type and develop into a single type of gametophyte that bears both female and made reproductive organs. This skill is called _______________.
larger, independent, smaller, dependent
In the angiosperms, the sporophyte generation becomes ____________(smaller/larger) and more _____________(independent/dependent) of the gametophyte, while the gametophyte becomes ______________(smaller/larger) and more _______________(independent/dependent) on the sporophyte
c.
In the sense of "alternation of generations", how many "generations" are included in a mature pine seed? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
a.
Is the following statement true or false? The tissue of the capsule in a moss is diploid. a. True b. False
b.
It's a hot, windy day. What do you expect to happen to the rate of water movement through the plant? a. It will speed up because the amount of water available to be absorbed by the roots is increased. b. It will speed up because the rate of transpiration will increase c. It will slow down because the cohesion among water molecules will decrease. d. It will slow down because transpiration will decrease due to the lack of a humidity gradient
b.
Knowing that the blue area represents the gametophyte and the tan area represents the sporophyte phase of the life cycle, which cellular processes are taking place between the generations, at the bottom portion? a. Mitosis, Meiosis b. Meiosis, Fertilization c. Fertilization, Mitosis d. Meiosis, Mitosis
zygote, embryo, sporophyte, sporangium, gametophytes, mitosis
Life Cycle of a Plant: The diploid _____________ develops by mitosis into a multicellular ______________, which eventually grows into a mature diploid plant, or also known as a ___________________. This plant forms spore-producing _________________. Cells in sporangia produce haploid multicellular _________________, that make gametes by ________________. Eggs are fertilized by sperm to form diploid zygotes.
1. Gnetum 2. Welwitschia 3. Ephedra
List 3 types of Gnetophytes:
1. archegonium 2. antheridium
List the 2 gametangia found in streptophytes and land plants:
1. monocots 2. eudicots
List the 2 largest clades:
1. gymnosperms 2. angiosperms
List the 2 major groups of living seed plants:
1. apoplast 2. symplast
List the 2 pathways of water movement in vascular plants:
1. horsetails 2. ferns
List the 2 plants in the monilophytes clade:
1. triploid endosperm 2. diploid zygote
List the 2 products of double fertilization:
1. gymnosperms 2. angiosperms
List the 2 seed plants:
1. red algae 2. green algae
List the 2 species that have the ability to conduct secondary endosymbiosis:
1. lycophytes 2. monilophytes
List the 2 vascular plants that are seedless:
1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya
List the 3 domains of the living world:
1. hornworts 2. liverworts 3. mosses
List the 3 nonvascular land plants:
1. roots 2. stems 3. leaves
List the 3 specialized organs of the vascular plant:
1. chlorarachniophytes 2. euglenoids 3. dinoflagellates
List the 3 species that green algae gives rise to, through secondary endosymbiosis:
1. canopy 2. understory 3. forest floor
List the 3 tiers of the canopy:
1. dermal 2. vascular 3. parenchyma
List the 3 tissue systems of spermatophytes:
1. apical growth 2. oogamy 3. phragmoplast 4. plasmodesmata
List the 4 adaptations that evolved in streptophytes:
1. cycads 2. ginkgo 3. gnetophytes 4. conifers
List the 4 gymnosperms:
1. diatoms 2. brown algae 3. cryptomonads 4. haptophytes
List the 4 species that red algae gives rise to, through secondary endosymbiosis:
1. cuticle 2. gametangia 3. pigments 4. thick-walled spores 5. mychorrizae 6. stomata
List the 6 terrestrial adaptations found in all major lineages of land plants, including liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.
1. monilophytes 2. seed plants
List the two groups that constitute the clade of euphyllophytes:
Baker's Law
Long distance dispersal, favors self-pollination forms because a single individual can start a colony without mates or pollinators. There may be fewer deleterious recessive alleles
c.
Looking at the underside of a fern leaf with a magnifier, you see flaps of tissue protecting a large number of round, brownish structures on tiny stalks, with prominent ridges on the top. what are these? a. Sori b. Spores c. Sporangia d. Indusia
b.
Many plants store sugar in the form of starch in underground structures (think potatoes or beets). In the spring new leaves must be formed before the plant can begin photosynthesizing again. Which statement below offers a plausible explanation of the function of phloem in plants like potatoes and beets? a. The roots are source cells in the summer and winter but not in the spring and fall. b. The leaves are source cells during the summer and the roots are the source cells in the early spring. c. The flow of sugars is in the direction of sink to source. d. When the leaves are forming in the spring, phloem flow stops. e. Phloem must flow from the roots in this species, to supply the leaves with sugars all year round.
megaspore, meiosis, 1, 3, mitosis, archegonia, embryo, megagametophytes
Megasporangium in Conifers: 1. The ______________ mother cell undergoes ___________ to produce 4 daughter megaspores 2. Only _____(number) of the daughter megaspores survive, as the other ____(number) degenerate. 3. The daughter megaspore undergoes ____________ to produce many megagametophytes. 4. Differentiation occurs and pollen chambers/micropyles appear. The ________________, where the egg resides is formed. 5. Pollen grains enter this and fertilize to form the zygote. 6. A zygote turns into an _____________, which is the seed. This is nourished and held in place by the surrounding __________________ remaining.
stomata
Mosses are closer to the vascular plants than the liverworts, since they have ___________, which is an important structure for both water retention and gas exchange.
b.
Most ferns produce mega- and microgametophytes. a. True b. False
c.
Most of the following treatments would drastically slow or stop water movement through a plant. However, one of these would not have this effect. Which of the following treatments would allow water to move freely through the plant? a. Submerging a plant's roots in a bucket of salt water. b. Removing all the leaves from a plant. c. Treating the plant with a drug that makes stomata open. d. Injecting air into the xylem.
red algae
Mostly multicellular, marine and freshwater algae characterized by the presence of phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a in their chloroplasts. Contains cellulose in cell walls. Conducts secondary endosymbiosis, which gives rise to the diatoms, brown algae, cryptomonads, and haptophytes
coleochaetophytes
Multicellular green algae characterized by flattened growth form composed of thin-walled cells. Thought to be the sister group to the stoneworts plus land plants
stoneworts
Multicellular green algae with branching, apical growth and plasmodesmata between adjacent cells. The closest living relatives of the land plants, they retain the egg in the parent organism.
liverworts
Nonvascular land plants lacking stomata; stalk of sporophyte elongates along its entire length.
hornworts
Nonvascular land plants with sporophytes that grow from the base. Cells contain a single large, platelike chloroplast.
mosses
Nonvascular land plants with true stomata and erect, "leafy" gametophytes; sporophytes elongate by apical cell division.
water, capillary action, diffusion
Nonvascular plants have leaflike structures that catch and hold on to any ____________ that splashes onto them. This then flows through the plant by ____________ __________. Minerals, however, are distributed through _____________.
cycads, tropics, toxic
Of the present-day gymnosperms, the ________ are probably the earlier-diverging clade. They are palmlike plants of the ___________, though their tissues of many species are ___________ to humans.
antheridia, archegonium, diploid, sporophyte, spores
Once released from the _________________, the sperm must swim or be splashed by raindrops to a nearby __________________ on the same or a neighboring plants. The sperm are aided on their journey by chemical attractants released by the egg. Before the sperm can enter, certain cells in the neck of the archegonium must break down, leaving a water-filled canal through which the sperm can swim to complete their journey. Once sperm arrive at an egg, the nucleus of a sperm fuses with the egg nucleus to form a __________(haploid/diploid/triploid) _____________. Mitotic divisions of the zygote produce a multicellular diploid ______________ embryo. This matures and produces a ________________, within which meiotic divisions produce ______________ and this the next gametophyte generation.
embryo
One of the key synapomorphies of the land plants is the developments from an _________ that is protected by tissued of the parent plant. For this reason, land plants are sometimes called embryophytes
enter, leave, lowers, increase
Open Stomata: Carbon dioxide can _______________(enter/leave) and oxygen can _______________(enter/leave). Water evaporates and leaves the leaf tissue Closed Stomata Carbon dioxide levels _____________(lower/increase) and oxygen levels _____________(lower/increase). Water is trapped inside the leaf
cycads
Palmlike gymnosperms with large, compound leaves.
a.
Passive stomata found in non-seed plants have guard cells that become __________ when the plant is well hydrated. This causes the stomata to be __________ to gas exchange. a. turgid; open b. turgid; closed c. flaccid; open d. flaccid; closed
companion, higher, water, sink
Phloem Transport cycle: At a source cell, sucrose is actively transport into ______________ cells. It flows through the plasmodesmata into sieve tubes. ______________(lower/higher) sucrose concentration than surrounding cells leads to _____________ entering sieve tubes from the xylem by osmosis. Thus increase pressure in the source cells pushes the contents toward the _____________ cells. At these cells, sucrose moves out and water moves back to the xylem. The gradient of solute potential and pressure potential needed for movement of phloem sap is maintained.
a.
Photorespiration is rarely a problem if a. temperatures are mild b. temperatures are high c. CO2 concentrations are low d. O2 concentrations are high
a.
Place the fern structures in the correct order to fill in the blanks in the following statement: In Leptosporangiate ferns, __(1)__ are small structures with a wall that is a single cell-layer thick. They have a band of thickened cells called a(n) __(2)__, which changes shape with changes in humidity to throw __(3)__ into the air for dispersal. These structures are usually aggregated in clusters called __(4)__ on the bottoms of fertile leaves, and these clusters are each protected by a flap of tissue known as a(n) __(5)__. a. sporangia; annulus; spores; sori; indusium b. sori; indusium; spores; annulus; sporangia c. spores; sporangia; sori; indusium; annulus d. sori; indusium; spores; sporangia; annulus e. sporangia; annulus; sori; indusium; spores
a.
Plant species that live in areas with extremely inhospitable climates often employ the strategy of having an _______ habit, which allows them to withstand bad conditions by remaining dormant as a seed. a. annual b. convergent c. monoecious d. succulent
carnivorous plants
Plants that get some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals. They do not gain energy from these animals/insects
land plants
Plants with embryos that develop within protective structures; also called embryophytes. Both sporophytes and gametophytes of land plants are multicellular. Land plants possess a cuticle. Major groups are the liverworts, mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants.
vascular plants (tracheophytes)
Plants with xylem and phloem. May be called tracheophytes because of their tracheids. Major groups include the lycophytes and euphyllophytes.
microsporangium, microspores, meiosis, mitosis, generative, tube megasporangium, 3, cytokinesis, 8, 7, 8 pollen, zygote, triploid cotyledons
Pollination: Microsporangium 1. Each anther represents a __________________. 2. 4 haploid ______________ are formed by _______________ from this structure. 3. Each of these undergo __________, forming 2-cell pollen-grain/microgametophyte 4. One cell is the ____________ cell, which divides by mitosis to form 2 sperm cell. The other cell is the ___________ cell, which forms the pollen tube. Megasporangium 1. 4 haploid megaspores are produced from __________________. 3 of these die. 2. The remaining megaspore undergoes ___(number) rounds of mitosis. However, this mitosis does not experience the _________________ phase. This produces 1 cell with ____(number) nuclei 3. The cell walls finally form to make a _____(number)-cell megagametophyte with ____(number) nuclei. 4. One cell is the _______ cell, which is a large central cell that contains 2 polar nuclei Double Fertilization 1. 2 male gametes in one ___________ grain. 1 combines with the eggs to form a diploid ____________. 2. The other 1 combines with 2 polar nuclei of the female gametophyte to form a ____________ endosperm. 3. The triploid cell nourishes the embryo during its early development. After Fertilization 1. The zygote develops into an embryo with 1-2 _______________, or seed leaves. 2. These can absorb and digest the embryo, so that they can enlarge and become photosynthetic when the seed germinates.
exported, imported, swell, exported, shrink
Presence of light: Hydrogen protons/H+ are ___________(imported/exported) in guard cell. K+ and Cl- are ___________(imported/exported) in guard cell. Water follows the salts, causing the guard cell to _____________(swell/shrink). Absence of light: K+ and Cl- are ___________(imported/exported) in guard cell. Water follows the salts, causing the guard cell to _____________(swell/shrink).
convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
liverworts, mosses, ferns, lycophytes
Rhizomes are retains in some modern plants, such as ____________ and ____________, and are also found in some vascular plants, such as ________ and ________________.
gymnosperms
Seed plants with seeds "naked" (i.e., not enclosed in carpels). Probably monophyletic, but status still in doubt. Includes the conifers, gnetophytes, ginkgo, and cycads.
sap, high, active transport
Sieve cells hold phloem ________, which is composed of sucrose in solution. The flow rate in these cells can be very ___________(low/high). The flow may move in different directions, therefore it relies on ____________ _____________ and osmosis. They require energy.
diffusion, hydroid
Some moss gametophytes are so large that they cannot transport water throughout their bodies solely by ____________. Gametophytes and sporophytes of these mosses contain a type of cell called a ___________, which dies and leaves a tiny channel through which water can travel
pollination syndrome
Suites of flower characters that are associated with certain types of pollinators and that have evolved through natural selection imposed by the interaction between flowers and pollinators. (ie: bees = pale yellow, pink, lavender, with open-flower structures. flies = tiny white flowers closed together with inflorescences, dead-smelling flowers. moths = pale flowers that bloom at night and have a strong aroma. butterflies = brightly colored flowers. birds = red tubular plants. bats = night pale blooming flowers with strong aroma)
b, c
Suppose this fern gametophyte was all alone. In other words, it was completely isolated from all other gametophytes. Several days after a rainstorm, a sporophyte began to grow from an archegonium. What could you predict would be the case about the genetics of this sporophyte? Choose all correct answers. a. Only one set of the chromosomes in the sporophyte would be identical to the gametophyte. b. The sporophyte would eventually produce only spores that were genetically identical to the original gametophyte. c. The sporophyte would be completely homozygous at every locus. d. The sporophyte would be heterozygous at every locus.
conifers, 700
The __________ are the most abundant gymnosperms. There are around ______ species that exist today.
corolla, calyx, calyx
The ____________ and __________ can be quite showy and often play roles in attracting animal pollinators to the flower. The _________ more commonly protects the immature flower in bud.
stoneworts
The ____________ are thought to be the closest relatives of the land plants, based largely on similarities of their genes and ability to exhibit branched apical growth.
younger, older, older
The ____________(younger/older) portion of the wood produced by secondary growth is well adapted for water transport, but ______________(younger/older) wood becomes clogged with resins or other materials. Although no longer functional in transport, the ____________(younger/older) wood continues to provide support for the plant. This support allows woody plants to grow taller than other plants around them and thus capture more light for photosynthesis
chlorophytes, streptophytes
The ________________ are the sister group of all the other green plants, which are collectively called ___________________.
self-incompatibility
The ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.
seta
The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte.
tracheids, water, lignin, sunlight, spores
The evolutions of ____________ set the stage for the complete and permanent invasion of land by plants. First, these cells provided a pathway for the transport of _________ and mineral nutrients from a source of supply to regions of need in the plant body. And second, the cell walls of these are stiffened by _____________, provided rigid structural support. This support is a crucial factor in a terrestrial environment because it allows plants to grow upward and thus compete for ________________. A taller plant can intercept more direct sunlight and also disperse more ____________.
angiosperms
The flowering plants; major groups include the monocots, eudicots, and magnoliids.
euphyllophytes
The group of vascular plants that is sister to the lycophytes and which includes all plants with megaphylls.
vascular, xylem, phloem
The key synapomorphy of ____________ plants is a well-developed vascular system containing two types of tissues that are specialized for the transport of materials from one part of the plant to another, such as the __________, which conducts water and minerals from soil to aerial parts of the plant, and the ___________, which conducts the products of photosynthesis from sites where they are produced or released to sites where they are used or stored.
moist, meter, vascular
The liverworts, mosses, and hornworts tend to grow in ________ habitats and only usually grow about half a ___________ tall. They only grow this high because they lack an efficient ____________ system for transporting water and minerals from the soil to distant parts of the plant body.
leaves
The main photosynthetic organs of vascular plants that makes sugars
chlorophytes
The most abundant and diverse group of green algae, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial forms; some are unicellular, others colonial, and still others multicellular. These contain chlorophylls a and c in their photosynthesis.
Plantae
The most broadly defined plant group, corresponding to the group that descended from the primary endosymbiotic event that gave rise to chloroplasts. Includes green plants as well as glaucophytes and red algae.
sporophytes
The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into gametophytes generation. This generation is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition at some of all stages of development and usually remained attached in earlier plants
gametophytes
The multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.
d.
The nutritive tissue of the seeds of angiosperms is ________, while the nutritive tissue in the seed of a gymnosperm is______. a. diploid, haploid b. triploid, diploid c. haploid, diploid d. triploid, haploid
megaphyll
The overtopping growth of the euphyllophytes gas rise to which leaflike structure to evolve?
CAM photosynthesis
The photosynthetic pathway in which carbon fixation takes place at night, and the resulting carbon acids are stored until daylight when they are broken down into pyruvate and CO2 (ie: cacti and pineapple)
light
The ratio of two pigments -- phycoerythrin (red) and chlorophyll a (green) -- depends largely on the intensity of __________ that reaches the alga
fruits
These typically aid in seed dispersal. They may attach to or be eaten by an animal. The animal is then likely to move, after which the seeds may fall off or be defecated. They may be fleshy or hard/woody
trichomes
Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection that act as a constitutive defense
deciduous
Trees and shrubs that shed their leaves at the end of the growing season. A trait of the Ginkgos
false (the coleochaetophytes and stoneworts retain their eggs)
True or false Among the streptophytes, the coleochaetophytes and chlorophytes retain their eggs in the parental organism, as do land plants
false (they DO NOT form a clade)
True or false The three groups of nonvascular land plants form a clade, like the vascular plants.
true
True or false About half of all conifers species have soft, fleshy modifications of cones that envelop their seeds. Animals eat these fleshy tissues and disperse the seeds in their feces, often depositing the seeds considerable distances from the parent plant
true
True or false All parts of a flower are modified leaves
false (angiosperms are pollinated by animals)
True or false Angiosperms are pollinated by wind and water
true
True or false Both land plants and green algae contain chlorophyll b in addition to the chlorophyll a also found in glaucophytes and red algae
false (carpels evolved from leaf-like structures)
True or false Carpels evolved from root-like structures
true
True or false Gymnosperms are so named because their ovules and seeds, unlike those of angiosperms, are not protected by ovary or fruit tissue
false (Gymnosperms cannot form flowers nor fruits)
True or false Gymnosperms occasionally form flowers and fruits
true
True or false Gymnosperms only have tracheids as their water-conducting/support cells in the xylem
True
True or false In nonvascular land plants, the gametophyte is larger, long-lived, and more self-sufficient than the sporophyte. Vascular plants have a larger, more conspicuous, longer-lived, and more self-sufficient generation of sporophytes
true
True or false In perfect flowers, self-pollination can be a problem because inbreeding decreases heterozygosity by 50%. However, there are ways to avoid self-pollination, such as self-incompatibility and heterostyly
false (angiosperms are heterosporous)
True or false Like all seed plants, angiosperms are homosporous
true
True or false Lycophytes have true roots that branch dichotomously
true
True or false Most ferns are terrestrial, though some species live in shallow fresh water. They are characterized by large leaves with branching vascular strands. They may grow up to as long as 30 meters
true
True or false Most liverworts have green, leaflike gametophytes that lie close to or flat on the ground. These gametophytes produce sperm or eggs on their upper surfaces and rootlike filaments on their lower surfaces
True
True or false Nonvascular land plants are widely distributed, since they are mostly terrestrial. Some live in fresh water, however none live in oceans.
False (nonvascular plants lack these structures)
True or false Nonvascular land plants have true leaves, stems, and roots, like the vascular plants.
False (nonvascular land plants have layers of tissue to protect their embryos from desiccation and they have thin cuticles to avoid water loss)
True or false Nonvascular plants do not have any embryos nor cuticles.
false (phloem does not always have to exist)
True or false Phloem always has to exist, like xylem. Therefore primary xylem, secondary xylem, primary phloem, and secondary phloem all exist within euphyllophytes
False (plants move water on hot days and retain on cool days)
True or false Plants passively retain water on hot, dry, windy days, rather than cool, cloudy, rainy days.
true
True or false Rhyniophytes, the extinct closest relatives of living vascular plants, did not have roots. They were anchored to the soil by rhizomes
true
True or false Some plants require fire for seeds to be released. Fire is needed to open the tightly closed cones and releases the seeds of some pines, which are then able to germinate
true
True or false Stamens evolved from leaf-like structures
False (the lycophytes are the correct clad)
True or false The bryophytes are the sister group to the remaining vascular plants
true
True or false The endosperm serves as a storage tissue for starch or lipids, proteins, and other substances that will be needed by the developing embryo
false (the gametes do not have flagellae, since they are wine-pollinated)
True or false The gametes of the microstrobilus in conifers have flagellae
true
True or false The proton pump that responds to light can change the osmotic potential of guard cells so that they swell and open in the light
true
True or false Two characteristics distinguish hornworts from mosses and liverworts: 1. Hornworts contain a single large, platelike chloroplast, whereas mosses and liverworts contain numerous small, lens-shaped chloroplasts. 2. Hornworts sporophytes can grow without a set limit. Mosses and liverworts have a stalk that stops growing as spore-production matures, so elongation is limited.
true
True or false Vessels are much more effective because of their larger diameter tube, though they are more susceptible to experiencing bubble formation. This can cause significant issues within the plant
False (wind assists in this act)
True or false Water assists conifer pollen grains in their first stage of travel from the microstrobilus to the female gametophyte inside a cone
glaucophytes
Unicellular freshwater algae with chloroplasts containing traces of peptidoglycan, the characteristic cell wall material of bacteria. Thought to be the sister group to the rest of Plantae.
lycophytes
Vascular plants characterized by microphylls; includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
ferns
Vascular plants usually possessing large, frond-like leaves and possessing thin-walled sporangia.
horsetails
Vascular plants with reduced megaphylls in whorls.
b.
Water being pulled into the roots by osmotic pressure provides the force needed to raise water to the highest leaves in a plant. a. True b. False
1. chlorophyll a 2. chlorophyll b
What are the 2 pigments found in the green algae of the Plantae group?
1. C4 photosynthesis 2. CAM photosynthesis
What are the 2 ways to solve RuBisCO's presence in photorespiration?
1. chlorophytes 2. coleochaetophytes 3. stoneworts
What are the 3 important clades of green algae?
monilophytes
What clad is sister group to the seed plants?
b.
What ecological factor is key to maintaining natural Longleaf Pine woodlands in the Southeastern USA? a. Stable ecological conditions due to absence of major disturbance b. Frequent burning during wildfires c. Frequent flooding due to strong thunderstorms d. Frequent disturbance due to high winds in hurricanes
drip tips
What is an adaptation plants gain, due to excess rain?
heartwood
What is another name for older wood?
c.
What is meiosis for? a. Making gametes. b. Cell division. c. Reducing ploidy and generating new combinations of alleles.
outcrossing
What is one advantage that heterspory has over homospory?
sporopollenin
What is the chemically resistant biological compounds that protects pollen grain from dehydration and chemical damage? This is another advantage in terms of survival in the terrestrial environment.
b.
What is the genetic relationship between a gametophyte and the gametes it produces? a. The gametes differ from the gametophyte but not from one another b. The gametophyte and its gametes are genetically identical c. The gametophyte and every gamete are each unique d. Some, but not all, of the gametes are the same as the gametophyte In plants, gametes are produced through simple mitosis. Without a change in ploidy, independent assortment, or recombination, gametes are genetically identical to the gametophyte that produces them.
c.
What is the genetic relationship between a sporophyte and the spores it produces? a. The spores differ from the sporophyte but not from one another b. The sporophyte and its spores are genetically identical c. The sporophyte and every spore are each unique d. Some, but not all, of the spores are the same as the sporophyte
Longleaf Pine
What is the highest local plant species in North America that requires periodic fire/burning of the understory?
overtopping
What is the most important synapomorphy of euphyllophytes?
b.
What problem does carnivory solve for plants? Hint: most habitats have no carnivorous species; instead, in certain places, there are numerous carnivorous plants. a. Most plants in most habitats can get their food via photosynthesis. Where this is not possible plants must eat. b. Most plants are able to obtain their own nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from their roots. Where these nutrients are not available from the soil, plants must get them from animal prey. c. Most plants are able to obtain all the carbon they need from CO2. In places without CO2, carbon must come from animal foods. d. Most plants are able to produce their own nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium via photosynthesis Where photosynthesis cannot produce these elements, plants need to get them from animal prey.
dinoflagellates
What special species is able to be created through secondary endosymbiosis of green algae and tertiary endosymbiosis of crytomonads, haptophytes, diatoms, and brown algae?
d.
What structure best describes a developing angiosperm ovule prior to fertilization? a. A seed b. A spore c. An embryo d. A megasporangium e. A gametophyte f. A carpel
apical growth
When mertistematic growth occurs at the tips of the stems or roots
a.
When your first child is six months old, you hang a tire swing from a tree limb in your backyard. The bottom of the tire is six inches from the ground. When your child graduates college 22 years later, the tree is now ten feet taller than it was when you hung the tire swing. Neglecting soil erosion and any increased thickness of the limb, how far from the ground is the bottom of the tire? a. Six inches, approximately b. Ten feet, six inches c. Somewhere in between A and B
b.
Where would you find the youngest bark on the trunk of a tree ? a. At the top of the ridges b. In the deepest part of the furrows c. All bark is of equal age d. Impossible to say
b.
Whereas the figures in our text depict land plants as having a most recent common ancestor with the algae known as _____________, the most modern analyses indicate that another group, the _____________, are the closest living relatives to land plants. a. Chlorophytes (most green algae); b. Charophytes (Stoneworts) Charophyceae (Stoneworts); Zygnematophyceae ("other green algae", aka desmids & Spirogyra) c. Coleochaetophytes; Charophyceae (Stoneworts) d. Zygnematophyceae ("other green algae", aka desmids & Spirogyra); Coleochaetophytes
root hairs, root tip
Which area of the vascular plant absorbs water? Which area of the vascular plant is the area of growth?
companion cells
Which cells do sieve cells depend on for metabolism?
d.
Which challenge of terrestrial life is addressed by the presence of a cuticle? a. Absorption of nutrients b. Dispersal of reproductive cells c. Facilitation of gas exchange d. Prevention of evaporation
d.
Which of the following traits is an important part of reproductive assurance in the context of plant breeding systems? a. dioecy b. monoecy c. heterostyly d. self-compatibility
a, c, d
Which of the following would you expect to contain cells with the same number of chromosomes as an egg cell in a plant? (Pick all the correct answers- there may be more than one!) a. Gametophyte b. Sporophyte c. Spore d. Sperm
a, c, d, e
Which of the following would you expect to see in Polypodium (a leptosporangiate fern)? Choose all that apply. a. A megaphyll b. A strobilus c. Tracheids d. An independent sporophyte e. An independent gametophyte
b, c, d
Which of the following would you expect to see in Selaginella (a lycophyte)? a. A megaphyll b. A microphyll c. Tracheids d. An independent sporophyte
c, e, f
Which phenomenon(a) best explains the fact that, in similar habitats, similar growth forms and similar physiological adaptations have evolved repeatedly in unrelated plant clades? a. mutation b. genetic drift c. convergent evolution d. hybridization e. adaptation f. natural selection
chlorophytes
Which species of green plants represents the majority of green algae?
streptophytes
Which species of green plants represents the minority of green algae?
d.
Which statement best describes what "plants" are, phylogenetically speaking? a. Plants are all organisms that can photosynthesize. b. Plants are all photosynthetic eukaryotes. c. Plants are photosynthetic eukaryotes in which the common photosynthetic ancestor captured a photosynthetic partner that was itself eukaryotic, e.g. a green or red alga. d. Plants are photosynthetic eukaryotes in which the common photosynthetic ancestor captured a photosynthetic partner that was prokaryotic, i.e. a cyanobacterium.
d.
Which statement best responds to this commonly heard statement: "Pollen is just plant sperm" a. This is completely accurate. b. ACTUALLY, pollen is plant spores! c. ACTUALLY, pollen is plant microgametophytes inside microspore walls! d. ACTUALLY, pollen is plant microgametophytes inside microspore walls, and these microgametophytes produce tube cells that deliver generative cells that divide to produce two sperm nuclei!
c.
Why does the soil not disappear from beneath a large tree as it grows? a. New soil is formed to replace the organic matter consumed by the tree. b. The tree's biomass is formed solely from the water the tree absorbs from the soil. c. The tree's biomass is formed from the water the tree absorbs from the soils, AND the carbon dioxide it absorbs from the air. d. The tree's biomass is formed solely from the carbon dioxide the tree absorbs from the air.
b.
Why is inbreeding bad? Consider a plant that is heterozygous at a locus. If it self-pollinates, its offspring proportions can be represented by the following Punnet square: What proportion of its self-pollinated seeds will contain an embryo that is heterozygous at this locus? a. 1/4 b. 1/2 c. 3/4 d. 1
a.
Why is inbreeding bad? Consider a plant that is heterozygous at a locus. If it self-pollinates, its offspring proportions can be represented by the following Punnett square: If a is a deleterious recessive allele, what proportion of offspring will express this trait? a. 1/4 b. 1/2 c. 3/4 d. 1
Welwitschia, 2
With around 90 species, one of which being the ________________, the Gnetophytes live in the desert with ______(number) permanent straplike leaves, which split into many pieces that sprawl across the sand.
gnetophytes, largest
With the exception of the ________________, the living gymnosperm groups have only tracheids as water-conducting and support cells in the xylem. Though the gymnosperms may seem to have somewhat less efficient water transport or support systems than angiosperms, they serve as the ____________(smallest/largest) trees known.
peptigoglycan, cyanobacteria
Within glaucophytes, chloroplasts contain small amounts of _____________ between the inner and outer membranes. This same arrangement is also found in _______________.
dependent
Within seed plants, the megagametophytes are ______________(independent/dependent) on the sporophyte for food and water.
a, b, d, g, i
[Choose all correct answers] Which of the following items in the produce section of the grocery store is a fruit, not a vegetable? a. Oranges b. Corn c. Carrots d. Squash e. Potatoes f. Spinach g. Okra h. Lettuce i. Tomatoes j. Bean sprouts
a, b, d
[Choose all that apply] "Secondary compounds" in plants are those chemical substances that: a. protect the plant from fungi and bacteria b. deter herbivory by insects and other animals c. enable the plant to successfully obtain carbon and other nutrients from the soil d. attract human interest due to medicinal, recreational, and flavoring properties, among others. e. are considered essential to the everyday, ordinary functioning of any plant, no matter the species.
d, f
[choose all correct answers] While the antheridia and archegonia of bryophytes are both the site of ________________, new sporophytes grow only from _________________. a. meiosis; antheridia b. meiosis; archegonia c. mitosis; antheridia d. mitosis; archegonia e. gamete production; antheridia f. gamete production; archegonia
c, d
[select all correct answers] Which plant cells only function when they're dead? a. Sieve tubes b. Companion cells c. Vessels d. Tracheids e. Megaspores
cotyledons
a "seed leaf" or an embryonic organ that stores and digests reserve materials; may expand when the seed germinates. in some plants they serve as absorptive organs and in others, they enlarge and become photosynthetic when the seed germinates
dichotomous
a branching pattern in which the shoot divides at the apex, producing two equivalent branches that subsequently never overlap
primary endosymbiosis
a cyanobacterium was engulfed and caused the eukaryote containing the cyanobacterium to have 2 membranes. This type of cyanobacterial cell gave rise to chloroplasts of red and green algae, as well as land plants
ovary
a female organ, in plants or animals, that produces ova or eggs
seeds
a fertilized, ripened ovule of a gymnosperm or angiosperm that consists of the embryo, nutritive tissues, and a seed coat
imperfect flower
a flower lacking with functional stamens or functional carpels
perfect flower
a flower with both stamens and carpels, or also known as a hermaphroditic flower
simple fruit
a fruit derived from a single ovary or carpel (ie: grapes, tomatoes, plum, peach)
multiple fruits
a fruit derived from carpels of several flowers or inflorescences (ie: pineapples and figs)
stamens
a male -- pollen-producing -- unit of a flower, usually composed of an anther, which bears the pollen, and a filament, which is a stalk supporting the anther
indusium
a membrane enclosing and protecting the developing spores especially that covering the sori of a fern
anther
a pollen-bearing portion of the stamen of a flower that producing the microsporangia
integument
a protective surface structure for the megasporangium and its contents. In gymnosperms and angiosperms, a layer of tissue around the ovule that will become the seed coat
lineage
a series of ancestor and descendent populations
phycoplast
a set of microtubules oriented parallel to the plane of the new cell wall and involved in wall formation. this type of cell division is found in earlier plant species, such as chlorophytes, red algae, and glaucophytes
microphylls
a small leaf with a single vein that are arranged spirally on the stem, found in club mosses and other lycophytes
endosperm
a specialized triploid seed tissue found only in angiosperms; contains stored nutrients for the developing embryo
inflorescence
a structure composed of several to many flowers
pollen tube
a structure that develops from a pollen grain through which sperm are released into the megagametophyte
vessel elements
a type of tracheary element with perforated end walls that are only found in angiosperms. these cells are larger in diameter than tracheids and connect with one another without obstruction, allowing easy water movement
pigments
afford protection against the mutagenic ultraviolet radiation that bathes the terrestrial environment
tree of life
all living organisms are related to one another
corolla
all of the petals of a flower, collectively
rhizomes
an underground stem that runs horizontally beneath the ground
taxon
any group of species that we designate with a name
hydroid
cell that is functionally similar to the tracheid, since it allows for water to travel throughout the moss gametophytes. It lacks lignin and the cell-wall structure that tracheids have
sori
clusters of stalked sporangia that occur on the underside of fern fronds
lignin
complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants
constitutive defenses
defenses that are always present in plants and occur in response to pathogens and herbivores. These include: outer surfaces (cuticles, thick cell walls, epidermis, bark), trichomes (hair), laticifers, thorns/spines, secondary metabolites)
croziers
developing fern leaves, also known as fiddleheads
heterostyly
difference in filament length amongst the anthers, within a flower, promotes pollination or outcrossing
wilted
droopy, limp/how stomata look when closed
xeric
dry climates
Rubisco
enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle
rhizoids
hairlike extensions of cells in mosses, liverworts, and a few vascular plants that serve the same function as roots and root hairs in vascular plants. The term is also applied to branched, rootlike extensions of some fungi and algae
synamorphies
homologous characters that define a specific clade
accessory fruits
in a flowering plant, a fruit in which some of the flesh is derived from tissues other than the ovary (ie: apples, pears, strawberries)
aggregate fruit
in a flowering plant, a fruit that develops from the merger of several different ovaries that were separate in the flower (ie: raspberry)
megagametophyte
in a heterosporous plants, the female gametophyte that produces eggs
petals
in an angiosperm flower, a sterile modified leaf, nonphosynthestic, frequently brightly colors, and often serving to attract pollinating insects
fiber
in angiosperms, an elongated, tapering sclerenchyma cell, usually with a thick cell wall that serves as a support function in xylem. this cell plays an important role in supporting the plant body
filament
in flowers, the part of a stamen that supports the anther
microgametophyte
in heterosporous plants, the male gametophyte that produces sperm
sporophyte
in plants and protists with alternation of generations, the diploid phase that produces the spores. Also called a "spore plant"
megaspore
in plants, a haploid spore that produces a female gametophyte, or megagametophyte
microspore
in plants, a haploid spore that produces a male gametophyte, or a microgametophyte
secondary growth
in plants, growth that contributes to an increase in girth or diameter of stems and roots. It's product is called secondary xylem or wood
pollen
in seed plants, microscopic grains that contain the male gametophyte/microgametophyte and gamete/microspore
style
in the angiosperm flower, a column of tissue extending from the tip of the ovary, and bearing the stigma or receptive surface for pollen at its apex
succulent
leaves or stems uses for water-storage tissue
sieve cells
long phloem cells that must be living at maturity. they have perforated ends in the cell wall, which are the ways in which sugars move across. these cells do not have any organelles, and therefore they depend on companion cells for metabolism
elaters
long, twisted, moist cells that surround haploid spores of liverworts, when they dry out/humidity occurs, they twist and jerk around and scatter the spores they contain
spines
modified leaves that act as a constitutive defense
thorns
modified stems that act as a constitutive defense
gametangia
multicellular organs in any plant that enclose plant gametes and prevent them from drying out, so that they may grow
apical meristem growth
new cells piling up and growing from the tip, or primary growth
bryophytes
nonvascular plants, that consist of liverworts, mosses, hornworts
strobili
one of several cone-like structures in various groups of plants, such as club mosses, horsetails, and conifers. They are associated with the production and dispersal of reproductive products since they are groups of sporangia clustered together
sepals
one of the outermost structures of the flower, usually protective in function and enclosing the rest of the flower in the bud stage
micropyle
opening in the integument of a seed plant ovule through which pollen grows to reach the female gametophyte within
secondary metabolites
organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism. they are substances that are not essential to the plant (not toxins), but act as chemical warfare to repel/inhibit herbivores
monoecious
pertaining to organisms in which both sexes are "houses" in single individual that produces both both eggs and sperms (ie: corn, peas, earthworms, hydras)
dioecious
pertaining to organisms in which the two sexes are "houses" in two different individuals, so that eggs and sperm are not produced in the same individuals (ie: humans, fruit flies, date palms)
overtopping
plant growth pattern in which one branch differentiates from and grows beyond the others
self-compatibility
plants that are able to self-pollinate
tracheid
principle water-conducting element of the xylem in all vascular plants except the angiosperms and one small group of gymnosperms. they are full of holes, called pits and are empty/dead at maturity. this cell is sometimes strengthened by lignin
C4 photosynthesis
process that first converts CO2 into a 4-carbon molecule in the mesophyll cells, converts that product to malate and then shuttles it to the bundle sheath cells, where the malate releases CO2 and RuBisCO picks it up as if all were normal
vascular cambium
produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
cork cambium
produces waxy-walled protective cells; some become the outer bark
homosporous
producing a single type of spore that gives rise to a single type of gametophyte, bearing both female and male reproductive organs
hetersporous
producing two types of spores one of which gives rise to a female megaspore and the other to a male microspore
resins
protective chemical substance that is a deterent from herbivorous insects
phycoerthrin
red accessory photosynthetic pigment that is abundant in plastids of red algae, along with chlorophyll a
wood
secondary xylem that is produced by secondary growth
isogamy
sexual reproduction by the fusion of similar gametes, which is the type of reproduction found in earlier plant species, such as chlorophytes, red algae, and glaucophytes
oogamy
sexual reproduction in which one of the gametes, the egg is large and nonmotile and the other gamete, the sperm is smaller and motile
stomata
small closable openings in leaves and stems that are used to regulate gas exchange and water loss
laticifers
specialized cells or ducts found in many plants. they resemble vessels, and extensive branching networks of latex-secreting cells. acts as a constitutive defense
mychorrhizae
specialized mutualistic associations between roots and fungi that promotes nutrient uptake from the soil
turgid
swollen/how stomata look when open
phragmoplasts
synapomorphy for streptophyte algae and land plants. This occurs when daughter nuclei are separated far apart by persistent spindle fibers during the telophase, rather than the transverse fibers in phycoplasts
homologous characters
the characters showed by two or more species and inherited from a common ancestor. they can be any heritable traits, including DNA sequences, protein structures, anatomical structures, and behavior patterns
megaphyll
the generally large lead of a fern, horsetail, or seed plant, with several to many veins
antheridium
the multicellular male sex organ structure that produces the sperm, bearing two flagella, in nonvascular land plants and ferns
archegonium
the multicellular, flask-shaped female sex organs structure that produces eggs in nonvascular land plants, ferns, and gymnosperms
carpel
the organ of the flower that contains one of more ovules. this organ often interacts with incoming pollen to prevent self-fertilization, thus favoring cross-fertilization and increasing genetic diversity
stigma
the part of the pistil at the apex of the style that is receptive to pollen, and on which pollen germinates
pollination
the process of transferring pollen from an anther to the stigma of a pistil in an angiosperms or from a strobilus to an ovule in a gymnosperm
spores
the product of meiosis in plants. they develop into multicellular haploid organisms
gametes
the product of mitosis in plants
flower
the sexual structure of an angiosperm
pistil
the structure of am angiosperm flower within which the ovules are borne. may consist of a single carpel or of several carpels fused into a single structure. these are usually differentiated into ovary, style, and stigma
megasporangia
the structures on a heterosporous plant that produce a few large megaspores
microsporangia
the structures on a heterosporous plant that produce many small microspores
spore walls
thick walls containing polymer that protects the spores from desiccation and resists decay
false (it is only found in cyanobacteria and the glaucophytes)
true or false Peptidoglycan can be found in all remaining photosynthetic eukaryotes.
true
true or false The red algae include species that grow in the shallowest tidal pools as well as the photosynthesizers found deepest in the ocean
false
true or false All seedy plants are woody
false (A few inhabit fresh water)
true or false Red algae is never found in fresh water
mutualism
vital to both parties and are sometimes highly specific. has allowed for the coevolution of both plant and animal species. (ie: only one insect species pollinates one plant species)
speciation
when a single lineage divides into two, depicted as a fork or node
embryos
young plants contained within protective structure
