BSCI 202 Exam 1 - Lombardi
Function of Eosinophils?
Allergies, Asthma, and general immune response
What IgA?
-Secretory antibody (seen in sweat, saliva, breastmilk) -Bridge between innate and active immunity
What is the result of being unable to synthesize procoagulants?
-Unable to complete phase 1 of coagulation. -Impaired liver function (made in liver) -Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis
What are the 2 major components of blood?
1. Plasma - nonliving fluid matrix 2. Formed elements - cells -Erythrocytes (RBC) -Leukocytes (WBC) -Platelets
What are the three phases of coagulation?
1. Prothrombin activator formation 2. Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin 3. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen --> Fibrin
What is the pH range for blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is self tolerance?
Ability to recognize one's own cells Inability called Autoimmune
Extrinsic Pathway of Coagulation
Activated by substances released by damaged tissues -Tissue Factor (TF)/ Factor III -Faster
Name the steps of phagocyte mobilization.
1) Leukocytosis - Neutrophils enter blood 2) Margination - Neutrophils cling to capillary wall 3) Diapedisis - Neutrophils flatten, leave capillary 4) Chemotaxis - Neutrophils follow a chemical trail to site of injury (Leukocytosis inducing factor)
What are the three parts of the lymphatic system?
1) Lymphatic vessels 2) Lymph 3) Lymph Nodes
Name the Lymphoid Cells
1) Lymphocytes -B Lymphocytes -T Lymphocytes 2) Macrophages 3) Dendritic cells 4) Reticular cells
Name the three types of cells that come from lymphocytes.
1) Natural Killer 2) B Cell 3) T Cell
What are the granules within platelets?
1) Seratonin 2) Calcium 3) Enzymes 4) ADP 5) Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
What are the three steps of hemostasis?
1) Vascular Spasm 2) Platelet Plug 3) Coagulation
Types of Humoral Immunity?
1. Active Natural - Getting sick 2. Active Artificial - Vaccine 3. Passive Natural - Antibodies passed to fetus 3. Passive Artificial - Transfusion
Name the 3 plasma proteins and their function.
1. Albumin (60%) - Regulation 2. Globulin (36%) - Regulation and Distribution 3. Fibrinogen (4%) - Protection
What are the functions of blood?
1. Distribution: Gas transport, waste transport, nutrient movement 2. Regulation: Keeps blood pH constant, regulates heat, and fluid amount. 3. Protection: Blood clots (prevents excess blood loss), immune system
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
1. Granulocytes - Neutrophil, Eosinophile, and Basophil 2. Agranulocyte - Lymphocyte and Monocytes
What are the two types of the adaptive immune system?
1. Humoral Immunity - antibody mediated extracellular targets 2. Cellular Immunity - cell mediated targets
Fever is the result of __________________.
Leukocytes and macrophages releasing pyrogens after coming in contact with infectious material.
Which leukocyte is most abundant, and which is least abundant?
Most - Neutrophil Least - Basophil
What is thrombocytopenia
Deficient number of circulating platelets Solution: Treated with a transfusion
What substance causes these effects? - Rapid maturation of committed marrow cells - Increased circulating RBC - Speeds up erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
What is EPO?
Erythropoietin - Hormone involved in controlling erythropoiesis. Stimulates RBC production.
True of false: Natural Killer cells are phagocytic.
False
True or False: Antibodies cause cells to lyse.
False
True or False: Insufficient hemoglobin will not cause tissue hypoxia
False
True or False: The Inflammatory Response is not usually localized.
False
True or False: There is a higher risk of stroke at lower altitudes?
False
True or false: IgM can pass through the placenta
False
True or False: The stem (constant) region does not differ
False - IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
True or False: A Leukocyte is an incomplete cell.
False, A leukocyte is a complete cell as it has all organelles.
_______________ stabilizes platelet plug
Fibrin
_____________ macrophages stay in some tissues while _______________ macrophages wander through tissue spaces.
Fixed, Free
What is the Von Willebrand Factor?
Glycoprotein used in the clotting process for platelets to bind to and for a clot.
What cell type does HIV infect?
Helper T cells (adaptive immune system)
Where do antibodies have differences in shape?
The variable region
What does aspirin inhibit?
Thromboxine A2
T cells mature in the _____________________.
Thymus
Too few RBC causes?
Tissue Hypoxia
Increased blood viscosity is a result of?
Too many RBC
True or False: A health care provider always assumes that - patient has received + blood in the past.
True
True or false: IgG can pass through the placenta
True
How many pathways are there in Coagulation?
Two - Intrinsic and extrinsic
Different blood groups are a result of different _______________ on RBC?
glycoproteins (antigens)
What is exudation?
Rush of self and foreign material into lymphatic vessels
Hemophilia B
Missing Factor IX
Hemophilia A
Missing Factor VIII
Hemophilia C
Missing Factor XI
What is an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile?
Bilirubin
Why is breast cancer so dangerous?
Close to lymph nodes, can easily spread through the lymphatic system
Function of B cells?
Creation of antibodies
The ability of the leukocyte to leave the bloodstream and squeeze between cells in the blood vessels is referred to as what?
Diapedesis
Hemostasis is a series of reactions for ______________________
The stoppage of bleeding
Constricts the diameter of the blood vessel (lessens flow of blood).
Vasoconstriction
During homeostasis, why do endothelial cells secrete to prevent platelets from sticking together?
- Nitric Oxide (NO) - Protsacylin (PGI2)
Structure of Hemoglobin
- Central iron (4 on each) --> O2 Oxyhemoglobin (lungs) - Globin chains (amino acids) --> CO2 Deoxyhemoglobin (lungs)
Function of Monocytes?
- Leave circulation and enter tissue - Macrophages (big eaters) - Phagocytic - Activate lymphocytes
What is IgG?
-80% of circulating antibodies -created after IgM -Created after second exposure -Able to cross placenta (protect fetus)
Function of humoral immunity?
-Binds to target cell, making it temporarily inactive -Marks cell for destruction -Antibodies produced by lymphocytes (B cell)
What occurs during clot refraction and vessel repair?
-Actin and myosin in platelets contract -Contraction pulls fibrin strands, serum squeezed out -Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) causes division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts -Fibroblasts rebuild outer blood vessel walls -Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) restore endothelial lining
What is the function of Natural Killer cells?
-Attack cells that lack "self" cell-surface receptors (induce apoptosis) -Enhance inflammatory response
Interferons....
-Attack microorganisms directly -Hinder microorganisms ability to reproduce
What can an incorrect blood transfusion result in?
-Diminished O2 carrying capacity -Rupture and release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream --> Renal failure -Blocked vessels
Secondary Immune Response
-Faster, immune response within hours -Antibodies remain high for weeks to months -Peak: 2-3 days
What is IgM?
-First antibody created in response to foreign pathogen -Largest antibody (cannot pass placenta)
What are the sub-types of the T cell?
-Helper T cells - activate B cells, induce proliferation -Cytotoxic T cells - attack and kill infected cells -Regulatory T cells - surpress immune response, bacl to homeostasis -Memory T cells
What does the release of a histamine result in?
-Higher capillary permeability -Exudate enters tissue (exudation) -Swelling (edema) -Pain Possibly impaired function
What could cause a strain on the heart?
-Increased blood viscosity -Tissue hypoxia
The inflammatory response is triggered by
-Injured body tissue -High heat -Infection (virus, fungi, bacteria)
What are the two parts of the immune system?
-Innate (nonspecific) -Adaptive (specific)
Primary Immune Response
-Lag period: 3-6 days -Peak: 10 days
Function of cellular immunity?
-Lymphocytes act against target cell directly and indirectly -Indirect actions enhance inflammatory response, activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
What consists of the second layer of defense?
-Natural Killer Cells -Fever -Antimicrobial Proteins -Inflammatory Response -Phagocytes
Defensins....
-Poke hole in foreign pathogen -Inhibit reproduction
Antigen presenting cell
-Present fragments of antigen to T cell for recognition -Types: -Dendritic cells -Macrophages -B cells
Type II MCH protein
-Presented to T cell by APC -T cell activates, proliferates into different types -T cell dock to B cell for antibodies to be made -B cell proliferates
What are the three types of lymphoctes?
-T cells (adaptive - cellular) -B cells (adaptive - humoral) -Natural Killer (innate)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
-Widespread clotting in intact vessels -Severe bleeding -Unable to clot -Inhibits body's ability to clot due to usage of resources
What are three methods of increasing RBC count artificially?
1. Blood doping - removal of blood to cause tissue hypoxia, reinjected to increase RBC count. 2. Artificial EPO injections 3. Testosterone shots
Name the four types of anemia.
1. Renal Anemia - Kidneys do not secrete EPO 2. Hemolytic Anemia - Premature lysis of RBC 3. Aplastic Anemia - Impairment of red bone marrow 4. Thalassemia - one globin chain absent or faulty BONUS: Sickle cell anemia - Incorrect amino acid in globin beta chain
Name the two types of lymphocytes and their function.
1. T lymphocytes (T cells) - fight against virus infected cells and tumor cells 2. B - lymphocytes (B cells) - antibody producing cells
Mechanism for RBC regulation: 1._____________________ 2. Kidney releases EPO 3.____________________ 4.____________________ 5. O2 ability of blood rises 6. Homeostasis restored
1. Tissue hypoxia 3. EPO stimulates red bone marrow 4. Enhanced erythropoiesis, increased RBC count
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot
Which blood type is the universal receiver?
AB+
Antibodies that bind to antigens result in _______________
Agglutination
Antigens that are a promoter of agglutination are called?
Agglutinogens
What is an Agglutinin?
Antibody
Defensins and Interferons are both ________________.
Antimicrobial proteins
What is petechiae?
Bruising that appears to widespread, spontaneous hemorrhage.
Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation
Clotting factor activated by exposed collagen fibers and activates platelets -Negatively charged surfaces in vessel
Which leukocyte releases a histamine. What type of leukocyte is it?
Basophil - Granulocyte
What is an embolism?
Blood clot blocking flow
B cells mature in the ___________________
Bone Marrow
Polycythemia Vera
Bone cancer in which too many RBC are produced (increased viscosity of blood)
Where are RBC made?
Bone marrow
What type of tissue is blood?
Connective Tissue (mesenchyme)
Blood achieves function by what it is made of is known as _____________________ of blood.
Complementarinism
What happens to old RBC?
Engulfed by Macrophages Broken down for globin and iron Expelled in waste
Low oxygen level in the air causes what type of hypoxia?
Environmental hypoxia
What is an Embolus?
Free floating clot
All leukocytes are made from which stem cell?
Hemapoietic Stem Cell
Erythropoiesis is synonymous to?
Hematopoiesis
What part of the brain is affected by pyrogens?
Hypothalamus
Secondary polycythemia
Increased EPO production in response to chronic tissue hypoxia
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes impaired use are signs of the ______________ ________________.
Inflammatory Response
EPO is released from the _____________.
Kidneys
Why is it hard to make a vaccine for HIV?
Lots of random error in transcription, mutates rapidly. Immune system cannot keep up.
Anemia is known as a _____________
Low hematocrit
A Natural Killer is what type of cell?
Lymphocyte
What is immunocompetence?
Lymphocyte can recognize one specific antigen by binding to it
Why do males have a higher RBC count?
Males have higher testosterone levels. Testosterone is a stimulus for the production of EPO, which stimulates erythropoiesis.
Injured tissue prompts cells to release chemical signals, what are they?
Mast Cells - Histamine Leukocytosis inducing factor
Which blood type is the universal donor?
O-
Hemoglobin binds _____________ and _____________
O2 and CO2
What is a "packed RBC transfusion?"
Only RBC, no plasma or WBC
Neutrophils and macrophages are ______________.
Phagocytes
Function of Granulocytes?
Phagocytic - engulf other cells
What enzyme removes unneeded clots?
Plasmin (Plasminogen is inactive form)
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakarocytes...
Platelets
Aggregation is when
Platelets stick together (platelet adhesion) - Von Willabrand Factor stabilizes sticking
The state after first exposure to a pathogen is referred to as ___________________?
Primed
Thrombopoietin's function is...
Regulation of the formation of platelets
Function of Basophils?
Release Histamines (vasodilator) in response to foreign bodies. Histamines change diameter of blood vessels, dilate to get bigger, faster flow of blood to infected site.
As platelets become activated in the clotting process, what do they release?
Release serotonin, ADP, and thromboxane A2 which will call more platelets to activate and bind at the site of injury. Also signals to continue vasoconstriction.
Fibrinolysis
Removes unneeded clots after healing
Erythroblasts Fetalis
Rh- mom and Rh+ baby
What is the Rh factor?
Rhesus Factor, type of antigen (D antigen)
What disease had a vaccine for it through infection of cow pox?
Small pox
What consists of the first line of defense?
Surface barriers and mucous membranes
