Building construction info from websites

___________________ _______________ is a wooden structure in which all vertical studs in the exterior bearing walls extend the full height of the frame from sill to roof. No firestops are present within the walls.

Balloon frame

Characteristics of Roofs in Building Construction 1. not as strong as floors 2. do not have the fire rating of floors 3. can be composed of multiple layers

Basic Roof Types in Building Construction 1. arched 2. gabled 3. sawtooth 4. hip 5. butterfly 6. shed 7. mansard 8. lantern 9. flat 10. gambel

To cut off the corners of timber to retard ignition is called _________________.

Chamfer

______________________ is wood chips that are glued together to make flat sheets. Often used in the floor construction of mobile homes.

Chipboard

______________ ______________ assemblies are typically 1 to 2 hour rated and used to enclose shafts, exit stairwells, exit passageways, and horizontal exits, and to separate spaces from certain hazardous areas.

Fire barriers

____________________ is material applied to structural elements or systems that provides increased fire resistance; usually serves no structural function. ____________ _____________ is construction designed to provide protection against fire. _____________ ___________ is a substance that helps delay or prevent combustion. ___________________ is resistant to fire. Inherent fire resistance is flame resistance that is derived from an essential characteristic of the structural member.

Fire proof fire resistant fire retardant flame proof

Type 3 ordinary construction/ more characteristics. 1. floor may consist of plywood or OSB 2. lightweight wooden trusses, and wooden I beams

Hazards Related to Type 3 Construction 1. stability of masonry walls 2. void spaces 3. The largest concealed space is the "Cockloft" an open space for fire and smoke spread. 3. Bowstring truss roofs

Steel Roofs steel roof support systems may be either solid steel girders and beams or lightweight open web bar joist truss, or a combination of both. The open web bar joist is the main structural hazard of non-combustible construction. There is collapse danger from a roof cave-in

Hazards Typical of Type 1 and 2 Construction 1. heavy content fire load 2. combustible finishes and furnishings 3. large open spaces

__________________ is a class II standpipe that supplies 100 gpm at 65 psi. Intended for use by building occupants.

Houseline

Structural Characteristics and Hazards of Type 3 Ordinary Construction 1. Wall Construction- brick, stone, hollow block, etc 2. Floors and roofs- made of combustible wood construction. 3. predominate and common construction type 4. exterior load bearing walls are of masonry and some or all other structural components are combustible (wood) 5. masonry walls can be brick, stone, or concrete block 6. interior structural members almost all wood

More Structural Characteristics of Type 3 Construction 1. normally used for larger, sometimes multi-story, commercial or multi-family structures or even one and two family buildings 2. generally built no higher than 6 to 8 stories, most are 2 to 4 stories high. 3. typically will have two load-bearing walls (long walls) and two curtain walls (short walls) 4. floor joist commonly have a "fire cut" on each end to keep floor joist from pushing the wall down

_________________________ is a material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.

Noncombustible

Types of Forces in Building Construction 1. gravity 2. compression 3. shear 4. tension

Orientation of Loads in Building Construction Axial- perpendicular to the plane passes through the center. Eccentric- perpendicular to the plane but does not pass through the center Torsion- twist an object

___________________________ is used in modern construction, a wood-frame structure built with heavier beams that are spaced much farther apart than the traditional 16 inches.

Plank and beam

_________________________ is a structure in which subflooring is laid on the joist, and the frame for the first-floor walls is erected on the first floor.

Platform frame

____________________ _________________ is a device indicating an off-standard or abnormal condition by both visual and audible signals.

Remote annunciator

Structural Characteristics Hazards of Type 4 Heavy Timber 1. fire resistance is attained by placing limitations of minimum size wood structural members. 2. will have four load bearing walls 3. usually found in very old mills, factories, and warehouses, and in older churches 4. exterior walls are noncombustible 5. interior structures are made of solid wood with no concealed spaces

Some critical factors when going to a structure fire Size up- read a building to identify important factors some listed below 1. class of building construction 2. resistance to fire, heat to critical structural members 3. movement of heat, smoke and fire within the building

Buildings are constructed by one of five construction categories: Type 1- fire resistive and least combustible Type 2- non-combustible Type 3- ordinary Type 4- heavy timber Type 5- wood frame and most combustible Simply put, "It either burns (combustible) or it does not burn (noncombustible)

Structural Characteristics and Hazards of Type 1- fire resistive. 1. used for most "high-rise" buildings 2. used for buildings with a high life safety hazard. 3. can have unlimited height

Fire Loads in Building Construction potential energy heat release rate- all wood can generate approx. the same total amount of heat per pound. Not the same as flame rate. Can vary with contents

Structural Elements in Building Construction 1. beams 2. columns 3. walls 4. roofs 5. arches

Structural Characteristics and Hazards of Type 2-noncomustible 1. Structural members are noncombustible but have less fire resistance. 2. unprotected steel generally the defining characteristic. 3. Non-combustible materials besides concrete and steel also common. Such as concrete block exterior walls with unprotected steel beams, or trusses for roof support is common. 4. similar to type 1, only degree of fire resistance is less.

Three basic types of noncombustible buildings. 1. metal frame structure covered by metal exterior walls. 2. metal frame structure enclosed by concrete block, non-bearing walls. 3. concrete block bearing walls supporting metal roof structure.

Structural Characteristics/ Hazards of Type 5 1. structural components are made completely or partially of wood and other approved materials 2. commonly used to construct typical single family residences and apartment buildings up to seven stories. 3. lightweight wooden trusses 4. susceptible to total collapse due to fire or explosion 5. in balloon frame "old town" there are no fire stops 6. modern or "platform" construction each floor is constructed on its own platform, thus acting as a fire stop, reducing wall channels

Types of Loads in Building Construction 1. dead 2. live 3. impact 4. lateral impact 5. static/repeated 6. wind 7. concentrated 8. suspended

Walls in Building Construction 1. load bearing 2. non-load bearing

Types of Walls in Building Construction 1. veneer-decorative, single thickness 2. composite- brick and concrete 3. panel/curtain- is non load bearing 4. fire wall-partition/party. should contain the fire with little or no help. Partition- non-load bearing, subdivide areas of a floor. Party- load bearing, common to two structures. Can be called a common wall. 5. cantilever-can be free standing. 6. bracing- are walls that include buttresses, rakers, pilasters, wall columns, cavity or hollow walls.

_______________ _____________ is a building with exterior walls, interior walls, floors, and roofs made of combustible wood material.

Wood framed

____________ combines the function of a beam and a column.

arch

A truss with an arced upper chord and a straight bottom chord, with vertical hangars between the two chords is called a ____________ truss.

arched

_____________________ is the vertical spread of fire on the exterior of a multistory building, from one floor to the floors above, via convection and radiation.

autoexposure

A _____________ is a structural member that transmits forces perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points.

beam

_____________ _____________ regulated the actual design and construction of new buildings, providing for minimum levels of health and safety. Regulates the level and amount of fire protection in a new structure.

building code Note: A fire code regulates the activities that take place in existing buildings, including the maintenance of existing fire protection features such as automatic sprinklers and fire doors, hazardous processes such as spray finishing, the storage of hazardous materials, and general fire safety precautions.

The outside members (top and bottom) of a truss, as opposed to the inner "webbed members" is called a _______________.

chord

___________ ___________ _________ is a type of steel used in the construction of cables that are sometimes used to brace failing buildings or as tendons in tensioned concrete. It fails at 800 degrees F.

cold drawn steel

A structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member is called a __________________.

column

Direct pushing force, in line with the axis member; the opposite of tension is called ________________

compression

__________________ ___________ ________ is precast hollow or solid structural block. Sometimes referred to as cinder block.

concrete masonry unit

The end of a joist that is cut at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of a wall without damaging the load-bearing wall is called a ____________ _______.

fire cut

The end of a joist that is cut at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of a wall without damaging the load-bearing wall is called a ____________ ___________.

fire cut

A __________ _________ is a column of flames, smoke, and heated gases rising above the burning object.

fire plume

The ability of a material to avoid ignition, combustion, and the thermal effects of fire is called a ___________ ______________.

fire resistance

____________________________________ are elevators specifically designed for fire fighters use that are found in new buildings more than 120 feet in height.

fire service access elevators

The lower division of a building that serves to transmit and anchor the loads from the superstructure directly to its earth or rock, usually below ground is called the ________________.

foundation

__________ is a material that will sustain combustion.

fuel

Another name for a gusset plate in a lightweight wood truss is called a _________ _________.

gang nail

A beam that supports other beams is a __________________.

girder

Connecting plate made of a thin sheet of steel used to connect the components of the truss is called a ______________ _____________.

gusset plate

A masonry unit that overlaps two or more adjoining wythes of masonry to tie them together is called the ________________.

header

The rate at which a potential heat in a fuel is released is called the ________________________.

heat release rate

The rafter at the angle where two sloping roofs or sides of a roof meet is called the __________.

hip

The effect of a moving load upon a stationary structure is called a ___________ ____________.

impact load

A _______________ ______________ is a system component that originates transmission of a change of state/condition, such as in a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, or supervisory switch.

initiating device

Wooden 2X8's, 2X10's, or 2X2's that run parallel to one another and support a floor or ceiling and are supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls is a ____________.

joist

A force that acts on a structure from a horizontal direction, such as wind or seismic forces is a ______________ ____________ ___________.

lateral impact load

A collection of lightweight structural components joined in a triangular unit that can be used to support either floors or roofs is a _________________ ___________.

lightweight truss

Masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls; also called piers, buttresses, pilasters, or columns is a _________________ column

masonry

A construction technique in which a set of prefabricated modules are transported to and assembled at a construction site, creating a building is called _______________ construction.

modular

________________ _____________ is the interface between the hot ceiling layer and the cooler air flowing into the compartment.

neutral plane

_________________ ____________ is normally atmospheric oxygen, but may also be chemical compounds known as oxidizers that release oxygen as they react.

oxidizing agent

Non-load bearing enclosing wall on framed buildings is a ___________ wall.

panel

A truss in which both the upper and lower chords are parallel to each other is a ___________________________.

parallel chord truss

A non-load bearing wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or room is a ______________ wall

partition

Four-foot-wide sheets that give the appearance of four-inch-wide strips about a half inch apart is called ____________________ ________________.

plywood siding

Forces occurring within a building member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions is ___________ forces.

shear

A characteristic of a building that should allow a fire in that building to brought under control before the building itself becomes involved is called _____________ ________________

slow burning

A _______________ is a false space above built in cabinets, usually in a kitchen, or in the undersides of stairways and projecting eaves.

soffit

An open web design used for the support of floors and roofs is ____________ joist.

steel

Components of a structure that include beams, trusses, columns, arches, and walls are _______________ elements. All members of a structure that are tied together to carry the imposed loads to the substructure, and hence to the ground is called the structural frame.

structural

___________________ steel, is steel rolled in a variety of shapes and fabricated for use as load-bearing structural members or elements.

structural

Laid on top of the joist, the structural member that serves as the base for the finished floor is called ___________________.

subflooring

The ___________________ is the foundation and footings. A __________________ is any structure above the substructure.

substructure superstructure

A pulling or stretching force in line with the axis of the body; the opposite of compression, which is pushing, crushing stress is called ________________.

tension

A force tending to twist a structural member is called ________________.

torsion

A roof truss that is triangular in shape; it is used to create a peaked roof is called a _________________ truss.

triangular

A _____________ is a type of beam that is framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane in such a manner that loads applied at the points of intersections of the members will cause only direct stresses (tension or compression) in the members.

truss

The group of struts, ties, and panel points in a truss is called the __________.

web

A _____________ is a single continuous vertical wall of bricks, one masonry unit in thickness.

wythe