Business Ethics midterm part 3

A study has found that those with an external locus of control ​were positively correlated with ethical decision making, whereas those with an internal locus of control were negatively correlated.

False

Enlightened egoism

centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account.

The _____ can be defined as a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including ways of solving problems shared by members of an organization.

corporate culture

_____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____ emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified.

A goodness theory; an obligation theory

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

Adam Smith

High levels of _____ create a higher probability that firms cut corners because margins are usually low.

Competition

____ is an organizational factor that gives a company specific characteristics. Over time, stakeholders begin to see the company as like a living organism with a mind and will of its own.

Corporate culture

_____ culture involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members, while _____ culture reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors, including corporate policies, top management's leadership on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical behavior.

Corporate, ethical

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

Deontology

When we discuss _____ approaches, we are talking about how organizational decision makers actually approach ethical issues.

Descriptive

____ justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship.

Distributive

All of the following are true with regards to organizational factors except

Ethical choices in organizations are most often made individually.

The moral philosophy of idealism is a branch of the economic value orientation that views ethics as whether an act produces more economic value for its effort.

False

_____ is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred

Guilt

Which of the following would not be considered a negative reinforcement of employee behavior?

Ignoring the behavior

What is the last step in the ethical decision-making process? ​

Individuals' intentions and what action they are going to take

_____________ is/are important in establishing a foundation for normative values.

Institutions

Which is not considered a white collar crime?

Mugging someone

An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development?

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)

_____ involves subordinates simply following the directives of a superior without question. It demonstrates the influence that significant others can exert in the workplace.

Obedience to authority

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.

Pluralists

Normative business ethics takes into account the _____ realities outside the legal realm in the form of industry standards.

Political

When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development?

Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

Rule utilitarianism

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Social system and conscience maintenance

Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result?

Teleology

What is one of the problems of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development theory? ​

The original theory was transferred from children to adults.

Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

The relativist perspective

Teleological philosophies are often referred to as consequentialism. ​

True

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Universal ethical principles

Organizations that have ethics programs based on a _____ orientation are found to make a greater contribution than those based simply on compliance, or obeying laws and regulations.

Values

The thought experiment used by John Rawls that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be is called

Veil of ignorance

_____ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate.

Virtue ethics

In Kohlberg's model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (Stage 2) in terms of the individual's motives in

considering fairness to others.

Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Persons at the second level

define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals.

deontologist

Familiarizing employees with company values and training them to recognize common ethical scenarios helps them generate

ethical awareness

Codes, rules, and compliance are essential in organizations. However, an organization built on _____ is more likely to develop a high integrity corporate culture.

informal relationships

Employees who believe they control the events in their lives by their own effort and skill have a(n)

internal locus of control.

Studies have found that more than a third of the unethical situations that lower and middle-level managers face come from _____.

internal pressures and ambiguity surrounding internal organizational rules.

The relationship between business ethics and age

is complex, although experience helps older employees make ethical decisions.

Research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions

is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences.

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she

may change his/her values and ethical behavior.

Following the ethical directives of a superior relates to

obedience to authority.

Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others and include

peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates.

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)

relativist.

Studies have shown that _____ within the organization have more impact on a worker's decisions on a daily basis than any other factor.

significant others

Moral philosophy refers to

the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong.

The elements of _____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness.

virtue

___________ reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors.​

​Ethical culture