BZ: Chapter 26 Connect
Select all of the following applications of using CRISPR
- CRISPR can be used to cause a break in a gene, inactivating it, and allowing researchers to study its role in the body. - CRISPR can be used to target specific genes and replace mutated nucleotides with correct ones
Which of the following explain why we need a broader definition of gene?
- Genes can be split across several loci across the genome. - Some prokaryotes have RNA genes. - The end product of some DNA is RNA (not a protein).
Select all practical applications of DNA fingerprinting
- Identify criminals - Identify human remains - Identify poached wildlife - Identify the presence of a viral gene
Select all of the items that can be used from crime scene investigations in PCR analyses
- a root of a single hair - a drop of semen - a flake of skin
How can DNA sequencing be applied?
- as the foundation of the field of forensic biology - identification of specific alleles associated with disease - contributes to understanding evolution - development of disease-specific medications and treatments
Select all of the diseases that are being treated with in vivo gene therapy
- cancers - cystic fibrosis
Which of the following are examples of clones?
- human identical twins - members of a bacterial colony - plants produced through asexual reproduction
Which of the following may be used in order to introduce a gene into a cell?
- liposomes - direct injection - genetically modified viruses
Select all of the products that genes can produce
- mRNA - rRNA - tRNA - proteins
Which of the following are methods of creating genetically modified animals?
- microinjecting foreign DNA directly into egg cells - vortex mixing of animal cells with foreign DNA
DNA fingerprinting is used for
- paternity testing - crime scene investigations - identifying microorganisms - tracing lineage of organisms - detecting genetic disease
What are some of the uses of genetically modified plants?
- production of human proteins - reduced food waste - stronger crops - increased crop yield
Select the products for which a gene may encode instructions for building
- protein - RNA
Which terms are associated with the term plasmid?
- vector - bacterial DNA
Arrange the events of RNA interference in order, beginning with the first step at the top
1) The complementary sequence of RNA enters the cell 2) The complementary sequence of RNA binds with the target RNA 3) A double-stranded RNA molecule is produced 4) The double-stranded RNA is broken down by a series of enzymes
Arrange the events of ex vivo gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), beginning with the first step at the top
1) bone marrow is removed from the patient's body 2) bone marrow cells are injected with virus carrying a corrected gene 3) bone marrow cells are injected into the patient 4) normal bone marrow cells divide to produce normal blood cells
Humans have approximately how many genes?
20,000
In the gel electrophoresis, Suspect _________ is not guilty of the crime
A
What advantage does AquaAdvantage Salmon provide to humans?
AquaAdvantage Salmon grow faster than wild salmon
Which statement best summarizes the process of DNA sequencing?
Automated processes determine the exact order of nucleotides within a gene of interest or segment of DNA
Gel electrophoresis is used to study fragments of _______, which separate according to their sizes on the gel
DNA
Polymerase chain reactions can create billions of segments of _________ in a test tube in just a few hours
DNA
This enzyme is used during recombinant DNA production to seal openings created by restriction enzymes
DNA ligase
Which type of gene therapy involves using a liposome to insert a gene into the individual?
Ex vivo gene therapy
True or false: Gene cloning refers to cloning of whole organisms
False
True or false: The large amount of introns in eukaryotic genes appears to have no function
False
In gene pharming, transgenic ______ are used to produce pharmaceuticals
Farm animals
The ______ Project sought to determine the complete sequence of human DNA
Human Genome
Which type of gene therapy involves inserting the normal gene into a particular region of the body?
In vivo gene therapy
What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?
It determines the exact sequence of nucleotides in a gene or piece of DNA
What benefit is provided by genetically modified AquaAdvantage Salmon?
It grows faster than wild salmon
A single flake of skin, a drop of semen, or the root of a single hair can be used in criminal investigations using _______
PCR techniques
Use the diagram to determine which suspect is guilty of the crime
Suspect B
True or false: A gene can be a sequence of RNA or a sequence of DNA that produces RNA
True
True or false: The sequence of the human genome is now known
True
DNA fingerprints are
a distinctive pattern of bands formed when DNA is forced through a porous gel
DNA sequencing allows for researches to identify specific ________ that are associated with diseases, which allows for development of targeted medicines and treatments
alleles
Microinjecting foreign genes into eggs by hand and vortex mixing are two methods used to produce genetically modified _______
animals
A tumor suppressing gene known as p53 is being investigated as a type of gene therapy for cancer treatment based upon this gene's ability to bring about _______ in cells
apoptosis
The term that refers to cell death, like that brought on by the tumor suppressor gene p53, is _______
apoptosis
Introns are important
as regulators of gene expression
Genetic engineering, such as gene cloning and genome editing, is a type of ______ that can be used to change an organism or make desired biological products
biotechnology
When humans use biological systems to produce a product, like insulin, they are using _________
biotechnology
There is interest in injecting p53, a tumor suppressing gene, into cancer cells in order to
bring about apoptosis, or cell death, selectively
Apoptosis means
cell death
Restriction enzymes are used to
cleave vector DNA
Identical twins and members of a bacterial colony in a petri dish are considered examples of biological copies called _________
cloning
DNA sequencing is a process that
determines the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA
The main use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology is to:
edit genes in their locations on the chromosome
A bacterial genome may be modified using genetic ______ such that the organism produces a product that is useful to humans
engineering
In order to form a functional mRNA, _______ are spliced together
exons
Which of the following are spliced together to produce an mRNA transcript that will undergo translation?
exons
A pattern of distinctive bands bands is formed when DNA is forced through a porous gel material. These bands are called a DNA _______
fingerprint
The technique used to analyze DNA fragments, whereby an electrical current is used to force DNA through a porous material, is called
gel electrophoresis
The type of cloning through which identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made is called _________ cloning
gene
Viruses, liposomes, and direct injections are techniques used to introduce a normal _______ into an individual who has a certain disease or genetic condition
gene
The production of pharmaceuticals using transgenic animals is called _______ _______
gene pharming
The insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a genetic disorder is called _______
gene therapy
Following a 13-year effort by the Human Genome Project, we now know the sequence of the roughly 3 billion bases of the human _______
genes
The Human Genome Project determined the complete sequence of human _______
genes
The human genome contains about 20,000 _______
genes
Scientists modify the genes of organisms using processes that are collectively referred to as _________
genetic engineering
Organisms that have had their genome changed are called ______ organisms
genetically modified
A scientist seeking to study the complete genetic makeup of an organism would be studying the field of _______
genomics
Cystic fibrosis and certain cancers can be treated with which gene therapy?
in vivo
RNA _______ occurs when a small piece of RNA is used to silence the expression of an allele
interference
Within any genome, regulation of gene expression is thought to be influenced by the _______, which are often spliced out in the process of making functional mRNA transcript
intron
Which of the following is the definition of structural genomics?
knowing the sequences of the bases and how many genes an organism has
The enzyme that seals DNA into an opening created by restriction enzymes is called DNA _________
ligase
Globules of lipids designed to carry normal genes during gene therapy are called _______
liposomes
Microscopic globules of lipids specifically prepared to carry normal genes into tissues during gene therapy are called
liposomes
A treatment for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) involves the removal of bone _______, which is then infected with a virus that carries a normal gene for a missing enzyme (ADA) into the patient's DNA
marrow
DNA sequencing methods usually involve dyes or radioactive tracers attached to each of the four ______ during DNA replication, and the results are then analyzed
nucleotides
One method of making a genetically modified ______ is by subjecting a protoplast floating in foreign DNA to an electric current
plant
What are protoplasts?
plant cells with their cell wall removed
Along with bacteria, ________ are being engineered to produce human proteins and antibodies as well as being engineered to be pest and herbicide resistant
plants
An accessory ring of DNA in bacteria, often used as a vector in gene cloning, is a(n) _________
plasmid
A gene's final product can be either the three types of RNA or a(n) _______
protein
According to Mark Gerstein, a gene should be defined as a genomic sequence (either DNA or RNA) directly encoding functional products, either _______ or _______
protein; RNA
Plant cells that have had their cell walls removed are called _______
protoplasts
Transgenic plants can be produced by allowing _______ to be suspended in a liquid containing foreign DNA and exposing it to an electrical current
protoplasts
A segment of DNA containing genes from both mice and humans would be called _________ DNA
recombinant
The type of DNA that contains DNA from two or more different sources is called ______ DNA
recombinant
What is believed to be the function of introns in eukaryotic genes?
regulation of gene expression
Enzymes used to cleave DNA at specific points during recombinant DNA production are called _______ enzymes
restriction
A single nucleotide polymorphism differs by _______ DNA nucleotide
single
Small regions of DNA that differ by only one base between an individual's two chromosomes, or between 2 individuals in a population, are called _______ polymorphisms
single nucleotide
The single-stranded but complementary ends of DNA, which are ready to bind foreign DNA to vector DNA in recombinant DNA production, are called "_________ ends"
sticky
Single-stranded, but complementary, ends of two DNA molecules are called
sticky ends
The field of study that seeks to determine the sequence of DNA bases and the number of genes in organisms is called _______ genomics
structural
Genomics is the
study of the complete genetic sequences of organisms
The technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA is called
the polymerase chain reaction
The treatment of genetic disorders through the insertion of genetic materials into cells is called gene _______
therapy
Bacteria that are engineered to express a cloned gene are called _______ bacteria
transgenic
If a bacterium expresses a cloned gene, it is referred to as a(n) _______ bacterium
transgenic
A piece of DNA that can be manipulated such that foreign DNA can be added to it is called a
vector
A plasmid is often used in biotechnology applications as a(n) ________ to transfer foreign genetic material
vector
A genetically modified organism, or GMO, is an organism
whose genome has been modified in some way using recombinant DNA technology
