C224- Qualitative Research Methods- Module 4
empathetic understanding
(assumptions of qualitative research) I can appreciate where you're coming from. I have an interest in you is an ____________ understanding What type of?
Holistic perspective Correct! Holistic perspective focuses on interdependencies and system dynamics to understand the given phenomenon as a complex system.
The qualitative analysis strategy focusing on complex interdependencies and system dynamics is ______________________________________?
Voice, perspective, and reflexivity
The qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about her or his own voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness. Complete objectivity being impossible and pure subjectivity undermining credibility, the researcher's focus is on balance—understanding and depicting the world authentically in all its complexity while being self-analytical, politically aware, and reflexive in consciousness. trying to be real man no BS or Bias
"wide-angle" Correct! Research focus includes guiding principles of research such as in-depth examination and avoiding generalization.
The research focus of qualitative studies involves a __________________lens to capture the entirety of a phenomenon.
Sociological Correct! Grounded theory stems from a sociological discipline.
The theoretical framework of "Grounded Theory" originates from _________________________?
True
True or false? the qualitative researcher asks the questions, collects the data, makes interpretations, and records what is observed.
triangulation (general)
One general strategy that was popularized in qualitative research methodology several decades ago, called __________________ is a validation approach based on the search for convergence of results obtained by using multiple investigators, methods, data sources, and/or theoretical perspectives. This approach builds into the study and research process systematic cross-checking of information and conclusions through the use of multiple procedures or sources and therefore addresses the larger goal of study validity. As an outcome, "triangulation" is said to occur when your results converge on the same conclusion.
Correct! Both ontology and epistemology stem from the field of philosophy, and their assumptions guide the direction and nature of qualitative research studies.
Ontology and epistemology are examples of _________________________________ assumptions within the context of research.
self-report instruments (questionnaires)
Participants complete __________________(questionnaires) in order to share their perceptions and experiences of the phenomena under study; generally, however, richer data results from interviews in which researchers can talk to participants in person. interviews, observation, focus groups, and secondary/existing data, but they often use semi-structured or open-ended questionnaires
Thought and behavior Correct! Thought and behavior includes general views on human actions and beliefs such as fluidity and contextualization.
Perspectives on _______________ and _______________ in qualitative studies are fluid and highly contextualized in qualitative research, providing researchers with many situational perspectives.
Flux Correct! Flux is congruent with the other principles of postmodernism.
Postmodernism emphasizes the primacy of individuality, fragmentation, constant change, and __________________________________________?
False Correct! Since qualitative research studies can yield information from a vast array of sources and perspectives, analysis of such data can cover complex ideas and strategies.
Qualitative analysis is a narrowly focused process. True False
insider's perspective
Qualitative researcher wants to know the insider or outsider perspective?
"reality is socially constructed"
Qualitative researchers often contend that reality is a ______________ constructed concept
focus groups
Qualitative researchers primarily rely upon multiple forms of data to address their complex research questions. These include interviews, observation, _____________________ groups, and secondary/existing data, but they often use semi-structured or open-ended questionnaires
Qualitative researchers rely on which scientific method?
Qualitative researchers rely on the exploratory or inductive mode of the scientific method, focusing on understanding just the particular, or starting with the particular and then cautiously moving toward an understanding of the general. experimental or exploratory or deductive or inductive?
Results from outside studies Relationships between participants Correct! Results from outside studies are not aspects of a research setting.
Qualitative researchers try to understand multiple layers of reality in research settings. Which of the following is not an example of one of these layers? Results from outside studies Types of people in a group Established cultural norms
Correct! Results from outside studies are not aspects of a research setting.
Qualitative researchers try to understand multiple layers of reality in research settings. Which of the following is not an example of one of these layers? Results from outside studies Types of people in a group Established cultural norms Relationships between participants
Context sensitivity
Researcher places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context and is careful about, even dubious of, the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space. Emphasizes instead careful comparative case analyses and extrapolating patterns for possible transferability to and adaptation in new settings. all in context man get the whole pic first
naturally (Qualitative researchers prefer to study situations as they occur naturally without interference from researchers or research manipulations.)
Researchers conducting a qualitative study focus on exploring the world as it ____________________ occurs in order to capture participants' perspectives. without manipulating conditions.
Naturalistic Inquiry
Studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally in a nonmanipulative and noncontrolling way (without predetermined constraints on findings) is termed _________________ inquiry
Epistemology Correct! Epistemology includes theories of knowledge such as relativism and social construction.
The _________________________________ of qualitative research contends that knowledge is socially constructed and relativistic. ontology or epistemology?
Describing the established cultural norms of a given population Correct! Describing established cultural norms is an important example of a holistic approach as it can provide essential insight into a population and its behavior throughout a study.
Which of the following is an example or characteristic of using a "holistic" approach in qualitative research? Describing the established cultural norms of a given population Focusing only on the data available on a single day within a study Transcribing a distinctive communication pattern of a community member Documenting the ethnic background of a study participant
Description of common perceptions of a unique event Correct! The phenomenology framework focuses on the people and situation surrounding a specific event, and narrative reports must reflect important shared characteristics.
Which of the following is emphasized within a narrative report of a phenomenological research study? Discussion of themes, issues, and implications of a specific case Narrative description of a cultural context Reporting of participants' stories and relationships over time Description of common perceptions of a unique event
Laboratory experimentation Correct! Laboratory experimentation is not an objective of qualitative research, as it contradicts other objectives such as naturalistic observation and does not provide for a holistic description of participants or events.
Which of the following is not a common objective of qualitative research? Holistic descriptions Naturalistic observation Unobtrusive observation Laboratory experimentation
Purposeful sampling Correct! Purposeful sampling is not an analysis strategy, but a design strategy best considered earlier in the research process.
Which of the following is not a major qualitative research analysis strategy? Creative synthesis Holistic perspective Context sensitivity Purposeful sampling
Qualitative Researchers try to obtain an _____________ understanding of the inner worlds of people and groups and conducting exploration to learn what is important to people in a particular place or group
an empathetic
grounded theory
an inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories Purpose: Inductively generating a theory describing a phenomenon is it phenomenology, ethnography, narrative inquiry, case study, and grounded theory
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles Purpose: Addressing research questions through in-depth analysis is it phenomenology, ethnography, narrative inquiry, case study, and grounded theory
qualitative research- major objectives
are exploration, discovery, and understanding. are often focused on individuals' subjective meanings and the insider perspective in cultural groups. Qualitative or Quantitative?
Phenomenology
branch of science concerned with things as they are perceived; not directly derived from theory Describing individual(s)' experience of phenomena Interview data are searched for significant statements that capture the essence of participants' perceptions and experiences. is it phenomenology, ethnography, narrative inquiry, case study, and grounded theory
Ethnography- how to remember
cultural (Ethnicity)
Unique Case Orientation
each case is unique and deserves detailed, in-depth study The researcher assumes that each case is special and unique. The first level of analysis is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases being studied; cross-case analysis follows from—and depends on—the quality of individual case studies.
Qualitative researchers use- Bottoms up or top down?
exploratory research methods bottoms up! inductive method
grounded theory - how to remember
generating a theory
A focus group Correct! Focus groups allow for a discussion of issues related to the research topic from a variety of participants in a structured setting.
A ___________________s a small group of research participants discussing issues in one setting at the same time. interviews, observation, focus groups, and secondary/existing data, but they often use semi-structured or open-ended questionnaires
True exploring a process, issue, or phenomenon
A qualitative research question is focused on True or False?
grounded theory Correct! This researcher proposes to explain the dynamics of abuse by building a grounded theory.
A researcher interviews 20-30 women who are in abusive relationships and from this research she develops a theory to explain the dynamics of abusive relationships. This would likely be an example of which type of qualitative research? Phenomenology Ethnography Case study Grounded theory
Phenomenology Correct! This phenomenology is focused on describing individuals' experiences of a particular event or experience.
A researcher interviews college students to learn more about their experiences of learning from bad instructors. This would be an example of which type of qualitative research? Phenomenology Case study Grounded theory Ethnography
mixes research methods with nonoverlapping strengths and weaknesses Correct! Methods triangulation refers to the mixing of research methods within a study.
A researcher who utilizes methods triangulation __________. uses multiple methods of data collection to capture a single phenomenon corroborates the observations of multiple observers examines multiple theories in order to explain study results mixes research methods with nonoverlapping strengths and weaknesses
Linguistic relativity Correct! Linguistic relativity is a unique concept among some languages.
A specific culture's language differentiates one concept (e.g., snow) into many varied types not recognized in outside populations. This is known as ___________________________________________________
Ethnography Correct! Ethnography focuses on understanding the workings of a culture.
A study that intends to describe the shared beliefs and practices of individuals living in a community in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains would be an example of which type of qualitative research? Phenomenology Ethnography Case study Grounded theory
Correct! Purposive sampling Correct! Purposive sampling involves sampling based upon predetermined participant characteristics.
A type of sampling in which the researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and locates individuals with those characteristics is called P________________ sampling criterion or purposive?
discussion of themes, issues, and implications Correct! Case study narrative reports must include a discussion of themes, issues, and implications to provide the complete picture of the study's participants and data.
Case study narrative reports include a __________. description of cultural theme contexts discussion of themes, issues, and implications description of invariant structures discussion of evolving stories and relationships
Qualitative Coding- overview
Coding usually goes through several cycles in order to evaluate their validity, draw conclusions, and make decisions. In one study, coding could guide the collection of further data that is focused on testing out the researcher's codes. In another study, codes might be compared to existing literature in order to determine possible relationships among the categories in the data. Finally, codes might be compared and grouped to begin to form a visual map of related ideas, relationships, or processes.
Personal experience and engagement
In Qualititative researcher The researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under study through personal ___________________ and engagment
Questionnaires Correct! Questionnaires are self-reporting instruments that study participants use to provide their insights and opinions about the study's focus.
In qualitative data collection, which term refers to participants' self-reporting instruments? Focus groups Observation Questionnaires Secondary data
research methods Correct! In the qualitative research approach, the major research methods are considered theoretical frameworks.
In qualitative research, "designs" refers to _______ methods
the instrument
In qualitative research, the researcher is said to be _____________________________ of data collection.
instrument
In qualitative research, the researchers can also be known as the _____________________________________ of data collection.
case study - how to remember
one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Phenomenology- how to remember
perceived
emergent
qualitative research is often said to be an emergent or a fluid of research. true or false?
poststructuralism and postmodernism
qualitative researchers are heavily influenced by the historical intellectual movements called postructurlism and _________
criterion based
qualitative sampling is often referred to as ___________________- based or purposive sampling
Qualitative Research Methods
research in which the emphasis is placed on observing, describing, and interpreting people's behavior Qualitative or Quantitative?
Narrative Inquiry
research that views stories - whether gathered through field notes, interviews, oral tales, blogs, letters, or autobiographies - as fundamental to human experience. Multiple conversations with a participant and inquiry into related artifacts and documents are used to gain understanding and retell stories of experience. is it phenomenology, ethnography, narrative inquiry, case study, and grounded theory
Narrative Inquiry- how to remember
storytelling
Epistemology is the study of
study of knowledge acts as the overall understanding of how knowledge is created or shared.
Inductive Analysis & Creative Synthesis
taking all the specific info and creating the big story. Looking for patterns, themes, and interrelationships to get the big picture The researcher seeks immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns, themes, and interrelationships. Begins by exploring, then confirming; is guided by analytical principles rather than rules. Study ends with a creative synthesis. dig deep and see it all
true- Correct! Qualitative research conducts in-depth research on particular people, groups, and places. Qualitative research attempts to create an accurate account of insider perspectives and experiences.
true or false Qualitative research focuses on studying particular people, groups, schools, and places.
False Correct! Qualitative research collects multiple kinds of data and uses multiple strategies to ensure the trustworthiness of its findings and interpretations.
true or false Qualitative research is just the opinion of the researcher and is based only on idiosyncratic and anecdotal information.
True Correct! Inductive methods, analysis, and exploration are cornerstones of qualitative research.
true or false Qualitative research uses an inductive mode of science and often focuses on exploration and discovery.
Qualitative-
which research begins with specific and local observations and other data. Qualitative or Quantitative research?
naturalistic Correct! Data collected from naturalistic settings qualifies as a "strength" of qualitative research, as it provides both relevant and holistic understanding.
An established "strength" of qualitative research occurs when data is collected in which kind of setting? Naturalistic Unrepeatable Researcher-biased Small population pool
Correct! Criterion-based sample selection is synonymous with purposive sampling.
Another term for criterion-based selection is . _______________________________________ sampling criterion or purposive ?
Triangulation as an Outcome
As an outcome, _______________ is said to occur when your results converge on the same conclusion.
Inductive analysis Correct! Creative synthesis occurs after a researcher has inductively analyzed available data for patterns and themes, thereby providing content for synthesis.
Creative synthesis works in conjunction with which analysis strategy? Holistic perspective Context sensitivity Inductive analysis Unique case orientation
Ethnography Correct! Ethnography focuses on cultural themes to establish the complex understanding of participants.
Cultural themes are at the heart of narrative reports when following which design? Case study Ethnography Phenomenology
Narrative (Narrative reports provide vivid descriptive writing and include participants' viewpoints, understandings, and experiences, and the researcher's interpretations and reflections.)
Data collected in qualitative research are analyzed and interpreted and then written using a ____________________ report style that is less formal and includes contextual description and direct quotations.
True is the answer
Data collection and analysis in qualitative research have a longitudinal character, because qualitative research often takes place over an extended period of time. true or false?
Disciplinary origin: Multi-disciplinary
Disciplinary origin is Case Study?
Disciplinary origin: Anthropology
Disciplinary origin is Ethnography?
Disciplinary origin: Sociology?
Disciplinary origin is Grounded Theory
Disciplinary origin: Human storytelling & education
Disciplinary origin is Narrative Inquiry?
Phenomenology origin
Disciplinary origin: Philosophy
holistic perspective
The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts. The focus is on complex interdependencies and system dynamics that cannot meaningfully be reduced to a few discrete variables and linear, cause-effect relationships. the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts. The whole pic and not one aspect should stand out
False Correct! Not only does each design influence and adjust the nature of data, but the many different strategies make analysis a complex operation.
There is only one "correct" way to analyze qualitative data. True False
Disciplinary origin: Philosophy
What Disciplinary origin is Phenomenology?
Voice, perspective, and reflexivity Correct! Voice, perspective, and reflexivity as a strategy means that researchers understand that objectivity and subjectivity are elements that must be put into balance to create the best possible analysis.
Which analysis strategy contends that "complete objectivity is impossible"? Context sensitivity Inductive analysis and creative synthesis Voice, perspective, and reflexivity Unique case orientation
They use a wide-angle and "deep-angle" lens, examining the breadth and depth of phenomena to learn anything and everything that might be important.
Which lens do Qualitative researchers use?
Correct! Bottom-up research methods allow researchers to start without a given hypothesis and work their way up from specific events and data to eventually form an explanatory theory.
Which method of research allows qualitative studies' explanations to develop throughout the process? Front-back Top-down Right-left Bottom-up
designs
Within a qualitative research context, it is helpful to think of these five methods as d______________ , each with its own methods, analysis strategies, and implications for report writing
Triangulation
______________ a validation approach based on the search for convergence of results obtained by using multiple investigators, methods, data sources, and/or theoretical perspectives.
methods triangulation
______________ triangulation refers to the use of a mix of methods for organizing the study and collecting data with an objective of combining different methods that have non-overlapping weaknesses and strengths. Data, Investigator, methods, or theory Triangulation?
designs drive
__________________ drive the language and components that researchers utilize in qualitative research studies.
Data (triangulation)
__________________ triangulation conducting more than one form of data collection to enhance the validity and credibility of your results These____________ provide the opportunity for cross-checking or researcher interpretations Data, Investigator, methods, or theory Triangulation?
investigator triangulation
___________________ triangulation involves the use of multiple observers to record and describe the research participants' behavior and context. These observers assess the degree to which their observations are corroborated in order to enhance the credibility and defensibility of the results Data, Investigator, methods, or theory Triangulation?
Fieldwork
____________________ emphasizes observation of the ways research participants act in natural environments. Researchers conducting observations may or may not interact with these individuals depending upon the type of study. Researchers may also rely upon data that are collected or constructed by participants in those natural settings interviews, observation, focus groups, and secondary/existing data, but they often use semi-structured or open-ended questionnaires
Ontology Correct! Ontology refers to the nature of truth and reality.
_____________________ in qualitative research emphasizes individuals' personal realities and truths rather than objective or universal ones. ontology or epistemology?
dynamic systems
_____________________ systems is a A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences. The crucial understanding is that development is never static but is always affected by, and affects, many systems of development.
Theory triangulation
_________________________________ theory triangulation involves the use of a variety of theories and perspectives to explain the phenomena under study (including prior theories and/or other researchers). Data, Investigator, methods, or theory Triangulation?
interviews
_______________________range from open, unstructured interactions in qualitive research interviews, observation, focus groups, and secondary/existing data, but they often use semi-structured or open-ended questionnaires
internal validity
__________________emerges as a key interest of qualitative research when researchers are interested in identifying potential causes and effects. internal or external validity
Quantitative research focuses on the general and on the relationships among variables. then Qualitative research does not focus on variables and does focus on concrete human reality in its local context, with all of its complexity.
__________________research usually focuses on the relationships among variables, while _______________ attempts to understand concrete human reality in its local context, with all of its complexity. quantitive or qualitative
qualitative coding definiton
a data reduction technique used to reduce the information into ideas and themes
Coding
the process of condensing qualitative data for analysis especially in Grounded theory is referred to as _______________________
Ethnography
the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures. Purpose: Describing cultural characteristics of a group of people is it phenomenology, ethnography, narrative inquiry, case study, and grounded theory
Ontology is the study of ___________________
the study of being refers to the research's inherent understanding of reality and truth as perceived by the researchers themselves
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language ____________________ relativity hyopothesis
