C4 + C5

In a(n) ____________________ search, one would examine the first item in the memory set, then the second, then the third, and so forth.

serial

Attended information is held in ____________________ for periods of up to 20 or 30 seconds.

short term memory or STM

When you remember a telephone number just long enough to pick up the telephone and dial it, you are utilizing ____________________ memory.

short-term

Miller reviewed evidence demonstrating that the capacity of STM is about ____________________ meaningful chunks of information, give or take two.

7

Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons? A. They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information. B. They have relatively small capacities for information. C. They both hold information for the same length of time. D. They both rely heavily on the meaning of the stimulus. E. All of the above are true.

A. They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information.

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of A. directing the flow of information B. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity C. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory D. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization E. all of the above

A. directing the flow of information

According to Posner and Raichle, the posterior parietal lobe of the brain is involved in A. disengaging attention from where it was previously focused. B. refocusing attention to a new stimulus. C. processing newly-attended information. D. a and b only. E. a, b, and c.

A. disengaging attention from where it was previously focused.

In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to A. last about 20 seconds B. last about 8 seconds C. decay slowly over 24 hours D. decay slowly over a week E. last for an unlimited amount of time

A. last about 20 seconds

Conway and colleagues discovered that research participants who detect their own names in an unattended message are likely to have A. lower working memory spans than those who do not. B. higher working memory spans than those who do not. C. lower I.Q. scores than those who do not. D. higher I.Q. scores than those who do not. E. both b and d

A. lower working memory spans than those who do not.

Proactive interference refers to the fact that A. previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material. B. new material can disrupt the recall of previously learned material. C. the passage of time leads to memory decay. D. all of the above. E. none of the above.

A. previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material.

The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as A. retrieval B. encoding C. storage D. forgetting E. none of the above

A. retrieval

According to ____ theory, we never actually acquire unattended material at all. A. schema B. bottleneck C. attenuation D. filter E. capacity

A. schema

Unattended information is stored briefly in A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. long term memory D. secondary memory E. none of the above

A. sensory memory

In Schneider and Shiffrin's classic study of visual search for targets, which of the following variables DID have an effect on processing in the consistent-mapping condition? A. the length of time each array was displayed B. the number of distracters in the array C. the number of targets the subjects were asked to find D. exactly two of the above variables E. all three of the above variables

A. the length of time each array was displayed

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to A. the loss of the ability to form new memories B. the loss of the ability to recall old events C. the loss of short term memory D. the loss of sensory memory E. the loss of all memory ability

A. the loss of the ability to form new memories

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, they notice which of the following features of the unattended message? A. whether it is speech or simply noise B. whether it is spoken in English or Japanese C. multiple repetitions of the same words D. both a and b above E. a, b and c above

A. whether it is speech or simply noise

According to Treisman's attenuation theory, the cocktail party effect occurs because: A. words like your own name have permanently lowered thresholds for recognition. B. your name is primed by the context of the conversation. C. perception of expected information is easier than perception of unexpected information. D. its physical characteristics make it "stand out" from surrounding conversation. E. none of the above -- Treisman's theory cannot explain the cocktail party effect.

A. words like your own name have permanently lowered thresholds for recognition.

An estimated 3% to 5% of the school age population has some form of ____________________, which involves an inability to sustain vigilance on dull, repetitive tasks.

ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Broadbent, in proposing his filter theory of attention, argued that an attentional filter lets some information through and blocks out the rest. This filter is based upon A. the meaning of the message B. a physical characteristic of the message, such as its location C. the importance of the message D. both a and c E. a, b and c

B. a physical characteristic of the message, such as its location

Neuropsychological studies have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobe A. cannot perceive objects on the left side of visual space. B. do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. C. perceive and pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space, but cannot reproduce them in a drawing. D. both a and b E. none of the above

B. do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space.

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that ____ has occurred: A. retrieval B. encoding C. storage D. forgetting E. none of the above

B. encoding

Broadbent believed that you might be able to attend to two messages at once A. if you were concentrating very hard. B. if both messages contained little information. C. if both messages were important to the listener. D. if there were no background noise in the room. E. both a and d

B. if both messages contained little information.

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: A. it holds information in a relatively unprocessed form B. it lasts about 20 seconds C. it can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward D. it can hold more information than can be reported E. it contains only visual information, not auditory

B. it lasts about 20 seconds

A model of attention which describes selection as occurring after all messages have been processed up through and including the level of meaning is called: A. early-selection B. late-selection C. semantic-selection D. dichotic-selection E. attenuation

B. late-selection

Words from the beginning of a list are more likely to be recalled than words in the middle of the list. This phenomenon is known as the ____ effect. A. recency B. primacy C. forgetting D. interference E. none of the above

B. primacy

Stroop interference peaks at around the age of A. 3 years old B. second or third grade C. 12 years old D. 20 years old E. 60 years old

B. second or third grade

Information is held in ____ for 20 to 30 seconds. A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. long term memory D. secondary memory E. none of the above

B. short term memory

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by A. the visuo-spatial sketch pad B. the central executive C. the phonological loop D. iconic memory E. echoic memory

B. the central executive

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? A. the phonological loop B. the icon C. the central executive D. the visuospatial sketch pad E. all of the above are parts of working memory

B. the icon

The "cocktail party effect" refers to the fact that shadowing performance is disrupted when ____ is embedded in the unattended message. A. backward speech B. the listener's name C. a section of repeated words D. music E. a switch in language

B. the listener's name

If the search of short term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that A. successful searches would take longer than unsuccessful ones, on the average. B. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average. C. the size of the memory set would not influence search time. D. the larger the memory set, the longer the search time. E. the smaller the memory set, the longer the search time.

B. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average.

____________________ is the phenomenon of not perceiving a stimulus that is right in front of you, unless you are paying attention to it.

Inattentional blindness

The capacity of short-term memory is thought to be A. about 75% of a visual display B. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers C. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information D. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information E. unlimited

C. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information

Studies of coding in short-term memory suggest that which of the following would be most DIFFICULT to recall correctly? A. C - O - G - Q - D B. big-large-huge-tall-wide C. C - D - P - V - T D. A - E - I - O - U E. a, c and d would be equally difficult.

C. C - D - P - V - T

Which of the following is true regarding controlled processing? A. It is used with routine or familiar tasks. B. It usually operates in parallel. C. It requires attention. D. It is unaffected by massive amounts of practice. E. It is not capacity limited.

C. It requires attention.

More recent research has suggested a move from a(n) ____ to a ____ metaphor to explain the basic nature of attention. A. bottleneck, filter B. filter, bottleneck C. bottleneck, spotlight D. headlight, spotlight E. apple tree, spotlight

C. bottleneck, spotlight

Research suggests that talking on a cellular phone while driving A. does not cause errors or slow reaction time. B. does not slow reaction time any more than does listening to the radio. C. causes significantly more errors and slows reaction time significantly more than listening to the radio. D. does not impair driving as long as the driver is using a "hands-free" telephone. E. actually improves driving performance.

C. causes significantly more errors and slows reaction time significantly more than listening to the radio.

In Waugh & Norman's probe digit task, A. faster presentation rates improved performance. B. faster presentation rates decreased performance. C. presentation rate had no effect on performance. D. only rates slower than 3-second intervals decreased performance. E. only very fast rates improved performance.

C. presentation rate had no effect on performance.

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall A. the first word B. the second word C. the 10th word D. the 20th word E. all of the above are equally likely to be recalled

C. the 10th word

The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon A. the phonological loop only. B. the visuo-spatial scratchpad only. C. the central executive. D. both a and b, but not c E. none of the above

C. the central executive.

In the Stroop effect, subjects have difficulty correctly naming the color of ink that a word is written in when: A. the word is unrelated to the topic of color B. the word names the color of ink C. the word names a color which is not the ink color D. the "word" is not a word at all, but a pronounceable nonsense syllable E. the "word" is not a word at all, but an unpronounceable sequence of consonants without vowels

C. the word names a color which is not the ink color

Partial reports of visually presented matrices of letters can be successfully cued by all of the following EXCEPT A. the pitch of a tone B. the brightness of the letters C. which letters rhyme with B D. a and b E. b and c

C. which letters rhyme with B

Which of the following provides the most likely explanation for the findings of Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser (in which participants learned to simultaneously take dictation and read with comprehension)? A. Participants learned to alternate between the two tasks. B. The reading task became automatic with practice. C. The dictation task became automatic with practice. D. Participants learned to combine the two specific tasks. E. Both b and c.

D. Participants learned to combine the two specific tasks.

Experiments indicate that storing a string of 6 digits in short term memory interferes with the ability to A. verify which of two letters precedes the other in the alphabet B. read and comprehend passages of text C. recall recently learned material D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from A. an inability to use language. B. a severe decrease in intelligence. C. an inability to remember events in his distant past, several years or more before the operation. D. an inability to form new memories of new events. E. all of the above

D. an inability to form new memories of new events.

The major difference between filter theory and late selection theory is that A. only filter theory hypothesizes a bottleneck in the process. B. only late selection theory hypothesizes a bottleneck in the process. C. both hypothesize a bottleneck, but filter theory places it later in the process. D. both hypothesize a bottleneck, but filter theory places it earlier in the process. E. only filter theory proposes that meaning is the basis for selection.

D. both hypothesize a bottleneck, but filter theory places it earlier in the process.

The primacy and recency effects in memory A. are thought to be due to the action of short term memory B. are thought to be due to the action of long term memory C. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory D. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work E. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology.

D. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work

Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) A. are more likely to be girls than boys. B. cannot devote mental resources to tasks. C. cannot disengage attention from a task. D. cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive tasks. E. all of the above.

D. cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive tasks.

The recency effect is through to result from participants' use of A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. long term memory D. either a or b E. either b or c

D. either a or b

Wood and Cowan switched a passage in participants' unattended ear to backwards speech, and reported that performance in shadowing the other ear A. was unaffected for all participants. B. included more errors for all participants during the time that the backwards message was being played. C. included more errors for only the participants who did not notice the backwards message. D. included more errors that peaked 10 to 20 seconds after the backward message began, for those that did notice the message. E. actually improved during the 30 seconds that the backward message was being played in the unattended ear.

D. included more errors that peaked 10 to 20 seconds after the backward message began, for those that did notice the message.

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in fifth grade is stored in A. sensory memory B. short term memory C. working memory D. long term memory E. photographic memory

D. long term memory

According to Treisman, people tend to process A. only to the level of physical characteristics. B. only to the level of linguistic characteristics, separating it into words. C. at a semantic level, analyzing for meaning most of the time. D. only as much as is necessary to separate the attended from the unattended message. E. at the highest possible level given the amount of background distraction.

D. only as much as is necessary to separate the attended from the unattended message.

Baddeley's research indicated that storing a string of digits in short term memory A. improved processing in simple reasoning tasks. B. slowed down but did not destroy the ability to complete simple reasoning tasks C. completely destroyed the ability to reason D. slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads (that is, storing 6 digits in short term memory). E. destroyed reasoning ability only at large memory loads

D. slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads (that is, storing 6 digits in short term memory).

PET scan studies A. show that STM function is contained within the frontal lobes. B. show that long term memories are stored in the frontal lobe. C. demonstrate that massive brain damage in several regions is necessary to cause amnesia. D. support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems. E. all of the above

D. support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems.

Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable basis for filtering, according to Broadbent's filter model? A. whether the message was coming from your right or your left side B. the pitch of the voice reading the message C. the loudness of the voice reading the message D. the language that the message was being read in E. all of the above characteristics could be used to filter messages

D. the language that the message was being read in

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model? A. the state of arousal B. the difficulty of the task C. enduring dispositions D. the lateness of selection E. momentary intentions

D. the lateness of selection

Research on the psychological refractory period suggests that, as the interval between the presentation of two tasks gets shorter, A. the time taken to complete task 1 gets shorter. B. the time taken to complete task 1 gets longer. C. the time taken to complete task 2 gets shorter. D. the time taken to complete task 2 gets longer. E. both (a) and (c) above.

D. the time taken to complete task 2 gets longer.

Cognitive psychologists use all of the following as criteria for determining whether an activity is automatic EXCEPT: A. whether it occurs intentionally B. whether it gives rise to conscious awareness C. whether it interferes with other activities D. whether it requires mental filtering E. whether it operates in parallel

D. whether it requires mental filtering

Subjects in a memory experiment are given a series of trials in which three words are read to them. Immediately following presentation of the third word, subjects count backwards by 7's for 30 seconds, after which time they are asked to write down all the words. Group 1 receives the following 6 trials: (1) red-magenta-orange; (2) blue-aqua-olive; (3) yellow-khaki-white; (4) black-gray-brown; (5) green-chartreuse-lime; (6) purple-pink-navy. Group 2 receives the following 6 trials: (1) red-magenta-orange;(2) blue-aqua-olive; (3) yellow-khaki-white; (4) robin-finch-ostrich; (5) sparrow-penguin-bluejay; (6) cardinal-swallow-eagle. Based on the work of Wickens, we would expect better performance by Group ____ on which of the trials (assuming random assignment of subjects to groups)? A. 1, all trials B. 1, trials 3 and 4 C. 2, all trials D. 2, trials 1, 2 and 3 E. 2, trial 4

E. 2, trial 4

In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, A. almost all participants noticed the woman with the umbrella. B. only participants with an easier pass-monitoring task noticed the woman. C. only participants with a more difficult pass-counting task noticed the woman. D. only participants monitoring the black team (as opposed to the white team) noticed the woman. E. Overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.

E. Overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.

Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from STM indicated that the search process is A. serial B. self-terminating C. exhaustive D. all of the above E. a and c only

E. a and c only

In Schneider and Shiffrin's classic study of visual search for targets, which of the following variables DID have an effect on processing in the varied-mapping condition? A. memory set size B. frame size C. frame time D. two of the above E. a, b, and c

E. a, b, and c

According to the attention hypothesis of automatization, A. attention is needed during the practice phase of a task. B. attention determines what gets learned during practice. C. attention determined what will be remembered from the practice. D. a and b. E. a, b, and c.

E. a, b, and c.

High working memory capacity has been linked to A. less susceptibility to proactive interference B. the ability to reason from premises C. the ability to overcome misleading information D. general fluid intelligence E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that A. only decay causes one to lose information from STM. B. only interference causes one to lose information from STM. C. some decay is essential to avoid catastrophic proactive interference. D. both decay and interference play a role in STM forgetting. E. both (c) and (d)

E. both (c) and (d)

In Treisman's classic (1960) experiment, participants were asked to shadow a message in one ear. At a certain point in the middle of the messages, the content of the first message and the second message were switched. What happened to shadowing performance? A. Nothing--participants completed the task as instructed. B. Participants became confused and were unable to continue shadowing. C. Many participants switched ears and repeated a few words from the unattended ear. D. Participants did not consciously recognize that the messages had been switched. E. both c and d

E. both c and d

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: A. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term) B. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal) C. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited) D. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference) E. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

E. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing

____________________ occurs when we translate information into a form that can be stored for later use.

Encoding

____________________ occurs when we actually call to mind previously stored information.

Retrieval

____________________ memory has been described as a brief record of our percepts; it is assumed that separate memories exist for each sensory modality.

Sensory

Amnesia for new events, such as the memory loss suffered by H.M., is referred to as ____________________ amnesia.

anterograde

According to the ____________________, attention determines what gets learned and remembered during practice.

attention hypothesis of automatization

Certain stimuli seem to jump off the page at the viewer, causing an involuntary shift of attention that is referred to as ____________________.

attentional capture

Treisman's ____________________ theory holds that we do not block out unattended information, but rather "turn down the volume" on it.

attenuation

Unlike controlled processing, ____________________ processing operates in parallel, does not strain capacity limitations, and is used with easy tasks or familiar items.

automatic

Arousal can affect our ____________________ for a task--that is, the sum total of mental resources available for the task.

capactity

The capacity limitations of short-term memory can be overcome through the process of ____________________, in which individual units are grouped into larger, more meaningful units. For example, the letters "M," "B," and "A" can be grouped into one meaningful abbreviation, "MBA," in order to take up one unit of STM rather than three.

chunking

Shadowing performance is disrupted when one's own name is embedded in an unattended message; this phenomenon is referred to as the ____________________ effect.

cocktail party

The term ____________________ refers to the way in which information is mentally represented--for example, the way information seems to be represented acoustically in short term memory.

coding

Schneider and Shiffrin contrast automatic with ____________________ processing; the latter type of processing is used for difficult or unfamiliar tasks, operates serially, and requires attention.

controlled

In a(n) ____________________ task, a person listens to an audiotape and hears two separate messages presented simultaneously to the left and right ears.

dichotic listening

The term ____________________ refers to our ability to do more than one task at a time, as practice makes one of the tasks more automatic.

divided attention

Driving while using a cell phone is an example of ____________________ performance, in which performance of one task disrupts the ability to perform a second task quickly and accurately.

dual task performance

Our sensory memory for auditory information is called the ____________________.

echo

In Kahneman's model of attention, allocation of mental resources is affected by our ____________________ such as preferences for certain kinds of tasks over others.

enduring dispositions

According to ____________________ theory, we perceive objects in two distinct stages. In the first, we register the colors and shapes of objects, and in the second, we "glue" those parts together to make a unified whole.

feature integration

Broadbent's ____________________ theory of attention states that there is a very limited amount of information that can be attended to at one time; unattended information is blocked out.

filter

We say that ____________________ occurs when we cannot retrieve information.

forgetting

Our visual sensory memory takes the form of the ____________________, which stores visual material for up to one second.

icon

Treisman noted that people sometimes make integration errors called ____________________ when their attention is overloaded; someone who saw a blue shirt and a yellow tie, for example, might erroneously recall having seen a blue tie.

illusory conjunctions

____________________ theory holds that all messages are routinely processed for at least some aspects of meaning.

late selection

Information needed for longer periods of time, such as the data of your wedding anniversary, is transferred to ____________________.

long term memory or LTM

____________________ is a neurological process by which neural cells in the hippocampus become more sensitive to stimuli than they were previously, after repeated and intense electrical stimulation. This enhanced response can last for weeks, or even longer.

long-term potentiation

The encoded mental representation of to-be remembered information is called the ____________________.

memory trace

According to the ____________________ approach to memory, information is received, processed, and stored differently by different types of memory such as sensory memory, STM, and LTM.

modal

In Kahneman's model of attention, allocation of mental resources is affected by our ____________________ such as our immediate goals.

momentary intentions

The ____________________ lobe of the brain has been implicated in cases of hemi-neglect; when this area of the right brain is damaged, for example, patients may ignore objects on the left side of the visual field.

parietal

The term ____________________ refers to the fact that we usually focus our attention on one task rather than many.

selective attention

The ____________________ is the part of working memory that processes verbal material by subvocally rehearsing it.

phonological loop

Words at the beginning of a list are remembered better than words in the middle of a list; this phenomenon is referred to as the ____________________ effect.

primacy

When earlier learning disrupts later learning, ____________________ interference has occurred.

proactive

The ____________________ is the slowed response time to a second stimulus while completing the processing of a previous stimulus.

psychological refractory period

Words at the end of a list are remembered better than words in the middle of a list; this phenomenon is referred to as the ____________________ effect.

recency

The participant's repetition of items on a to-be-remembered list, also known as ____________________, is thought to help items enter long-term storage.

rehearsal

If not rehearsed, information is lost from STM in as little as 20 seconds, a period of time known as the ____________________.

retention duration

Neisser's ____________________ theory proposes that we don't filter, attenuate, or forget unattended information--we simply never acquire it in the first place.

schema

Cognitive psychologists have recently moved away from a bottleneck metaphor to describe attention, toward more of a(n) ____________________ metaphor.

spotlight

In the ____________________ task, a person is asked to name the color of ink that words are written in; the trick is, the word "red" may be written in green ink, leading to interference.

stroop

The ____________________ is the part of working memory that processes visual information.

visuo-spatial scratch pad

Baddeley prefers the term ____________________ memory to "short-term memory" because it emphasizes the active processes of memory over the notion of a static storage space.

working