Campbell- Practice Quiz: Nervous, Endocrine, Limbic System
In order for a neuron to generate an action potential, which of the following must be true?
Excitatory impulses must outnumber inhibitory impulses.
Which of the following communicates with the pituitary, which in turn controls the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Damage to which of the following puts a person's life in the most danger because it may cause breathing to stop?
Medulla
Which of the following is a disease in which the immune system attacks the myelin of neurons in the central nervous system?
Multiple sclerosis
Joel's pupils become dilated, his digestion is reduced, and his skin becomes cold. Which system is controlling his bodily changes?
Sympathetic
Which of the following are NOT part of a neuron?
Synapses
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the
endocrine system.
The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the
endocrine system.
Which chemical is most closely associated with sleep?
melatonin
For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.
motor neurons
Multiple sclerosis is a result of degeneration in the
myelin sheath
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)
myelin sheath
The pituitary gland is controlled by the
hypothalamus
The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the
medulla
An axon is
the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is
the myelin sheath
The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as
the refractory period
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?
A decrease in heart rate
Stimulation of the amygdala is most likely to have which of the following effects?
Aggression
Morphine is similar to the body's endorphins in that both elevate mood and ease pain. In this instance, morphine is considered to be a(n)
Agonist
Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as what?
Agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminishing effects
Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?
Amygdala
Which of the following brain structures is most associated with the emotion of fear?
Amygdala
A gymnast falls and hits her head on the floor. She attempts to continue practicing but has trouble maintaining balance. What part of her brain has probably been affected?
Cerebellum
Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the
Cerebellum
During the high-wire act, Grace walks along a rope suspended 30 feet above the circus floor. Which of the following is most involved in helping Grace coordinate her movements and maintain her balance during the performance?
Cerebellum
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?
Dopamine
Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
EEG
Most glands in the human body are a part of which system?
Endocrine
After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?
Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages.
The diagram above depicts the human body's
Endocrine system
Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body?
Endocrine system
An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures.
GABA
Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from
Glial cells
Damage to which of following brain structures would affect the processing of new explicit memories?
Hippocampus
Which of the following brain areas is responsible for regulating hunger and thirst?
Hypothalamus
After an electrode implanted in a cat's brain stimulates the cat's amygdala, the cat will most likely do which of the following?
Immediately withdraw in fear
Which of the following is true about the pons?
It is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal.
Which of the following is true of the reticular activating system?
It regulates levels of arousal.
Juana accidentally touched a hot iron. She immediately drew back her hand. Which of the following is true about the withdrawal of her hand?
It was initiated in the spinal cord.
What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan?
MRI scans show structural details of the brain, fMRI scans show structure and activity levels.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system calms a person down once a stressful event has passed?
Parasympathetic
Which of the following endocrine glands may explain unusually tall height in a 12-year-old?
Pituitary
Which is the most influential of the endocrine glands?
Pituitary gland
In which of the following techniques do researchers inject a harmless, radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity?
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?
Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are Selected:
SSRIs
Which neurotransmitters are most likely in undersupply in someone who is depressed?
Serotonin and norepinephrine
Which division of the nervous system enables a person to move the muscles necessary to walk down the street?
Somatic
What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?
Speed up the transmission of information within a neuron
Which of the following is true of a neuron in the resting state?
The inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside.
Which of the following biological systems is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety?
The sympathetic nervous system
The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called
a dendrite
A person accidentally touches a hand to a hot stove and quickly pulls the hand away, even before sensory information about the hot stove reaches the brain. The person's reaction is most directly enabled by
a spinal reflex
Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to
absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of sending neuron.
Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as
acetylcholine.
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
action potential.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the
adrenal glands.
Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by
afferent neurons
A drug that has the effect of intensifying or mimicking a particular neurotransmitter can be characterized as
an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is
an all-or-none response.
Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in
an increase in respiratory rate
Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an
antagonist
A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are
antagonists.
The longest part of a neuron is likely to be the
axon
The area labeled X in the drawing above denotes which of the following structures?
axon terminals
Which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors?
biological psychologist
The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.
breathing; walking
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the
cerebellum.
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue.
destruction
Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter
dopamine
Treating a patient for Parkinson's disease includes administering a chemical that will lead to increases in the patient's
dopamine
A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called
electroencephalography (EEG)
The limbic system is closely associated with
emotions
Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as
endorphins
The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to
establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response
The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the
hippocampus
The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the
hypothalamus
Thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones. These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain region influences the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to
increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon
Mary participates in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for Mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise
increases her level of endorphins
If you accidentally touch a hot stove, which of the following is responsible for moving your hand away before you even realize what you have done?
interneuron
The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to
interneurons
Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?
interneurons
The peripheral nervous system
is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord.
A synapse is a(n)
junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to
lapse into a coma.
The neural system located at the border between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as the
limbic system
The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the
nervous system.
Dendrites are branching extensions of
neurons
The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called
neurotransmitters
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system.
peripheral
The master gland of the endocrine system is the
pituitary gland.
Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________.
polarization; depolarization
Which of the following structures in the brainstem helps coordinate movements and lies above the medulla?
pons
Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech?
positron emission tomography (PET)
Reuptake refers to the
reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.
The function of dendrites is to
receive incoming signals from other neurons.
Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?
reticular formation
Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?
reticular formation
The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called
reuptake
When there is a negative charge inside an axon and a positive charge outside of it, the neuron is
said to have a resting potential
As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?
sensory
For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.
sensory neurons
The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the
spinal cord
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation?
sympathetic
Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the
sympathetic nervous system
Nervousness can result in faster and more shallow breathing as well as a racing heart. This is due to activation of the
sympathetic nervous system
While you are hiking in the mountains, a rattlesnake slithers across your trail. Which of the following triggers the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing your heart rate and blood pressure, as you run away?
sympathetic nervous system
Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the
sympathetic nervous system.
An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take place?
synapse
Neurotransmitters cross the ______________ to carry information to the next neuron.
synaptic gap
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
thalamus
Your ability to experience physical sensations is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your
thalamus.
Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as
the absolute refractory phase
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into
the bloodstream.
