Canadian Geography
National energy program
A bold policy of the federal liberal government in 1980 to keep Canadian oil prices lower than rapidly rising work oil prices, provide manufacturers new Ontario and Quebec with low prices western oil, foster oil exploration in the arctic and increase federal government revenues from oil sales
Describe the Cordillera
A complex region of mountains, plateaus and valleys, occupying over 16% of Canada's territory. It ext new from southern BC to northern Yukon and it's w steer border is the Pacific Ocean.
What is a drainage basin?
A drainage basin is land that slopes toward the sea and is separated from other lands by topographic ridges.
A comprehensive land claim agreement is sought when:
A group of indigenous people who have not yet signed a treaty can demonstrate a claim to land through past occupancy. Such claims are considered modern treaties
Regional geography emphasizes study of:
A particular part of the world
Define economies of scale
A reduction in unit costs of production resulting from an increase in output
What type of perspective do we use to understand Canada's geography?
A regional perspective
Who are the family compact in upper Canada?
A small group of officials who dominated senior bureaucratic positions, the executive and legislative councilsC and the judiciary
Canada has evolved into a pluralistic society. Define this
A society where small groups within larger society are permitted to maintain their unique cultural identities; multiculturalism
1,000 CE (common era)
A third wave of arctic hunters, known as Thule, migrated across the arctic eventually reaching the coast of Labrador. Their primary source of food was he bowhead whale. At the same time Vikings reaches Greenland and North America where they established a settlement on the north coast of Newfoundland
In 1996 the report of the total commission on aboriginal peoples identified two major goals:
Aboriginal economic development and self government
This link between the physical and human worlds identifies these regions having a more favourable mix of physical characteristics for settlement and economic development and translates the:
Abstract core/periphery mld into a geographic reality.
The newcomer/old timer fault line hinges on the:
Accommodation issue
Human/animal power: farming begins to replace hinting; village and urban life appears
Agrarian revolution
What is the economic anchor of western Canada
Agriculture
Describe continental air masses
Air masses originating over large land masses
List some ways in which one can go "green"
- recycling waste products - moving towards electric automobiles - limiting discretionary air travel - increasing the production of electricity from natural sources such as solar and wind rather than coal
Describe the arctic basin
- second largest drainage basin - largest coastline - fourth largest stream flow - few hydroelectric projects because of the long distance to markets
Since the 1970s Ottawa has adopted a more enlightened policy toof area ris solving issues related to Canada's first people's, stressing three elements:
- settling outstanding land claims - recognizing indigenous right to self-government - accepting the concerns and rights of each indigenous people
List some of the potential negative effects in a warmer and more humid Canada:
- shortage of water for prairie cities as the glaciers feeding those rivers disappear - preventing flooding of coastal cities might become a challenge of our changing natural world - winter supply routes via ice roads to remote mining sites and aboriginal reserves already are threatened in some areas
Describe the Great Lakes st Lawrence lowlands
- small but important - extends from the st Lawrence river near Quebec City to Windsor, this narrow strip of land rests between the Appalachian uplands, the Canadian Shield and the Great Lakes. - near the eastern end of Lake Ontario, the Canadian Shield extends across this region into the United States, where it forms the Adirondack mountains in New York State. - flat to rolling landscape
Describe the pacific basin
- smallest basin - third highest volume of water draining into the sea - side of one of Canada largest hydroelectric projects
The Great Lakes st Lawrence region is home to Canada's main ecumenical and manufacturing core, why?
- southerly location - proximity to the industrial heartland of the United States - favourable physically setting
Tertiary zone
- sparsely populated - 0.3 million - ft McMurtry is the major city - 1% of Canada's population
List regions based on population density, from least amount of persons per km2 to most.
- territorial north - western Canada - Atlantic Canada - bc - Quebec - Ontario
The federal governments responsibility for began in ___________ for First Nations
1867
In one sense, Canada is a young country. It's formal history began in ________ with the passing of the:
1867 BNA - British north America Act by the British parliament.
The Hudson's bay company's lands are transferred by Britain to Canada. The red river colony enters confederation as the province of Manitoba
1870
PEI becomes the seventh province of Canada
1873
Ottawa enlarges the boundaries of Manitoba
1881
Ottawa approves extension of Quebec's northern limit to the east main river
1898
Ottawa decides to see Ontario's western boundary at lake of the woods and extend its northern boundary to the Albany river and James bay
1899
Ottawa announces the creation of two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan
1905
When were Alberta and saskatchewan creates?
1905
Ottawa redefines the boundaries of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec extending them to their present position
1912
Great Britain sets the boundary between Quebec and Labrador as the northern divide. Quebec has never accepted this decision
1927
The federal governments responsibility for began in ___________ for inuit
1939
Newfoundland joins Canada to become the tenth province
1949
When did Newfoundland join Canada?
1949
When did treaty Indians obtain the right to vote for federal elections?
1960
A new territory, Nunavut, is hives off from the Northwest Territories in the eastern arctic
1999
Population of the red river settlement in 1869: whites born in Canada
2.5%
Canada's greenhouse gas emissions peaked in
2007
The federal governments responsibility for began in ___________ for metis and non status Indians
2016
Population of the red river settlement in 1869: English speaking metis
34.1%
What was Canada's population in 2015?
35,985,751
Canada is home to over _____ million people
36
Population of the red river settlement in 1869: whites born in Britain or a foreign country
4.4%
Population of the red river settlement in 1869: First Nations
4.7%
In another sense, Canada is an old country with a human history that goes back perhaps as far as _______ years.
40,000
Population of the red river settlement in 1869: French speaking metis
48.1%
One indication of cultural diversity with indigenous people is linguistic classification. There are approximately _____ distinct indigenous languages spoken in Canada at the time of original contact. The largest language family is:
55 Algonkian
How many regions does cananda have?
6
Population of the red river settlement in 1869: whites born in red river
6.2%
Canada has how many climatic zones?
7
How many physiographic regions does Canada have?
7
16. With respect to the concept of "sense of place," which of the following statements is not true? a) It is strongly linked to forces of globalization. b) A strong sense of place can kindle centrifugal forces. c) It is a psycho-geographical concept with deep roots in cultural and social geography. d) It can be a source of social cohesiveness
A
17. Placelessness is, in part, a consequence of what? a) Globalization b) Geographic location c) Immigration trends d) Economic policy
A
20. Bone's use of the term "faultline" is a metaphorical reference comparing fractious tensions to what? a) Cracks in the earth's crust b) Regional disparities in Canada c) The natural wealth and geographic location of regions d) The effect of globalization
A
23. Which is Canada's only officially bilingual province? a) Québec b) New Brunswick c) Ontario d) Manitoba
A
24. What proportion of Canada's population lives in the Territorial North? a) Less than 1 per cent b) 9 per cent c) 18 per cent d) 25 per cen
A
26. Which of the following best characterizes Atlantic Canada? a) A slow-growing region b) A rapidly-growing region c) A core region d) A resource frontier
A
Physiographic regions represent:
A basic measure of Canada's physical diversity and provide a broad and simple geomorphic framework for understanding Canada.
What makes the coast of BC vulnerable?
Along the fault line separating the pacific and North American plates, tectonic movement continues, making the coast of BC vulnerable to both earthquakes and volcanic activity.
Permafrost is divided into 4 types, what are they?
Alpine Permafrost Continuous permafrost Discontinuous permafrost Sporadic permafrost
A weak economy is marked by
An animal GDP rate below 1%
What is a climatic zone?
An area of the earths surface where similar weather conditions ofcur
The _________ were at the bottom of French Canadian society's hierarchy
Habitants (farmers)
Where did the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Canada take place? What did it measure on the Richter scale?
Haida Gwaii in August 1949 and 8.1
What is a staples thesis?
Harold innis's idea that the history of Canada, especially its regional economic and institutional development, was linked to the discovery, utilization and export of particular staple resources in Canada's vast frontier
Canada is a country of regions. Shaped by its:
History and physical geography.
What is changing the natural environment and causing air, souls and to alter pollution for which there at negative implications for all life forms?
Human activity
What is the economic anchor of Quebec
Hydroelectric power
Pingos
Ice cored mounds or hills
Canada relies on what to fuel its population growth?
Immigration
What now accounts for most of Canada's annual population increase?
Immigration
With changes in Canada's immigration regulations, two key elements emerged:
Immigration began to replace natural growth and immigrants from outside Europe and the US were more easily admitted than before
Canada's population continues to grow, thanks in large part to:
Immigration.
In what climates does permafrost exist in Canada?
In the arctic and subArctic climatic zones and occurs at higher elevations in the cordillera zone. Overall, permafrost is found in just over 2/3s of Canada's land mass
The fathers of confederation had to deal with an early form of the centralist/decentralist faultline. Elaborate.
In the nineteenth century, under the leadership of John a Macdonald, the federal government launched two initiatives that changed the course of Canada's history, established he basis of a core/periphery structure and added fuel to the centralist/decentralist faultline. The first initiative: the CPR. - linked the country from the Atlantic to the pacific and thus sought to overcome Canada's vast space and link its regions East to West. The second intuitive: the National Policy - established an industrial core in central Canada - see high tariffs on import d foods and encouraged a home market for the manufactures of the core
When did trade with the US reach it's peak?
In the years filling the signing of the Canada-US free trade agreement in 1988.
Define the Canadian version of the core/periphery model
In this version, Canada's six geographic regions are placed within four categories: the core, the rapidly growing, the slow-growing, and the resource frontier. - regions have the possibility (in theory) to shift their position within these categories
Who provides a striking exception to the age dependency ratio and why?
Indigenous people and recent immigrants due to their high fertility rates and resulting youthful population
Inuit
Indigenous people located mainly in the arctic
Inequalities exist within Canadian society and they expose themselves in the four faultlinez:
Indigenous/non indigenous Core/periphery French/English Newcomers/old timers
Most air pollution results from
Industrial emission and from automobile and truck exhaust
Water/steam power: steam engine and rail system begin the transformation of society from an agriculturally oriented one to an industrial one
Industrial revolution 1
Coal power: industrialization accelerates with heavy industry driving the economy into a system of mass production and the division of labour
Industrial revolution 2
Coal power: automation and computers become an integral part of the economy while global energy consumption increases dramatically as developing countries undergo industrialization and demand for electricity from coal generated plants increased
Industrial revolution 3
Green power: robotics make their presence felt, but the developing world continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels while the developed world shifts to more expensive green energy
Industrial revolution 4
1534 CE
Jacques Cartier plants the flag of France near Bake de Charleur
Who was the first European explorer to land in Canada (the east coast) in 1497?
John Cabot
1497 CE
John Cabot lands on the east coast (Newfoundland or Nova Scotia)
In 1873 PEI
Joined confederation
What is Canada's unemployment rate?
Just under 7%
What was once the largest glacial lake in North America (it covered much of Manitoba, north western Ontario and eastern Saskatchewan)
Lake Agassiz
Seasonal melting of lake and sea ice follows a temporal pattern:
Lake ice disappears first in the Great Lakes and sea ice in Hudson Bay, next sea ice melts in the offshore waters of Atlantic Canada; and last, the pack ice in the Arctic Ocean diminishes in extent.
The first people to set foot on North American soil were Old World Hunters who, as early as 40,000 years ago, crossed a:
Land bridge (known as Beringia) into Alaska and Yukon.
Climate, therefore, influences:
Land use.
Physiography
Landforms
Define physiographic regions
Large areas with similar landforms and geological structures
24,000-18,000 BP
Late Wisconsin ice age: old World Hunters from Asia crossed the Beringia land bridge into the unglaciated areas of Alaska and southern Yukon, but were blocked by the ice sheet from moving into the rest of North America
Manitoba act of 1870
Legislative act or parliament that created Canada's fifth province. Also known as the postage stamp province; its initial territory only encompassed the red river colony
Eskers are
Long narrow mounds of sand and gravel deposited by meltwater streams found under a glacier
What contributed to the depopulation of of the First Nations and Inuit people in Canada?
Loss of hunting ground to European settlers Spread of new diseases by explorers, for traders and missionaries
Who led the provisional government of the metis?
Louis riel
Drumlins are:
Low, elliptical hills (aka whalebacks or higbacjs) composes of till
At the end of the American war of independence, the forth fifth parallel was established as the border between:
Lower Canada (Quebec) and New York State and Vermont.
The American war of independence changed the political landscape of North America. Within the newly formed United States, a number of Americans known as the ___________, remained loyal to Britain.
Loyalists
The first large contingent of British immigrants to Canada consisted of:
Loyalists who had supported Britain during the American war of independence (1775-83)
What is the basis of seven physiocratic regions in Canada (they illustrate the regional distinctiveness of Canada's physical geography)
Major landforms
11,000 BP
Mammoths and mastodons become extinct, forging early inhabitants of North America to adjust their hunting practices and thereby become more mobile and less numerous
Three sub-regions based on sharp changes in elevations take place within the Canadian parties. List them:
Manitoba Lowland Saskatchewan Plain Alberta Plateau
1576 CE
Martin Frobisher sails to Baffin Island and makes contact with Inuit
What is the economic anchor of The territorial north
Mega projects
An ethnic group is made up of:
Members of a population who share a culture that is distinct from that of other groups
As Canadian society changed, the federal government shifted its direction from advocating assimilation policies, such as residential schools, to a:
More accommodative approach, as exemplified by modern treaties and the duty to consult over resource projects.
A simple classification of landforms results in three principle types:
Mountains, plateaus and lowlands.
_______ is the cornerstone of Canada's social policy towards newcomers.
Multiculturalism
What is the dominant ground cover in the Hudson Bay Lowlands?
Muskeg
In 1980, the federal liberal government intervened in the market place by imposing what on all oil producing provinces?
National energy program
Until 1986, most of Canada's population growth was due to:
Natural increase
Canada's population is driven by what two components?
Natural increase and immigration.
Are faultlines within Canada always active?
No they may remain dormant for a long time.
Does vegetation grow in the arctic circle?
No, except for the primitive lichen
Was the Indian act good for indigenous tribes?
No, it isolated the indigenous communities from the rest of Canada and tripled them of the power to govern themselves
Is Atlantic Canada a resource frontier according to the core/periphery model?
No. It is a slow growing region based on a declining resource base.
Discontinuous permafrost
Occurs when 30-80% of the ground is permanently frozen. It is found in the subarctic climatic zone where mean annual air temperature ranges from -6 in the south to -15 in the North.
Paleo Indiana are descendants of fhe
Old World Hunters
40,000-3500 BP
Old World Hunters from Asia may have crossed the Beringia land bridge into the unglaciated areas of Alaska and southern Yukon but were blocked by the cordillera ice sheet from moving to the rest of North America
The warming of permafrost is changing the northern landscape. Give one example of this
Once change involves the skill in of land and the disappearance of lakes.
Physiographic regions represent:
One aspect of this natural diversity
Define a resource town
An urban place where a single economic activity focussed on resource extraction dominates the local economy; a single industry town. Also, a company town built near an isolated mine to house the mine workers and heir families
A buoyant Canadian economy occurs when:
Annual GDP growth ranges between 2 and 3 per cent
How many (approximately) First Nations people love on reserves?
Approximately half (51%)
The continental divide separates those dreams flowing to the Pacific Ocean from those flowing to the:
Arctic and Atlantic Ocean
In 1880, Ottawa acquires what from Great Britain?
Arctic archipelago
Treaty Indians
Are status or registered Indians who are members of (or can prove descent from) a band that signed a treaty. They have a legal right to live on a reserve and participate in band affairs. Less than half live on reserves
Non status Indians
Are those of indigenous ancestry who are not registered as status Indians and therefore have no rights under the Indian act
What is the difference between a physical geographer and a regional geographer?
As scientists who study the spatial aspects of nature and it h processes that shape nature, physical geographers are concerned with all aspects of the physical world: physiography, bodies of water, climate, souls and natural vegetation. Regional geographers, however, are more interested in how physical geography varies and subsequently influences human settlement of the land.
5,000 BP
As the arctic coast became ice-free, paleo-Eskimo (known as Denbigh) Hunters we're the first people to cross the Berlin strait to the arctic coast of Alaska. Within 2,000 years, they moved east ward along the Canadian section of the arctic coast and eventually reached Greenland
15,000 BP
As the climate warmed, the ice sheets reach a maximum geographic extent, covering virtually all of Canada m, exposing a narrow ice free area along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains known as the corridor route. At the same time, the cordillera ice sheet withdrew from the pacific coast, making island hopping along the sea route more amenable.
Briefly describe the indigenous minority / non indigenous majority faultline
As the first people to occupy the territory now called Canada, many indigenous people still find themselves stuck on the margins of Canadian society. Canada prices itself on its open society, upward social mobility and economic opportunities, this open society was closed to indigenous peoples who were (and remain) trapped in another world governed by the Indian act.
Now where do most of Canada's immigrants come from?
Asia
In 1882 four districts appeared that are now Alberta and saskatchewan, these were:
Athabaska Alberta Saskatchewan Assinboia
A modified core/periphery model helps us grasp the broad economic relationships between regions, these four regions are easily adapted to Canada's six geographic regions: Slow growing region based on a declining resource base:
Atlantic Canada
What six geographic regions is Canada composed of?
Atlantic Canada Quebec Ontario Western Canada British Columbia Territorial north
What is the economic anchor of Ontario?
Automobile manufacturing
18. Which region's cultural history, dating to the early 1600s, has nurtured a strong sense of place, which has in turn spawned centrifugal forces? a) Atlantic Canada b) Québec c) Ontario d) British Columbia
B
1871 The territorial evolution of Canada:
BC joins Canada
Beneath the surface of the interior plains, valuable deposits of oil and gas are in sedimentary structures called:
Basins
Why is the Hudson Bay Area poorly drained?
Because it has an almost level surface, permafrost is present and it has an immature drainage system.
Why is Canada particularly sensitive to world trade?
Because of its high reliance on exports to drive its economy
Why does the intergovernmental panel on climate change foresee an increase in extreme weather?
Because of rising world temperatures: a warmer atmosphere would have the capacity to hold increased moisture, thus supplying the fuel for heavier rainfalls, snowfalls, tornados and other extreme weather events
Why does the subarctic reach much higher latitudes in northwest Canada than in northeast?
Because of the warmer temperatures in the northwest
How did the Old World Hunters migrate to North America?
Before evidence became clear that the OWH has reached the interior of North America before 13,500 years ago - the corridor route seemed to provide the answer. It seems that they were able to migrate south through the narrow ice-free route between the cordillera and the Laurentide ice sheets. Archaeologists estimated that this ice-free corridor appeared about 14,000 years ago, however it took about 1,000 years to make the corridor biologically sustainable for human migration. It is now clear that the corridor route was not the first passage taken by OWH to the heart of North America - however it has remained an important natural route for more recent migrations from the Old World. The Sea Theory is the most plausible explanation for the peopling of the Americas before 14,000 years ago. - the OWH used an Island-hopping system just off the sea edge of the cordillera ice sheet. However there is no proof because these ancient island campsites, if they exists, are now well below current sea level (as is Beringia, where likely generations of OWH lives before migrating further east)
Define a dispute settlement mechanism
Binding arbitration to resolve trade disputes as built into the FTA and NAFTA
Climate, souls and natural vegetation provide other natural components and spatial patterns and, in doing so, provide the basis for a wide range of:
Biodiversity across Canada
A modified core/periphery model helps us grasp the broad economic relationships between regions, these four regions are easily adapted to Canada's six geographic regions: Rapidly growing region based on an expanding resource base:
British Columbia and western Canada
British immigrants great changed Canada, how?
By turning the demographic balance of power from a French-Canadian majority to an English speaking one
****** double check 4. Bone's treatment of Canada consists of how many regions? a) Four b) Five c) Six d) Seven
C
1. Which of the following is not true of contemporary regional geography? a) It involves the detailed study of a particular part of the world focusing on both human and physical aspects. b) It asks how the physical characteristics of a region shape a region's identity and its people. c) It is one of several geographic traditions that can be traced to Classical Greek scholars. d) It is concerned with the description and explanation of a region's unique character
C
11. Agriculture is an economic anchor in which of the following regions? a) Québec b) Ontario c) Western Canada d) British Columbia
C
12. In 2015, which region had the largest population a) British Columbia b) Western Canada c) Ontario d) Québec
C
15. Since 1871, what has happened to the percentage of Canadians living in Western Canada and British Columbia? a) It has increased to about 17 per cent of Canada's total population. b) It has increased to almost one quarter of Canada's total population. c) It has increased to approximately one third of Canada's total population. d) Western Canada now accounts for nearly 50 per cent of Canada's total population
C
27. Which two regions are characterized as being rapidly growing, according to the core/periphery model? a) Atlantic Canada and British Columbia b) Western Canada and Territorial North c) Western Canada and British Columbia d) The Territorial North and Atlantic Canada
C
3. A region's identity is shaped over time through the inter-play of economic, physical, and social forces, and is contained in which geographic concept? a) Power of space b) Globalization c) Sense of place d) Conflict awareness
C
5. Which of the following best characterizes the boundaries separating regions? a) Spatial processes b) Static entities c) Transition zones d) Sub-regions
C
6. Which region of Canada accounts for most of the country's manufacturing industries? a) Atlantic b) Territorial North c) Ontario d) British Columbia
C
8. Which of the following most accurately characterizes southern Ontario? a) A francophone hotspot b) An agricultural zone c) The industrial core d) A resource hinterland
C
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
Complexities are reflected in
Canada's four fault lines
Describe the subarctic climatic zone
Canada's largest, extends over much of the interior of Canada and is found in each geographic region.
What made the emergence of an industrial core difficult?
Canada's small and dispersed markets
Typical Appalachian uplands terrain is found in:
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
13,500 BP
Carbon dating of stone points from the Clovis culture provides solid evidence of Paleo Indian presence in New Mexico some 13,500 years ago
What faultline leans the most heavily on Canada's geography and it's political system?
Centralist and decentralize faultline
The ________ played an extemely important role in directing and maintaining a rural French Canadian society, a role further enhanced by the church's control of the education system
Clergy
Added to this spatial dimension, ______ ______ is altering key components of our physical geography.
Climate change
This warming trend has led to
Climate change A term that includes global warming and the impact of higher temperatures on other components of weather as well as on the rest of the natural world.
1450 CE
Climate cooling marked the onset of the little ice age. Both Thule and Vikings suffered in the colder environment with the Viking settlement disappearing and he Thule culture evolving from hunters of bowhead whales to the Inuit culture of small game hunters
Climate is a central aspect of the physical world, what is climate?
Climate describes average weather conditions for a specific place or region based on past weather over a very long period of time
________ culture - 13,500-12,500 thousand years avo
Clovis
The time frame provided by Thomas divers paleo-Indians into three groups
Clovis Culture Folsom culture Plano culture
What accounts for most industrial pollution?
Coal-burning plants and soil sands
The essential foundation for studying regional geography is to:
Conceptualizer places and regions as components of a constantly changing global system.
Certain natural areas are more ______________ for settlement
Conducive
In 1871 BC joined
Confederation
Since __________ Canada's population has increased steadily
Confederation
Paleo-Indiana
Considered by archaeologists the first people of North America because they shared a common hunting culture, which was characterized by its uniquely designed fluted-point stone spearhead.
Secondary sector
Construction and manufacturing eg the processing of extracted resources for commercial sale
In 1965, the political force behind the auto pact was founded in an economic philosophy known as:
Continentalism
What type of model provided an overarching account of these regions and their economic relationships to each other?
Core/periphery
35,000-32,000 BP
Corridor route became ice free in this interglacial period, and, in pursuing the wholly mammoth, the paleo-Indians may have found their way further south
Climate adds to that geography by:
Creating a zonal arrangement of weather patterns, souls, natural vegetation and wildlife.
The _________ were the principle Algonquian tribe in the eastern subArctic
Cree
A regional geographer selects what that logically divide a large spatial unit into a series of regions?
Critical physical, historic, and human characteristics that logically divide a large spatial unit into a series of regions.
10. Which of Bone's regions has the smallest physical area? a) Ontario b) Québec c) Western Canada d) Atlantic Canada
D
13. In 2015, which region had the smallest population? a) British Columbia b) Western Canada c) Atlantic Canada d) The Territorial North
D
19. Which of the following is a reason for Canada's regionalism? a) The political aspirations of regions vary. b) Economic conditions differ regionally within Canada. c) Each region is associated with a particular sense of place. d) All of the above
D
2. According to de Blij and Murphy, what is geography? a) Abstract b) Static c) Deterministic d) Destiny
D
21. What region has the greatest number of Indigenous peoples? a) British Columbia b) Western Canada c) Ontario d) Territorial North
D
22. In which region does the Indigenous population account the highest percentage of total population? a) British Columbia b) Western Canada c) Ontario d) Territorial North
D
9. Which of Bone's regions has the largest physical area? a) Ontario b) Québec c) British Columbia d) The Territorial North
D
7. Which of the following most accurately characterizes northern Ontario? a) A francophone hotspot b) An agricultural zone c) The industrial core d) A resource hinterland
D Southern Ontario is considered the industrial core
Since confederation the percentage of French speaking Canadians has:
Declined from 32% in 1902 to 21% in 2011
In 1870 the ________ ___ _________ transferred Rupert's land and the north western territory to the federal government
Deed of surrender
The federal governments strategy to stimulate the economy focuses on spending in three areas:
Defence Infrastructure Financial support to major manufacturers
The resource frontier is still in the early processes of
Development
A drainage basin is land that slopes towards the sea and is delegated from other lands by topographic ridges. These ridges form:
Drainage divides
How does each region differ?
Each region differs by location, physical geography, resources, population and historical development.
What does each region have that sometimes collides with the others, causing tensions within the federation?
Each region has its own political and economic objectives.
True or false: bones regional scheme of Canada consists of seven regions.
False. There are six geographic regions
The social dimensions of Canada are captured in the concept of ___________ that identify and address deep-rooted tensions in Canadian society that sometimes stir negative feelings towards Ottawa and even other provinces.
Fault lines
How is the ever expanding suburban nature of cities a threat?
First, the costs of providing urban services to new suburbs are taxing city budgets for new roads, schools, fire halls and trucks, parks, transit services and water/sewer systems. Secondly, the viability of central business districts is threatened by the loss of business to suburban stores where parking spaces are readily available.
What is the economic anchor of Atlantic Canada
Fisheries
Beginning some 175 million years ago and ending around 85 million years ago, the pacific and North American played commie e, uplifting the horizontal sedimentary rocks into a seri s or mountain ranges. During this time, tectonic movement was extremely slow, resulting in severe ___________ & ___________ of the North American plate that resulted in the series of mountains found in the cordillera.
Folding and faulting
__________ culture - 11,000 to 10,200 thousand years ago
Folsom
Describe marine air masses
For Canada, air masses from the Pacific Ocean cross the cordillera into the interior of Canada.
What is the economic anchor of British Columbia
Forest industry
Give an example of a resource town
Fort McMurtry
Alpine permafrost
Found in mountainous areas and takes on a vertical pattern as elevations of a mountain increase.
How long did the nation energy program last?
Four years (1980-1984)
Give an example of cintinentalism
Free trade agreement
The _____________ _________ dudes the Great Lakes st Lawrence lowlands inton2 distinct sub-regions.
Frontenac axis
Across the Arctic lands, the ground is permanently:
Frozen to great depths, never thawing, except at surface during the short summer season.
The core/periphery model provides an abstract spatial framework for understanding the:
General workings of the modern capitalist system.
Treaty rights are the most ___________ of indigenous rights
Generous
The _______ occupied the arctic cultural region
Inuit
Further east, the ________ resided
Inuu (Naskapi and Montagnais)
Sporadic permafrost
Is found mainly in the northern parts of the provinces, where less than 30% of the area is permanently frozen. Sporadic permafrost is associated with mean annual temperatures of zero to -5
How did the national energy program affect the western base for the liberal party over the long run?
It altered the political landscape in Canada by deepening western alienation and was instrumental in causing the liberal party to lose its be established Wren base for the net 35+ years.
What does the core/periphery model consist of?
It consists of an interlocking set of industrial cores and resource peripheries.
Describe the arctic climate
It extends from the coast of Yukon to the Labrador coast. It dominates in Nunavut and Nunavik and is found along the Hudson Bay coastlines of Ontario and Manitoba.
What happens to the main characteristics of a region towards the margins of said region?
It's main characteristics become less distinct and merge with those of a neighbouring region, boundaries are best considered transition zones.
The earth is a dynamic planet which means:
It's surface is actively shaped and reshaped over thousands and millions of years.
What is the reason for a resource based economy within Canada?
Geography has blessed Canada with abundant natural resources, but it's relatively small population compels it to export these resources to foreign countries.
During the last ice advance, the surfaces of the Canadian Shield and those of other physiographic regions were subjected to:
Glacial erosion and deposition
Manufacturing in Canada has suffered from a steady decline over the last decade. What is central to this demise?
Global competition
What two things represent the major environmental challengers for the twenty- first century?
Global pollution and climate change
Canada, like other parts of the world, is caught in a warming trend referred to as:
Global warming
Primary products
Goods derived from agriculture, fishing, logging, mining and trapping; products of nature with no or little processing
The territorial evolution of Canada: 1880
Great Britain transfers its claim to the arctic archipelago to Canada
Beginning around 15,000 years ago, the climate warmed and the ________ ________ began.
Great melt
Indigenous rights are
Group or collective rights that stem from indigenous peoples occupation of land before contact
While Canada has a reputation as a tolerant and welcoming society, the willingness to accept the customs and values of newcomers has limits. Provide examples:
One clear limit Is honour killings, another is shariah law. The wearing of the birqa and the niqab by a small number of Muslim woman (both cover the face) falls into a grey area.
Canada has two economies, what does each focus on?
One focuses on manufacturing while the other concentrates on resource development
Who had the majority of members in the house of commons in 1911, 2015?
Ontario
In terms of the six geographic regions, what two regions remain the two most populous? Which one is the fastest growing?
Ontario and Quebec Western Canada, led by Alberta
A modified core/periphery model helps us grasp the broad economic relationships between regions, these four regions are easily adapted to Canada's six geographic regions: A core region centred on manufacturing:
Ontario and Quebec.
The centralist/decentralist argument has taken a twist with:
Ontario in recent years having become a have not province
Most population increase in Canada has taken place in:
Ontario, BC, western Canada
The territorial evolution of Canada: 1867
Ontario, Quebec , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia unite to form the dominion of Canada
Canada is distinguished by six geographic regions:
Ontario, Quebec, BC, western Canada, Atlantic Canada, territorial north
How have regional geographers evolved over time?
Originally geographers focuses their attention on the physical aspects of a region that affected and shaped the people and their institutions. Today geographers place more emphasis on the human side because the physical environment is largely mediated through culture, economy and technology.
Geography helps us understand:
Our world
What are Canada's seven climatic zones?
Pacific, cordillera, parties, Great Lakes-stlawrence, Atlantic, subarctic and arctic PCPGSA pretty cats probably grab some ass
What are Canada's seven climatic zones?
Pacific, cordillera, prairies, Great Lakes-stlawrence, Atlantic, subarctic and arctic PCPGASA
Old World Hunters evolved culturally into:
Paleo-Indian people's
Geographers look at the interaction of what two things?
People and the physical world
Metis
People of European and North American First Nations ancestry
The cold thermal condition where the ground is permanently frozen is called:
Permafrost
What has affected the historic settlement Canada and continues to influence contemporary economic activities?
Physical Barrie's, such as the Rocky Mountains and extreme climatic conditions, such as the very long and cold winters in northern Canada.
What produces various forms of patterned rock?
Physical weathering shatters bedrock and produces various forms of patterned rock
What is immune to climate change?
Physiography
___________ culture from 10,000 to 8,000 years ago
Plano
What played a critical role in the formation of the cordillera?
Plate tectonics
Permafrost is a relic from a very cold _________ climate.
Pleistocene
Define continentalism
Policies that promote Canadian trade and economic ties with the US
What is the PSSSP
Post secondary student support program - provides financial assistance to status Indian and Inuit students who are enrolled in eligible post secondary programs.
Canada's formal history as a nation began with the
Proclamation of the British North America act on July 1867
By the beginning of he 21st century, the question has become whether, on a sovereign state such as Canada, there is political room for indigenous peoples on their terms. So far two main examples exist for accommodating Canada first people's:
RESERVES - in the 19th and 20th centuries, treaties created over 3,100 reserves that are governed by just over 600 band councils, in many cases under the ever lessening control of the federal Indian act. TERRITORIES - Nunavut represents a territory. Nunavut blends an existing Canadian political unit with an Inuit environment. Although an Inuit initiative? The result was not an ethnic territory. Earlier, in 1975, the dene nation proposal for their own home land called Denendeh, within the northwest Territories was rejected by Ottawa
Status Indians
Recorded by the federal government as Indians according to the Indian act as amended in June 1985 and have certain rights acknowledged by the federal government
List some of the potential economic gains in a warmer, more humid temperature for Canada
Reduction in costs for snow removal Longer growing season for crops Extended navigation season for the st Lawrence seaway and the northwest passage.
1. In a country as large as Canada, geography is best understood from a ______________ perspective.
Regional
What identities are the cornerstones of regional geography?
Regional and nation identity
How can regional identity and regional consciousness develop? Provide two examples from your own experience.
Regional consciousness is the identification with a place of region, including the strong feeling of belonging to that space and the willingness to advocate for regional interests. Regional identity is an association with a place of region and their sense of belonging to a collectivity. These feelings can develop from having being born somewhere, or suffering trough hardship or extreme joy with other people in that area. Examples : flooding in Alberta Examples: Canadian Olympics
The geographical study of a particular part of the world is called:
Regional geography
What is regional geography and what is its goal?
Regional geography is the study of a particular part of the world. In such studies, people, interacting with their economic, physical, and social environments are perceived as placing their imprint on the landscape just as the landscape helps to determine their lives and activities. - the goal of regional geography is to find out what makes a region "tick".
From their differences, a strong sense of __________ ___________ exists in each region.
Regional identity
Urban places where economic functions are provided for residents living within the surrounding area
Regional service Center
Canada's six ____________ provide a vehicle to explore the geographic essence of cananda
Regions
To simplify the complexities of space, regional geographers divide the world and countries into ________, which vary by scale but often are interrelated in hierarchical order.
Regions
Treaties set aside what for indigenous people?
Reserve land, held collectively by and for the benefit of the name and define other negotiated rights
Primary sector
Resource extraction, including minerals, farming, fishing and logging
The rapidly growing region has a
Rich resource base that is well on the road to full economic development
Before world war 1, most Canadians lives in a ________ setting and _______ was the principal activity.
Rural Farming
Glacial striations are
Scratches in the rock surface caused by large rocks embedded in the slowly moving ice sheet
Canadian governments, both federal and provincial, believe that the future lies in a more vibrant knowledge based economy. Define a knowledge based economy.
Sector of post industrial economy based on the use of inventions and scientific knowledge to produce new products and or services, often in engineering, management and computer technology fields.
In geography, this concept of place is known as:
Sense of place
What is separatism and what did it grow out of?
Separatism is the desire for an independent francophone nation in North America and it grew out of the white revolution.
Tertiary sector
Services, ranging from the Walmart cashier and the person who pours your first cup of the day st Tim Hortons to teachers, bankers, hairdressers, healthcare workers, truckers and computer programmers
In 1984, the Inuvialuit of the western arctic became the first indigenous people to:
Settle a comprehensive land claim with the federal government under the comprehensive land claim process
The economy and population growth in a _____________ region are trailing behind the performances of the core and the rapidly growing region.
Slow growing
Why was political control over western Canada limited?
Small populations and no transportation link between the western regions and central Canada
A small portion of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan drain:
Southward to the Missouri river
Physical geography varies across Canada. This ____________ variation is critical in understanding Canada's regional character
Spatial
3,000 BP
The Dorset people represented another wave of arctic immigrants and, with more advanced technology suited for an arctic marine environment, they either absorbed or replaced the denbigh Hunters. What are believed by some scholars to be the last Dorset people, known as Sadlermiut, lives in isolation principally on South Hampton island in Hudson Bay and became extinct around 1902.
List the three principal physiographic sub regions of the Arctic lands:
The Arctic platform The Arctic coastal plain Innuitian mountain complex
Where do the Atlantic and Hudson Bay basins drain into?
The Atlantic Ocean
Canada has four major drainage basins:
The Atlantic basin The Hudson Bay basin The arctic basin The pacific basin
Briefly describe the English speaking/ French speaking faultline:
The French speaking population is diminishing, and this drop represents a serious dilemma for that community and signals an erosion of their political position within Canada. Some francophone leaders also fear that the traditional Quebec way of life is slipping away due to immigrants whose behaviour is not rooted in the cultural, historic and linguistic factors that provide a sense of place for the majority of quebecers.
Where is the most favoured physical region in Canada?
The Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands region
What is by far the youngest physiographic region?
The Hudson Bay lowlands
What are two key figures that mark Canada's population?
The concentration of Canadians near the US border and the shift of the Center of population gravity to the west
The seven culture regions in present day Canada are:
The eastern woodlands The eastern subarctic Western subarctic Arctic Plains Plateau Northwest coast
The second wave of British immigrants occurred in
The first half of the nineteenth century
The core represents:
The focus of economic, political, and social activity in the national economy.
Define regional geography:
The geographic study of a particular part of the world. In such studies, people, interacting with their economic, physical, and social environments are p revived as placing their imprint on the landscape just as the landscape helps to determine their lives and activities.
Isostatic rebound
The gradual uplifting of the earths crust following the retreat of an ice sheet that, because of its weight, depressed the earths crust.
Denudation
The gradual wearing down of mountains by erosion and weathering over millions of years.
What is the largest physiographic region in Canada?
The Canadian Shield
The fluted spear points are characteristic of what culture?
The Clovis culture
What is the opposite of thin and warm permafrost?
Thick and cold permafrost has a ground with a much colder temperature (-15 or colder) and it's thickness exceeds 10m.
What did the dominion lands act establish?
This legislation established a survey system that divided the land into square townships made up of 36 sections, each measuring 1 mile by 1 mile with allowances for roads. Each section was further subdivided into 4 wearers, each quarter section measuring one half mile by one half mile and comprising 160 acres
Explain the saying "geography is destiny" and state who says it.
This saying means that for most people, place is the most powerful determinant of their life chances, experiments and opportunities - that geography sets the parameters for a persons life. De Blij and Murphy said this.
Briefly describe the newcomers and old timers fault line
This social fault line involves a lively interaction: the cultural ribbing and camping between those whose cultural roots are in distant overseas homelands and those whose roots developed in Canada.
Describe the indigenous peoples of Canada - First Nation, Mètis, and Inuit
Those now living in Canada who trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants who were in North America before the arrival of Europeans in the fifteenth century and who identify with the ancestry.
As the ice sheet reached its maximum extent, it's edge melted, depositing rocks, soil and other debris. This debris is called:
Till
The French had two objectives:
To secure a supply offers To covert the Huron to Christianity
In a federation like Canada, the role of the central government is to:
Unify the country
In 1841 the act of union took place - what did this mean for the province of Canada?
Upper and lower Canada were united
Physical geography _________ across Canada
Varies
Physical geography ____________ across Canada
Varies
The basis of greater annual precipitation is the lr nose that:
Warmer air masses have a greater capacity to hold moisture and produce precipitation and violent storms.
Define a knowledge based economy
We got of post-industrial economy based on the use of inventions and scientific knowledge to produce new products and/or services, often in engineering, management and computer technology fields
What is weather?
Weather refers to the current state of the atmosphere with a focus on weather conditions that affect people living in a particular place for a relatively short period of time.
The national energy program stoked the fires of
Western alienation
Through the interaction of the four key tensions that exist, the essence of cananda as a soft nation is demonstrated. What is a soft nation?
Where conflicts are usually resolved or ameliorated through compromise rather than by political or military power
How was Beringia exposed?
With each ice advance when so much water was contained in the continental ice sheets that the sea level dropped by at least 100m, this exposing the ocean bottom between Siberia and Alaska.
When did the French/English faultline originate
With the British conquest of the French on the plains of Abraham in 1759
From 1840-1870 the backbone of the maritime economy was the construction of:
Wooden sailing ships. Shipbuilding was so important that this period was known as the golden age of sail in the maritimes
Have all of Canada's regions have had struggles with Ottawa?
Yeah
Is regional identity a cornerstone of regional geography?
Yes
Does less than one percent of Canada's population live in the territorial north?
Yes about 0.3%
Are the interior plains considered geographically stable?
Yes there are no tectonic forces at play
Does Ontario, one of Bone's six regions, have internal or sub-regions?
Yes, Ontario is subdivided into southern Ontario (the industrial core of Canada) and northern Ontario (a resource hinterland).
Is permafrost affected by global warming?
Yes. Permafrost, like glaciers, is undergoing a retreat due to global warming.
Give an example of a region service centre
Yukon and the Northwest Territories
What does CMA stand for and what does it mean
a census metropolitan area: an urban area together with adjacent urban and rural areas that have a high degree of social and economic integration with the urban core
The oldest fluted points found in North America are about _________ years old.
13,500
When was Quebec City founded and by who?
1608 Samuel de Champlain
The common factors of this downhill trend of manufacturing in Canada are:
- Canada has higher wages than most other countries - automation has displaced worker- outsourcing sees jobs move overseas - offshore relocation moves jobs out of the country - a high Canadian dollar (until 2010) has made exports more expensive
High levels of trade between Canada and the US are due to a number of factors:
- North America is a natural economic trade zone, expressed by the term "continentalism" - the economies of the two countries complement each other - two trade agreements greatly accelerated trade between the two countries, leading to the integration of the North American automobile and parts industry - a North-south transportation system facilitated such high volumes of trade
List four reasons why exports are especially exports to to Canada's economic well-being
- Resources (Canada's vast resource base ranges from agriculture to oil and gas, forestry and minerals) - global market (Canadian production dD exceeds the capacity of its domestic market, making access to foreign markets critical) - economies of scale (production for global market allows producers to take advantage of economies of scale (and therefore lower led info. Pats of production) than would occur if they were restricted to domestic market - prosperity (exports increase employment levels, draw foreign capital, and help balance international trade)
In addition to the core region, three types of regions devised by Friedmann extend our appreciation of the diversity of Canadian periphery. They are:
- a rapidly growing region - a slow growing region - a resource frontier
List the major economic revolutions over the last 10,000 years from oldest to newest
- agrarian revolution - industrial revolution 1 - industrial revolution 2 - industrial revolution 3 - industrial revolution 4
The predicted trend to 20% if greater (for Canada's aging population) is driven by three factors:
- an increase in life expectancy - a decline in fertility rate - movement of the baby boom generation into retirement and old age
Within Canada and its regions, four key tensions exist:
- centralist/decentralist - English speaking/ French speaking - indigenous / non indigenous - new comers / old timers
Describe the Atlantic basin
- centred on the Great Lakes and the st Lawrence river and its tributaries, but the basin also includes Labrador. - third largest drainage area and the second greatest streamflow - receives the second highest amount of precipitation
What are the 7 physiographic regions of Canada?
- cordillera - interior plains - Canadian Shield - Hudson Bay lowlands - Great Lakes/ st Lawrence lowlands - Appalachian uplands
A modified core/periphery model helps us grasp the broad economic relationships between regions, these four regions are easily adapted to Canada's six geographic regions:
- core region centred on manufacturing - rapidly growing region based on an expanding resource base - slow growing region based on a declining resource base - resource frontier region where many resources exist but few are viable for extraction and shipment to market
Core zone:
- densely populated - 21.6 million -60% Canada's population - Toronto is the major city
List some solutions to environmental issues:
- establishing more protected areas and parks - more stringent regulations that will reduce damage to the environment caused by both New and existing projects - going "green"
What are the four core values of Canadian culture?
- government is based on British parliamentary institutions and the rule of law - two official languages ensure a place for French as well as English, which also means that other languages have no standing in the political and public affairs of Canadian society (except in Nunavut, where Inuktitut also is recognized as an official language) - indigenous people, But especially status Indians, have special rights, which flow out of historic treaties, modern land claim agreements, recognition in Canadians constitution and numerous court cases - tradition and law are encapsulated in the Canadian constitution, which includes the charter of rights and freedoms
Ottawa claimed the national energy program had was in the national interest. It had four goals:
- increase national energy security - expand Canadian private and public ownership of the oil industry - provide Ottawa with a larger share of oil revenues - maintain lower oil prices in central Canada
Empty zone
- isolated settlements - >0.1 million - <1% Canada's population - Labrador city is the major city
Physiographic region is a large area of earths crust that has three key characteristics:
- it extends over a large contiguous area with similar relief features - it's landform has been shaped by a common set of geomorphic processes - it possesses a common geological structure and history
Describe the Hudson Bay basin
- largest drainage basin in Canada covering 3.8 million km2 - lowest precipitation in the west, precipitation is higher in the east - ideal for developing hydroelectric power stations
Secondary zone:
- moderately populated - 14 million - Vancouver is the major city - 39% of Canada's population
By 2016, population distribution revealed four trends:
- people remained concentrated along the southern border with the United States - population has shifted to the west - large cities continue to increase in size - newcomers prefer to settle in large cities
Three key events have laid groundwork for change with the indigenous / non indigenous fault line
- the recognition by the federal government of past wrongs - Ottawa's ongoing promise to negotiate from a respectful appreciation of indigenous people's place in Canada - the truth and reconciliation commission
During the formative years of Canada, several events seriously strained relations between the dominions two founding peoples, what are they?
- the red river rebellion 1869-1870 - the northwest rebellion 1885, and its aftermath, with the execution of Ariel - the Manitoba schools question 1890
The Huron has three objectives:
-To gain access to European foods, including firearms by providing the French with beaver pelts - to improve their material well being with the trade foods and in turn trade these foods to more distant indigenous people for profit - to strengthen their military position against their traditional enemies, The Iroquois, who were allied with the Dutch and layer the English traders based in New York
Before people could occupy the Arctic lands, two developments were necessary:
1 - the melting of the ice sheets that covered this physiographic region 2 - the emergence of a hunting technique that would enable people to live in an arctic marine environment.
A super cycle is a concept based on two premises:
1 that demand will tend to outstrip supply and thus keep prices high; 2 that in a global economic downtown, demand from industrializing countries will keep price declines to a minimum
This link between geographic territory and hunting societies marked the development of paleo-Indian culture areas with the following two characteristics:
1) a common set of natural conditions that resulted in similar plants and animals 2) inhabitants who used a common set of hunting, fishing, and food gathering techniques and tools
Trade agreements with the US have had three results:
1) greater trade 2) a more integrated North American economy 3) trade conflicts
What were the main provisions of the act?
1) the British colony of Quebec was divided into the provinces of upper and lower Canada, with the Ottawa river as the dividing line, except for two seigneurial locates just southwest of the Ottawa river and 2) each province was governed by a British lieutenant-governor appointee by Britain.
The union of North American colonies had three advantages for Britain:
1- a better chance at political survival of these colonies against the growing economic and military strength of the US 2- an improved environment for British investment, Especially for the proposed trans Canada railway 3- a reduction in British expenditures for the defence of its colonies
Give three reasons why the federal government encourages immigration
1. Newcomers keep Canada's population increasing, which is believed necessary for economic growth 2. Newcomers add valuable members to Canada's workforce and incest capital in Canadian enterprises 3. Canada takes a limited number of refugees who are fleeing impressive sociopolitical conditions in their homelands
Define the four forces that drive the centralist/decentralize fault Line:
1. Provinces constantly seek an increase in transfer payments while Ottawa seeks a way to reduce its annual expenditures in order to avoid slipping into more debt 2. The extensive public support and subsidies for central Canadian manufacturing - central Canada (where the majority of population/voters reside) thinks this will benefit the rest nation as a whole while the promise is less received by the r at or th country. 3. Falling oil prices shifts the interest away from western Canada 4. Faultlines exist between provinces: Quebec vs Newfoundland and Labrador
Urban population has increased because of two primary factors:
1. The arrival of immigrants has greatly added to urban growth, especially in larger cities 2. The stream of rural Canadians abandoning the countryside for urban places remains a powerful factor. More recently, indigenous people have added to the growth of cities
What are the 4 traditional climatic factors?
1. The energy from the sun sets the parameters for climate (the amount of this energy received at the earths surface varies by latitude). 2. Then the global circulation system redistributes this energy from low latitudes to high latitudes through circulation in the atmosphere and oceans. 3. The global circulation system travels in a West-to-East direction in the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere, causing air masses that develop over large bodies to bring mild and moist weather to adjacent land masses. 4. The continental effect: this refers to the fact that land masses hear and cool more quickly than oceans. So simply put: as distance from an ocean increases, the daily and seasonal temperature ranges increase and the annual precipitation decreases.
Over the last 50 years, the average annual temperature has increased by
1.5 degrees Celsius
Canada, as an old country, has three events that stand out because they continue to have a profound impact on the nature of Canadian society. These events are:
1.The arrival of the first people in North America (and most importantly, the capacity of their descendants to survive and endure the colonization and assimilation efforts of European settlers). 2. And, after 1867, the actions of the federal government; the colonization of North America by France and England and the establishment of British institutions, laws and values; 3. And, I'm the early twentieth century, the influx of people from Central Europe and czarist Russia, many of whom settled the prairie lands. In later years, these "outsiders" provided the political push behind government-backed multicultural programs and policies, and at the same time, challenged the previous vision of a French/English Canada.
The core/periphery model can function at different geographic scales and serve as an:
Economic framework for interpreting Canada's regional nature
Access to the US market has allowed manufacturers in Canada, especially in Ontario and Quebec, to achieve _________________and thus lower per-unit costs of production.
Economies of scale
Canada's population falls into four zones. It's two more densely populated zones are described as Canada's ________ or national population _________. Beyond this lies a population __________. Consisting of two sparsely populated areas.
Ecumenical Core Hinterland
What was the Quebec acts main provisions?
Ensuring the continuation of the aristocratic seigneurial land holding system and guaranteed religious freedom for the colony's Roman Catholic majority, and by implication? Their right to retain their native language.
Quaternary sector
Essentially involves high end knowledge based workers and decision makers (statistics Canada does not collect data to identify workers falling into this sector)
In 1970, where did most of Canada's immigrants come from?
Europe
How does extreme weather effect people in a positive way?
Extreme weather events often have a cultural impact by providing a common threat, and, as people struggle against this threat, creating a common bond. Natural disasters have contributed to people's sense of belonging to a region.
True or false: even though Canada is an officially bilingual country, none of its provinces have more than one official language.
FALSE. Quebec uses French and English. Nunavut uses Inuktitut, French and English.
What are the four main traditions in geography as defined by WD Pattinson?
Spatial Tradition -distance, form, direction and position Area Studies Tradition -the study of the nature of places, their characteristics and differences Man Land Tradition -reflections of human health and conditions of external nature Earth Science Tradition -embracing the study of earth, the waters on earth, the atmosphere surrounding earth and the association between earth and sun
In Innis's writings, he presented his interpretation of the historic development of Canada and its regions as the:
Staples thesis
What is the principal climate in the Northwest Territories?
Subarctic
A modified core/periphery model helps us grasp the broad economic relationships between regions, these four regions are easily adapted to Canada's six geographic regions: Resource frontier region where many resources exist but few are viable for extraction and shipment to market:
Territorial north
Advanced countries like Canada have over 80% of their workers in what sector?
Tertiary
Canada's greenhouse gas emissions peaked in 2007. What was a major contributor?
The Alberta oil sands
Describe the Appalachian uplands region
The Appalachian uplands region represents only about 2% of Canada's land mass. It consists of the northern section of the Appalachian mountains though few mountains are found in the Canadian section. It it extends ends south in the eastern HS to northern Georgia and Alabama. With the exception of PEI it's terrain in Canada is a mosaic of rounded uplands and narrow river valleys.
Describe the Arctic Lands
The Arctic lands region stretches over nearly 10% of the area of Canada. It's centred in the Canadian Arctic archipelago and lies north of the arctic circle. It is a complex composite of coastal plains, plateaus and mountains.
Consists of a series of plateaus composed of sedimentary rock, in the western half of the arctic archipelago
The Arctic platform
Describe the Hudson Bay Lowlands
The Hudson Bay lowlands comprises about 3.5 % of the area of Canada. Underlaid by the Canadian Shield, this physiographic region consists of a thin cover of marine sediments delisted by the Atlantic Ocean. It lays mainly in Northern Ontario, and a small portion runs into Manitoba and Quebec. It extends from James Bay along the west coast of Hudson Bay to just north of the Churchill River.
What agreement is considered as the first modern treaty?
The James bay and northern Quebec agreement
List the six nations that formed the six nations of the iroquois confederacy.
The Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Cayuga Send a Tuscarora
In lower Canada the lieutenant governor has the support of:
The Roman Catholic Church The seigneurs Chateau clique
What became the boundary between upper Canada and the United States?
The St Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
How do Canadian and the US economies compliment each other?
The United States requires large quantities of Canada's resources, especially oil and Canada requires America's machinery
20,000 BP
The Wisconsin ice sheets reach a maximum geographic extent, covering virtually all of Canada
Extends from the Yukon coast and the adjacent area of the NWT into islands located in the western part of the Beaufort sea
The arctic coastal plains
Where is the most durable and thickest ice found?
The arctic ice oacn
What was Ottawa's objective with indigenous people from the beginning?
The assimilation of indigenous peoples into Canadian society
The national energy program causes a political divide between provinces, what causes this divide to surface again in 2016?
The carbon tax
Are all coastal boundaries of Canada recognized by other nations?
The coastal boundaries of Canada are recognized by other nations except for the sector boundary in the Arctic Ocean which is shown as a dashed boundary. In the near future, the territorial north may ext me well into the archive ocean and it's seabed. In 2018, Canada plans to submit to the UN it's claim to part of the "international" portion of the continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean. If successful, Canada may gain a portion of the Arctic oceans seabed as large as the maritimes.
The demographic transition theory provides a verbal framework for all countries that pass from a pre industrial economy to an industrial one. Explain this theory
The historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population. The decline in mortality preceded the decline in fertility, resulting in a rapid population growth during the transition period.
What faultline dels with the aspect of social change?
The indigenous faultline
Located in the eastern half of the arctic archipelago. Composed of ancient sedimentary rocks.
The innuitian mountain complex
Define the Interior Plains
The interior plains region is a vast and geologically stable sedimentary plain that covers nearly 20% of Canada's land mass. It lies between the Canadian Shield and the cordillera, extending from the Canada - US border to the Arctic Ocean.
What system was crucial to the settling of the Praries
The land survey system
Who benefited and who lost from the national policy and the CPR?
The major beneficiaries were Ontario and Quebec and the major loser was the maritimes
Where is permafrost the most vulnerable?
The most vulnerable permafrost lies mainly in the northern reaches of provinces where the permanently frozen ground is relatively warm at temperatures of zero to -5, it's thickness is less than 5m; and less than 30% of the area contains permafrost. This permafrost is described as thin and warm and may disappear before the end of the 21st century.
History and geography explain what about contemporary Canada?
The nature and complexity
What is an age dependency ratio?
The ratio of the economically dependent sector of the population to the productive sector, arbitrarily defined as the ratio of the elderly (65+) plus the young (-15) to the population of working age (15-64); the Old age dependency ratio is similar to the age dependency ratio except that it focuses only on those above 64
In 1867 the British North America act transferred what from Great Britain to Canada?
The responsibility for the indigenous
Describe the Canadian Shield
The rock like surface of the Canadian Shield consists mainly of a rugged, rolling upland. Shaped like an inverted saucer, the regions lower m elevations are along the shoreline of hudson bay, while it's highest elevations occur in Labrador occur on Baffin Island. Where the most rugged and scenic landforms of the Canadian Shield are found.
Define industrial structure
The sectors of a national, regional, or local economy - primary, secondary, and tertiary - and the extent to which the whole economy is driven by each of these sectors
Thin and warm permafrost dominates:
The sporadic zone and is widespread in the continous zone.
Capacity for population depends heavily on two factors:
The suitability of land for agriculture and the degree of industrialization
What is an indisputable indicator of warmer summers in Canada's arctic?
The summer retreat of sea ice
In what region do aboriginal people make up the majority of the population?
The territorial north
What is the largest region in bones scheme?
The territorial north
Who had the smallest amount of members in the House of Commons in 1911, 2015?
The territorial north
As the second largest county in the world, Canada's population density is one of the lowest. What is population density ?
The total number of people in a geographic area divided by the land area; population per unit of land area
What was recognized with the Quebec act of 1774
The unique nature and separateness of Quebec
Are there more than 600 First Nations in Canada?
There are 634 First Nations scattered across the country, many with populations under 1000.
Why are boundaries separating regions best considered as transition zones rather than finite limits?
Towards the margins of a region, its core characteristics become less distinct and merge with those characteristics of a neighbouring region
Define the North American free trade agreement NAFTA
Trade agreement between Canada, the untried states, and Mexico that came into effect in January 1994, forming the worlds largest free trade area
What are Rostows five stages of economic growth?
Traditional society Pre-conditions for take off Take off Drive to maturity An age of mass consumption Globalization
True or false: the core/periphery model has its roots in Wallersteins model, but it is based on John Friedmanns adaptation based on his experience in Venezuela.
True
True or false: the smallest region in terms of geographic area is Atlantic Canada:
True
What does place refer to?
are, community, region - combines physical place and local culture.
Distinguishing characteristics of Bone's regions include:
area, population, economic strength, proportion of French-speaking and Indigenous peoples, as well as material resources and economic activity
2. The definition "Geography is destiny" suggests that
for most people, place is the most powerful determinant of their life chances, experiences, and opportunities
Continuous permafrost
occurs in the high latitudes of the arctic climatic zone, where at least 80% of the ground is permanently frozen, although it also extends into northern Quebec. Continuous permafrost is associated with very low mean annual air temperatures of -15 or less