Cancer

A CBC is conducted to look for changes in the blood associated with cancer. What things are measured to detect cancer in the blood?

Abnormal proteins The number of tumor cells Antibodies The number of normal cells

The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. Which of the following correctly matches the complementary nucleotides of DNA?

Adenine:thymine and cytosine:guanine

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 3 of breast cancer? Cancer is found in a few lymph nodes Cancer spreads to other organs Cancer is localized and less than 2 cm Cancer extensively spreads to nearby tissue Cancer begins invading more lymph nodes and tissue

Cancer extensively spreads to nearby tissue

Malignant tumors need nutrients and oxygen to grow. From what structures do they obtain nutrients and oxygen?

Capillaries

Cell division occurs in ______ phase.

M

If a gene mutation occurs that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, the protein will __________.

be incomplete

As cancerous cells accumulate mutations, the cells will continue to divide rapidly. This uncontrolled division results in

cells growing in blood vessels a change in cellular appearance cells moving to different parts of the body cells becoming less specialized

You are reading an article about a person being diagosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________.

connective tissue

Benign tumors are not considered a threat because they

do not spread or cause more tumors.

Tumor suppressor genes

halt cell division if an error is found in the DNA.

In which stage does the cell spend most of its time?

interphase

In eukaryotic cell division, what are the two major parts of the cell cycle?

interphase and mitosis

Antimetabolites work by

mimicking nucleotides, which results in an incorrectly developed DNA molecule.

Ribosomes

use genetic information to synthesize proteins.

The purpose of translation is to

use mRNA codons to link together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.

Which of the following statements describes DNA? All of the answer choices are correct. DNA encodes for proteins that are involved in cellular regulation. DNA is the genetic material called the genome. Sections of DNA are called genes.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Metaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during metaphase?

Sister chromatids align on the spindle equator.

Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors, which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______, and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.

angiogenesis

In a normal cell, G1 phase is the checkpoint for DNA damage. If the damage is too extensive, the cell will undergo __________.

apoptosis

Alkylating agents work by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

Your instructor is showing you a model of prophase in mitosis. There is an arrow pointing to a structure holding the two sister chromatids together. What structure is your instructor asking you to identify?

centromere

Chromosomes are copied

during the S phase.

Which of the following blood cells would be measured to evaluate a patient for cancer? Red blood cells All the answer choices are correct. Platelets Osteocytes White blood cells

All the answer choices are correct.

Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and in proto-oncogenes can result in cancer. If both are mutated,

DNA damage will go unrecognized and cell division will increase.

There are multiple steps in interphase that prepare the cells for cell division. Select the correct order of steps that prepare cells for division.

G1, S, G2

At which checkpoint is DNA assessed for accuracy before cell division?

G2

There are three checkpoints during cell division. Which checks for proper alignment of chromosomes?

M

Chemotherapy can interact with different phases of the cell cycle. What are the main phases that these drugs target?

S, G 2, and M

Anaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

A base substitution can result in

a different codon sequence. a misfolded protein. adenine binding with cytosine. a change in DNA nucleotide sequence.

There are different drugs that interfere with the M phase of the cell cycle. ______ interfere with the formation of the spindle fibers and ______ prevent the breakdown of the microtubles.

alkaloids;taxanes

Radiation is targeted cancer therapy that works by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

During the division of eukaryotic cells, the ______ assists by dividing the genetic material and cell contents into the two resulting cells.

centrioles

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in

checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle.

The DNA is compacted into multiple ______ that condense and organize the genetic information before cells divide.

chromosomes

Prophase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during prophase?

chromosomes condense

The role of the immune system is to

create antibodies for future attacks by the same infectious agent. signal the body of infection. identify self versus non-self cells. continuously scan, recognize foreign agents, and destroy them.

DNA is a

double strand of nucleotides arranged in a helical structure.

Normally, cancer cells can evade an immune response because the immune system

has a difficult time identifying cancerous cells.

In a normal cell, topoisomerase

helps unwind DNA during DNA replication.

Cancer cells __________.

ignore the genetic information no longer function with neighboring cells divide rapidly are less specialized

The purpose of transcription is to

make mRNA that will carry the instructions for making proteins outside of the nucleus.

In cancer vaccines, macrophages that display tumor antigens are designed to

stimulate cytotoxic T cells to attack tumor cells.

If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain, the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.

4

Cells are specialized to form tissues and organs through the control of gene expression. Gene expression is regulated (turning on and off genetic instructions) by

nearby cell signals and environmental factors.

The appearance of cancerous cells differs from normal cells. If you were to view cancerous cells under the microscope, you would notice enlarged __________.

nuclei

In animal cells, DNA is located in the __________.

nucleus

During translation, the ______ reads the codon on the mRNA and brings in the corresponding amino acid.

tRNA

Chemotherapy works by

targeting points during cell division.