Cardio ATI notes
types of cholesterol
* (HDL {good cholesterol, lowers risk} LDL {bad cholesterol, increases risk} can be the cause * triglycerides come from carbs. if a person ingests more carbs than what they need immediately it converts into triglycerides & stores into fat cells until needed
Blood vessel flow through the body ?
* Blood vessels: when the blood leaves the heart it continues into the arteries (carries blood away from the heart) * as blood goes through the artery the artery gradually decreases in diameter, being an arteriole first then a capillary (the size of one cell)
heart valves how many? where do they lie? what is the flow of them?
* There are 2 atrioventricular valves, the tricuspid and the mitral, which lie between the atria and ventricles. * The atrioventricular valves close at the beginning of ventricular contraction and prevent blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles; these valves open when the ventricles relax. * The tricuspid valve is located on the right side of the heart. * The bicuspid (mitral) valve is located on the left side of the heart.
what does inotropic drugs does to the heart (positive & negative) ? positive drug names ? negative drug names?
* a positive inotrophic drug (makes the heart beat stronger), increases the availability of calcium... vice versa for negative inotrophic * inotrophic drugs affect the contractility of the heart * positive: dobutamine, dopamine, digoxin noreepinephrine, angiotensin II * negative: beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, verapamil
what does chronotropic drugs affect? positive chronotropic drug names? negative chronotropic drug names ?
* chronotropic drugs affects the heart rate * positive: atropine, dopamine, epinephrine * beta-blockers, acetycholine, digoxin, verapamil
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when does it activate ?
* renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates the amount of chemicals released that cause constriction of arterioles and veins... increasing blood pressure * this activates when the kidneys receive a decrease in blood flow
what does renin being released led to ? the end result of (RAAS)
* renin is then released by the kidneys, leads to angiotensin II (vasoconstriction) being released... leads to salt and water to be released * this then stimulates the release of aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption * ALL OF THESE CAUSE THE BODY TO RETAIN FLUID AND THE BLOOD PRESSURE TO INCREASE
after the capillaries perform their function what then happens to the blood?
* the red blood cells then pick up carbon dioxide * the deoxygenated blood flows out of the capillary into a veinole * a vein then carries the blood back to the vena cava's
what can happen when atherosclerosis goes to brain or heart ?
* this becomes extremely problematic when this develops in the heart or brain, can cause MI or stroke * fatty deposits can also break of and travel to smaller blood vessels, which can cause pulmonary embolism
what does calcium do to the contractility of the heart?
an increase in calcium increases the contractility of the heart, vice versa
thrombi what are the consequences ?
blood clots in the veins ... venous thrombosis decreases blood return to the heart which makes the patient have edema
Atherosclerosis
develops fatty deposits in the walls of arteries, which can eventually cause impaired blood flow and occlusion of the arteries
pathway of electrical impulses
sinoatrial node (SA node) -> atrailventriuclar node (at the junction of the atria and ventricle) -> the impulse then travels through the septum to the bundle of his -> the impulse then goes down the septum to the left and right bundle branches (bottom of the ventricles) to the purkinje fibers which are on the outer walls of each ventricle
Hemodynamics what does a smaller blood vessel cause?
the blood's ability to flow through a vessel against pressure/ resistance -a blood vessel with a smaller diameter creates more resistance... therefore a higher pressure... vice versa
what does the capillaries function as ?
in the capillaries oxygen leaves the red blood cells that are in the blood in enters the tissue