CARDIOVASCULAR: BLOOD LAB
9.Explain the difference between a white cell count and a differential white blood cell count.
A white blood cell count measures the number of white blood cells present in your blood; differential WBC determines the actual percentage of each type of white blood cell that is present in your blood.
2. Compare and contrast the composition of blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
Blood contains → red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma which constitutes water, proteins, hormones, O2 , CO2 , glucose, salt, enzymes. - Interstitial fluid contains →O2 , CO2 , sugars, salts, amino acids, hormones, coezymes & white blood cells. - Lymph contains →CO2 , proteins, glucose and white blood cells.
4. Describe the physical properties of blood (viscosity, temperature, and volume), its normal pH range, and the importance of it's colloid pressure.
- Blood is denser and more viscous than water and feels slightly sticky. -The temperature of blood is 100.4 F, about 1 C higher than oral or rectal body temperature, and it has a slightly alkaline pH of 7.4 (on average). -The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters in an average-sized adult male and 4 to 5 liters in an average-sized adult female. -The gender difference in volume is due to the differences in body size. -The osmotic pressure exerted by large molecules, serves to hold water within the vascular space.
What are the functions of these cells?(Eosinophils)
- Combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms. - Eosinophilic functions include: movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory responses.
(second page) Erythrocytes. You should have no trouble identifying these. Why does the center of the cell appear lighter? Review the function of these cells, their life cycle, and formation.
- It looks lighter in the center because the cell is thinner there, allowing more light to pass through.
Where do these cells come from?(Lymphocytes) Which one is responsible for producing antibodies?
- Lymphocytes arise from stem cells in bone marrow. - B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody. These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them.
Platelets (thrombocytes). These cells appear as small dark blue or purple specks and may be clustered together. Where do these structures come from? What is their role in hemostasis?
- Platelets are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside our bones. Bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. - When platelets decrease in number or become malfunction, the risk of hemorrhage is very high. Platelets, which circulate within the blood, are the essential mediators that trigger the mechanical pathway of the coagulation cascade upon encountering any damage to the blood vessels. Platelets encourage primary hemostasis via three major processes: activation, adhesion and aggregation.
What are the functions of the granules?
- Specific granules appear necessary for neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation, for upregulation of receptors important in the control of chemotaxis and the respiratory burst, for disaggregation, for bactericidal activity, and for chemoattractant generation.
3. Describe the location of and the functional roles of blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph.
-Blood Structure: a specialized body fluid Function: transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products. Location: Blood vessels -Interstitial fluid Structure: A water solvent containing amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, as well as waste products from the cells. Function: Helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove waste products from them. Location: In the space around cells. -Lymph Structure: Surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and divided into compartments called lymph nodule. Function: Protecting your body form illness-causing invaders, maintaining body fluid levels, absorbing digestive tract fats and removing cellular waste. Location: Neck, axilla (underarm), chest, abdomen, and groin.
13. List what is usually included in a complete blood count (CBC).
Complete blood count (CBC). This is one of the most common blood tests and is often done as part of a regular checkup. It measures the number and size of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; the number and percentage of each type of white blood cell in a sample of 100 cells (differential white blood cell count); and the number of platelets.
5. Briefly describe the composition of blood (i.e., the fluid portion, termed plasma, and the formed elements suspended in the plasma)
Components of Blood Whole blood has two components blood plasma, 55% (a watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances), and formed elements, 45% (cells and cell fragments). If a sample of blood is centrifuged in a small glass tube, the cells sink to the bottom of the tube while the plasma forms a layer on top. Blood is about 45% formed elements and 55% blood plasma. Normally, more than 99% of the formed elements are cells named for their red color—red blood cells (erythrocytes /RBCs). Pale, colorless white blood cells (leukocytes/WBCs) and platelets (thrombocytes) occupy less than 1% of the formed elements.
1. Explain why blood is categorized as a liquid connective tissue.
Connective tissues have cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix. They connect different body systems. Blood is considered as a type of connective tissue because it connects the body systems, transports oxygen and nutrients to all the parts of the body, and removes the waste products. Blood has an extra-cellular matrix called plasma, with red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets floating in it. - In fluid connective tissue, in other words, lymph and blood, various specialized cells circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins.
5. Briefly describe the composition of blood (i.e., the fluid portion, termed plasma, and the formed elements suspended in the plasma)
Functions and Properties of Blood The formed elements of blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The plasma portion of blood consists of water, proteins, and other solutes. Blood Plasma Blood plasma is about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, most of which (7% by weight) are proteins. Hepatocytes synthesize most of the plasma proteins, which include: Albumins (54%)- They help maintain osmotic pressure, an important factor in the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls; Fibrinogen (7%)-Plays an essential role in blood clotting; Globulins (38%)- alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins, gamma globulin is involved in the immune response. Certain blood cells develop into cells that produce gamma globulins, an important type of globulin. These plasma proteins are also called antibodies or immunoglobulins because they are produced during certain immune responses. Foreign substances (antigens) such as bacteria and viruses stimulate the production of millions of different antibodies. An antibody binds specifically to the antigen, stimulating its production and thus disabling the invading antigen. Formed Element Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs. White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances. There are several types of WBCs: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are further subdivided into B lymphocytes (B cells), T lymphocytes (T cells), and natural killer (NK) cells. Each type of WBC contributes in its own way to the body's defense mechanisms. Platelets the final type of formed element, are fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus. Among other actions, they release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged.
2. Compare and contrast the composition of blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph. (FOR FURTHER EXPLANATION)
Further explanation: - Blood, the carrier of nutrients, wastes, and gases, circulates within blood vessels through the body, exchanging materials with the interstitial fluid. - •Interstitial fluid, formed by filtration from blood, is the fluid surrounding body cells in the tissue spaces and is essential to proteinless plasma. - •Lymph is the protein-containing fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries (from the tissue spaces); hence, its composition is the same as that of the interstitial fluid.
10. Describe the origin of thrombocytes and their roles in the events of hemostasis
Platelets (thrombocytes) are formed in the bone marrow by segmentation of the cytoplasm (the cell substance other than the nucleus) of cells known as megakaryocytes, the largest cells of the marrow. Within the marrow the abundant granular cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte divides into many small segments that break off and are released as platelets into the circulating blood. Platelets contribute their hemostatic capacity via adhesion, activation, and aggregation, which are triggered upon tissue injury, and these actions stimulate the coagulation factors and other mediators to achieve hemostasis. In addition, these coordinated series of events are the vital biological processes for wound healing phases.
7. Define: pluripotent stem cells, hemopoiesis, (hematopoiesis), and erythropoiesis.
Pluripotent stem cells: Differentiate into each of the different types of blood cells; myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells originate from them; pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are base for blood cells Hemopoiesis (hamatopoiesis): The process of producing blood cells Erythropoiesis: The production of red blood cells (RBCs)
11. Describe the functional roles of RBC's
Red blood cells carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies. Then they make the return trip, taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled.
6. Know the major categories of plasma.
Water is the main component of plasma (taking up about 90%). The other 10% is made up of things such as ions, wastes, proteins, etc. The proteins include coagulation factors, antibody protein albumin and fibrinogen (which maintains the serum osmotic pressure).
12. Describe all the functional roles of WBCs.
White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances. There are several types of WBCs: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are further subdivided into B lymphocytes (B cells), T lymphocytes (T cells), and natural killer (NK) cells. Each type of WBC contributes in its own way to the body's defense mechanisms. Combat pathogens and other foreign substances that enter body.
