Career Development
Lifestyle includes: -work -leisure -style of living -all of the above
all of the above; work, leisure, AND style of living
The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to: -an occupational group -career options -OOH data -the transfer of skills
an occupational group
Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be: -artistic -social -enterprising -realistic
enterprising
According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination: -women make more than men for doing the same job -women make less than men for doing the same job -men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation -women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job
women make less than men for doing the same job
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon". Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position? -"Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother's attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?" -"Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I'd say you should be optimistic and go for the position." -"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality." -"In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive."
"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."
In a lifetime the average person has: -10 to 15 jobs -two jobs -a single job and stays with it for their entire career -about five jobs
10 to 15 jobs
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the: -APA -AACD -APGA -NASW
APGA
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of: -Joseph Wolpe -Albert Bandura -Donald Super -Karen Homey
Albert Bandura
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of: -Anne Roe -John Holland -H. B. Gelatt -Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura
Define Donald Super's self-concept and developmental stage theory.
Also referred to as a life span, life-space model. Self-concept, as well as career/vocational maturity, influences one's career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner. Super initially didn't believe he created a theory, but felt his work might be the basis for segments of future theories. He felt mislabeled.
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was: -Krumboltz -Schein -Super -Bordin
Bordin
Define Edgar H. Schein's eight career anchors theory.
Career anchors manifest approximately 5 or 10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at. Originally, Schein identified five anchors, but now eight are used: 1. autonomy/independence. 2. security/stability. 3. technical/functional competence. 4. general managerial competence. 5. entrepreneurial creativity. 6. service/dedication to a cause. 7. pure challenge. 8. lifestyle
Define Linda Gottfredson's theory of circumscription and compromise.
Circumscription (phase 1): rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class). Compromise (phase 2): change mind, major, etc. if career path is not truly realistic). This is a developmental approach taking one's childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone or territory of jobs where they fit into society.
Define Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma's developmental approach, aka the Ginzberg group, or Ginzberg and Associates.
Created by an economist, a psychiatrist, a sociologist, and a psychologist. The first developmental approach to occupational choice. The developmental stages are: ages 11 and under (fantasy), early adolescence ages 11 to 17 (tentative), and age 17 into early adulthood (realistic). Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible was later dropped.
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by: -John O. Crites -John Holland -David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara -Donald Super
David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families? -Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works. -Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working -Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working -Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families
Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working
Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except: -Dual-earner families have a better chance for advancement than dual-career families -Dual-earner families are more likely to have managerial or administrative jobs than dual-career families -Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families -Dual-career families have less competition
Dual-career families ran more than dual-earner families
Define social cognitive counseling theory.
Focuses on how one's belief system impacts career choice.
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area---who were the first to forsake the matching models---were: -Super and Roe -Hoppock and Holland -Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma -Brill and Bordin
Ginzburg group
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock's theory, based on the work of ____ is also considered a personality approach. -Donald Super -Robert Rosenthal -David Wechsler -Henry Murray
Henry Murray
Define John Krumboltz's learning theory of career counseling.
Initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Four factors can be used to simplify the career development process: (1) genetic endowment and unique abilities; (2) environmental conditions and life events; (3) learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian); and (4) task approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, and emotional patterns). Research validates the original social learning theory, but additional studies are needed to back up the newer learning theory of career counseling.
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflect the work of: -John Crites -Anne Roe -John Holland -Nancy Schlossberg
John Crites
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing: -David Tiedman -John Holland -Anne Roe -John Crites
John Holland
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of: -Anne Roe -Donald Super -John Holland -Jane Loevinger
John Holland
The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for: -K-12, postsecondary, and even adults -children who have not completed the sixth grade -kids who have taken the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) -high school students
K-12, postsecondary, and even adults
Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the: -Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) -Binet and the Weschler -Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) -Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the: -State Department of Economic Regulation or the Department of Insurance, Financial Institutions, and Professional Regulations -SOC -SIC -OOH
OOH
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the: -Occupational Options Handbook -Occupational Outlook Handbook -Career Options Occupational Titles -Optional Occupations Handbook
Occupational Outlook Handbook
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with: -Parsons and Williamson -Roe and Brill -Holland and Super -Tiedman and O'Hara
Parsons and Williamson
Define Mark Savickas' career construction postmodern theory.
Savickas, who worked with Donald Super, is critical of most traditional theories. His work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client's life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story.
Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that: -an appropriate job allows one to express their personality -stereotypes cannot be considered relevant -four major personality categories exist -sublimation is the major factor in job selection
Sublimation is the major factor in job selection
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except: -Service -Science -Arts and entertainment -Unskilled
Unskilled
Define John Holland's six personality and six work environments career typology.
Visually depicted with a hexagon that includes six personality types/work environments: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (RIASEC). Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized. Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC.
Define Anne Roe's early childhood needs-theory approach.
Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (the importance of the parent-child relationship) as well as Maslow. Roe's work has generated a wealth of research. Studies do not totally support this approach, however, it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and the Career Occupational Preference System make use of Roe's fields and levels taxonomy.
Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology? -a 72 yr old part time, male ballet instructor -a 29 yr old female fiction writer -a 33 year old female drill press operator -a 41 yr old singer for a heavy metal rock band
a 33 yr old female drill press operator
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or: -be widowed and seeking employment -be divorced and seeking employment -a and b -none of the above
a and b; be widowed and seeking employment AND be divorced and seeking employment
The model Krumboltz suggested is: -a human capital theory -an accident theory of career development -a status attainment theory -a behavioristic model of career development
a behavioristic model of career development
Holland believed that: -a given occupation will tend tend to attract persons with similar personalities -a given occupation will tend to attract persons with a very wide range of personality attributes -one's personality is, for the most part, unrelated to one's occupational choice -b and c
a given occupation will tend tend to attract persons with similar personalities
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that: -a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college. -students did not want career guidance despite its importance -many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance -high school students wanted career guidance but junior-high school- or middle school-level students did not
a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is: -based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types -self-administered -self-scored and self-interpreted -all of the above
all of the above; based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, self-administered, AND self-scored and self-interpreted
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a developmental model of career choice which asserts that: -the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood -career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span -career choice is reversible -all of the above
all of the above; the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood, career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span, AND career choice is reversible
In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with: -personal likes, dislikes, and preferences -personal rules -alternatives and the probability of outcomes -the Self-Directed Search
alternatives and the probability of outcomes
At its zenith the DOT listed: -approximately 10,000 job titles -nearly 5,000 job titles -approximately 20,000 job titles -nearly 100,00 job titles
approximately 20,000 job titles
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice: -are indicative of neurotic symptoms -are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment -are related to a lack of present moment awareness -are the result of irrational cognitions
are indicative of neurotic symptoms
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described: -as a displaced homemaker -as a victim of underemployment -by conducting a job analysis -as a victim of the hidden job market
as a displaced homemaker
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach: -attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives -attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. -attempts to match career behavior with attitudes -attempts to match cognition with the workload
attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
The trait-and-factor actuarial approach asserts that: -job selection is a long-term development process -testing is an important part of the counseling process -a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job -b and c
b and c; testing is an important part of the counseling process AND a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice: -based on cognitive-behavioral therapy -based on a model of strict operant conditioning -based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need -based on the work of Pavlov
based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need
Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on: -fields and levels -circumscription and compromise theory -the career rainbow -on the concept of career maturity, mainly
circumscription and compromise theory
The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and "Choices" are: -computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG) -paper and pencil career tests -career theories proposed in the 1940s -computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH
computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG)
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines themselves via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the ____ category. -artistic -conventional -realistic -social
conventional
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests: -positive transference -negative transference -counselor bias based on gender bias -sex-wage discrimination
counselor bias based on gender bias
Define trait-and-factor-matching theory.
created by E. G. Williamson, based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a given occupation.
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples, -dual-career families/couples have more leisure time -dual-career families/couples have the same amount of leisure time as families/couples with one wage earner -dual-career families/couples have less leisure time -dual-career families/couples have more weekend leisure time
dual-career families/couples have less leisure time
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development: -informal, formal, and concrete -fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties) -sensorimotor, formal and concrete
fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties)
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing: -unconscious and preconscious -fields and levels -yin and yang -transactional analysis nomenclature
fields and levels
Super's life-span theory emphasizes ____ life stages. -five -four -three -nine
five
A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman," is showing an example of: -gender bias -counselor bias -the trait-and-factor theory -developmental theory and career choice
gender bias
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that: -genetics play a very minor role in career choice -genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. -genetics are important while upbringing is not -genetics are important while the unconscious is not
genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often: -make the same job choice as a man -choose a supervisory position more often than a man -have lower career aspirations than a man -choose a career well above her ability level
have lower career aspirations than a man
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ____ into account. -individual change through the lifespan -relevant psychometric data -personality -job requirements
individual change through the lifespan
Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the ____ type. -investigative -social -enterprising -artistic
investigative
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the women: -generally has children before entering the workforce -rarely if ever has children -is not self-reliant -is typically secure in her career before she has children
is typically secure in her career before she has children
A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. The verbalization depicts the client's: -career -lifestyle -job or position -occupation
job or position
Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in ____ positions while women often have ____. -nursing; physician's positions -pink-collar; executive positions -CEO; positions as financial advisors -labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs
labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs
Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice: -lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs -self-actualization needs take precedence over lower-order needs -all needs are given equal consideration -the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need
lower-order needs take precedence over higher-power needs
The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that: -most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards -most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids -most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads -most jobs are not advertised
most jobs are not advertised
In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that: -every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories -occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless -most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be describes by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI) -a and b
most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be describes by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI)
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation: -most women hold high-paying executive jobs -most women hold low-paying jobs with low status -most women hold jobs which require a college degree -men still make considerably less than women
most women hold low-paying jobs with low status
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a ____digit code. -nine -eight -six -five
nine
Statistics reveal that: -on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a HS diploma -fewer workers possess a HS diploma than ever before -blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs -older workers are slower than younger workers and have fewer skills
on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a HS diploma
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except: -Outdoor -Semiskilled -Semiprofessional/small business -professional and managerial
outdoor
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ____ theorists. -behavior modification -ego psychologists -experiential -personality
personality
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision". The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems: -predictive, value, and decision -internal, external, and in-between -predictive, external, and internal -internal and external
predictive, value, and decision
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's ____ typology -artistic -conventional -social -realistic
realistic
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience: -satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests -satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests -generalized anxiety if they are placed in a job where people have similar interests -the best results if they finish the inventory in one hour or less
satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests
The most effective method adults use to find job in the United States is: -to see a state employment counselor for job leads -to visit a private practice career counselor for job leads -surfing the Web to find job leads -securing information via ads in the newspaper
securing information via ads in the newspaper
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized: -only since the late 1950s -only since the late 1960s -only since nondirective counseling became popular -since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
since the beginning of counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
Holland categorized ____ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments. -two -five -three -six
six
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely: -artistic -social -enterprising -realistic
social
A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as: -the contrast effect -sublimation -the compensatory effect -spillover
spillover
Studies indicate that: -students receive ample vocational guidance -most parents can prove appropriate vocational guidance -students want more vocational guidance than they receive -career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students
students want more vocational guidance than they receive
A client who becomes a professional football player because unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ____ according to Brill's theory of career choice. -subliminal -sublimation -suppression -introjection
sublimation
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized ____ as an ego defense mechanism. -subliminal -sublimation -repression -rationalization
sublimation
A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely: -analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations -give the client a standardized career test -suggest a site visit to a work setting -a and b
suggest a site visit to a work setting
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be: -Richard N. Bolle's "What Color is Your Parachute?" -the Bureau of Labor Statistics website -any professional journal related to career counseling is inundated with articles of this nature -"Choices" and the System of Interactive Guidance and Information known as SIGI
the Bureau of Labor Statistics website
Some support for Roe's theory comes from: -the BDI -the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WASI-IV) -the Rorschach and the TAT -the gestalt therapy movement
the Rorschach and the TAT
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling? -the approach attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of a job -the approach usually relies on psychometric information -the approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity -the approach is associated with the work of parsons and williamson
the approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels: -the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision -using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice -early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice -the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs
the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies: -the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds -the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds -the client will be standing a lot -the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily
the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as: -the recency effect -the leniency/strictness bias -the compensatory effect -spillover
the compensatory effect
In 1909 a landmark book entitled 'Choosing a Vocation' was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called: -the father of lifestyle -the father of modern counseling -the father of vocational guidance -the fourth force in counseling
the father of vocational guidance
The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal: -career aptitude -the personality via projective measures -the individual's three highest scored based on Holland's personality scores -spillover personality tendencies
the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types
Super's life-span theory includes: -the life-career rainbow -the life-career stars -the life-career moon -the life-career psychosis
the life-career rainbow
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes: -id impulses -the Critical Parent -the self-concept -ego strength
the self-concept
When professional career counselors use the term 'leisure' they technically mean: -the client is having fun at work or away from work -the client is relaxing at work or away from work -the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work -the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the: -cognitive therapy movement -humanistic psychology movement -individual psychology movement -trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of: -unemployment -undermeployment -the phi phenomenon -the risky shift phenomenon
underemployment
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child: -experiences neurosis or psychosis -will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment -will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people -will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed
will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people
According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be: -a social worker -a counselor -a psychiatrist -an I/O psychologist
a psychiatrist
