CARLA 9

Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? A. Flow = Pressure x Resistance B. Pressure = Flow x Resistance C. Resistance = Flow x Pressure D. Flow = Pressure + Resistance E. Flow = Pressure - Resistance

B. Pressure = Flow x Resistance

Given that the net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages about 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss? A. Fluid is returned to the blood as lymphatic fluid by the lymphatic system. B. The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption. C. Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed. D. While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tends to move inward across veins. E. The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid.

A. Fluid is returned to the blood as lymphatic fluid by the lymphatic system.

The long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves ________. A. the release of hormones over a period of minutes B. the immediate change in activity of the nervous system C. the control of blood volume by the kidneys D. the control of peripheral resistance E. the stimulation of an increase in urine flow through the kidneys

C. the control of blood volume by the kidneys

Hypertension can be caused by: A. genetics B. kidney disease C. hormone imbalance D. All of the above

D. All of the above

An increase in blood flow to metabolically active tissue will increase _______. A. capillary diameter B. tissue hypoxia C. arteriolar resistance D. oxygen delivery E. blood pressure

D. oxygen delivery

At rest, the greatest proportion of blood volume is present within the _______. A. heart B. systemic arteries C. systemic capillaries D. systemic veins E. pulmonary veins

D. systemic veins

Baroreceptors respond to ________, which is/are altered by mean arterial pressure. A. the metabolic byproducts formed within blood vessel walls B. the rate that blood is flowing past the nerves C. the compressive forces of pressure against the nerve endings D. the changes in stretch of the blood vessel wall E. the partial pressure of oxygen within the blood

D. the changes in stretch of the blood vessel wall

A person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60. Which of the following is true? A. Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg. B. Pulse pressure is 30 mm Hg. C. Mean arterial pressure is around 70-75 mm Hg. D. both Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg and Pulse pressure is 30 mm Hg. E. all of these

E. all of these

Which of the following anatomical features of capillaries favors the rapid exchange of molecules between blood and tissue? A. thin walls B. small radius C. larger overall number (total surface area) D. gaps between endothelial cells E. all of these

E. all of these

The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within ________ is primarily involved in the control of organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure. A. arterioles B. capillaries C. arteries D. venules E. veins

A. arterioles

Blood pressure is usually measured in the ________ artery, which is reflective of ________ pressure. A. brachial : aortic B. coronary : aortic C. brachial : left ventricular D. coronary : left ventricular E. ulnar : left atrial

A. brachial : aortic

Which of the following would cause relaxation of precapillary sphincters? A. carbon dioxide B. sympathetic activity C. epinephrine D. parasympathetic activity E. vasopressin

A. carbon dioxide

Which of the following equations is correct? A. cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate B. cardiac output = mean arterial pressure x total peripheral resistance C. resistance = (length x radius^4) / viscosity D. both cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate and cardiac output = mean arterial pressure x total peripheral resistance E. both cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate and resistance = (length x radius^4) / viscosity

A. cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Glucose will move across continuous capillary walls by ________. A. diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. primary active transport D. secondary active transport E. transcytosis

A. diffusion

An increase in the volume of blood ejected from the heart, with no change in total peripheral resistance, would ________. A. elevate mean arterial pressure B. elevate central venous pressure C. reduce mean arterial pressure D. elevate pulmonary venous pressure E. reduce the stretch on the aorta

A. elevate mean arterial pressure

During exercise, which of the following tissues receive less blood flow compared to resting conditions? A. gastrointestinal tract B. brain C. skin D. heart E. both gastrointestinal tract and skin

A. gastrointestinal tract

When we exercise, there is a redistribution of cardiac output toward the ________ and away from the ________. A. heart : kidneys B. kidneys : heart C. inactive skeletal muscle : gastrointestinal tract D. skin : active skeletal muscle E. gastrointestinal tract : kidneys

A. heart : kidneys

Which of the following will NOT occur in response to a decrease in the extent of stretch detected by a baroreceptor? A. increased urine flow B. increased ventricular contractility C. increased heart rate D. increased peripheral resistance E. increased venomotor tone

A. increased urine flow

Foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by ________ that are located within the lymph nodes. A. macrophages B. leukocytes C. platelets D. mast cells E. erythrocytes

A. macrophages

The portion of osmotic pressure exerted by ________ in the blood is known as oncotic pressure. A. proteins B. small ions C. large ions D. lipids E. steroids

A. proteins

Chemicals released by metabolically active cells will cause which of the following? A. relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow B. relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to decrease blood flow C. contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow D. contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to decrease blood flow E. none of these

A. relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow

The high compliance of veins allows them to ________. A. act as pressure reservoirs B. accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure C. rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume D. hold only small volumes of blood E. provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole

B. accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure

Which of the following can cause edema? A. increase in plasma proteins B. damage to capillary walls C. decreased venous pressure D. both increase in plasma proteins and decreased venous pressure E. all of these

B. damage to capillary walls

Which of the following substances is secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation? A. oxygen B. nitric oxide C. adenosine D. bradykinin E. endothelin-1

B. nitric oxide

An increase in the concentration of________ within the interstitial space surrounding an arteriole would lead that vessel to constrict. A. lactic acid B. oxygen C. prostacyclin D. bradykinin E. nitric oxide

B. oxygen

The hormone vasopressin acts in the short term to ________ and in the long term to ________, thereby increasing mean arterial pressure. A. decrease urine outflow : vasoconstrict arterioles B. vasoconstrict arterioles : decrease urine outflow C. vasodilate arterioles : increase urine outflow D. increase urine outflow : vasodilate arterioles E. vasodilate arterioles : decrease urine outflow

B. vasoconstrict arterioles : decrease urine outflow

Veins functions as ________ reservoirs due to their ________ compliance. A. pressure : high B. volume : high C. pressure : low D. volume : low E. pressure : lack of

B. volume : high

Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure: capillary hydrostatic pressure = 30 mm Hg, interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 5 mm Hg, capillary oncotic pressure = 25 mm Hg, and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure = 10 mm Hg. A. 40 mm Hg, favoring filtration B. -40 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption C. 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration D. -10 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption E. 0 mm Hg, no net force

C. 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration

. ________ is/are the component(s) of a blood vessel's extracellular matrix that provide(s) the tensile strength required to withstand pressure. A. Gap junctions B. Elastin C. Collagen D. Hemoglobin E. Albumin

C. Collagen

As part of the baroreceptor reflex response to hemorrhage, which of the following will increase? A. Venous return B. Vasodilation C. Heart rate D. Urine output

C. Heart rate

What blood vessel type has the greatest overall cross-sectional area? A. arteries B. arterioles C. capillaries D. venules E. veins

C. capillaries

Venous return is increased by: A. breathing B. muscle contraction C. drinking fluids such as water D. standing up

C. drinking fluids such as water

What tissue or substance near or in artery walls allows them to store energy that is later used to maintain continuous blood flow through the circulatory system? A. smooth muscle B. skeletal muscle C. elastin D. collagen E. endothelium

C. elastin

In comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit ________. A. is under greater pressure B. has lower blood flow C. has lower resistance to blood flow D. has an equal pressure gradient to drive blood flow E. none of these

C. has lower resistance to blood flow

A decrease in tissue oxygen is called ________. A. hypoxemia B. hyperemia C. hypoxia D. hyperoxia E. ischemia

C. hypoxia

Which of the following cardiovascular changes is MOST specific for increasing blood flow to a specific organ? A. a decrease in resistance of arterioles providing blood to the organ as well as an increase in mean arterial pressure B. an increase in mean arterial pressure C. a decrease in the resistance of arterioles providing blood to OTHER organs D. a decrease in resistance of arterioles providing blood to the organ E. an increase in mean arterial pressure as well as a decrease in the resistance of arterioles providing blood to OTHER organs

D. a decrease in resistance of arterioles providing blood to the organ

Intrinsic control of organ blood flow refers to the fact that ________. A. baroreceptor reflex controls organ resistance B. sympathetic nervous activity regulates organ resistance C. arteries respond to local factors that regulate organ resistance D. arterioles respond to local factors that regulate organ resistance E. withdrawal of parasympathetic activity allows the sympathetic system to regulate organ resistance

D. arterioles respond to local factors that regulate organ resistance

An increase in central venous pressure will cause ________. A. cardiac output to increase B. heart rate to increase C. stroke volume to increase D. both cardiac output to increase and stroke volume to increase E. all of these

D. both cardiac output to increase and stroke volume to increase

What region of the cardiovascular system contains valves? A. heart B. metarterioles C. veins D. both heart and veins E. all of these

D. both heart and veins

The reduction in organ blood flow that results from a decrease in mean arterial pressure would be exacerbated by the ________ that occurs as a consequence of the baroreceptor reflex. A. decreased compliance of the veins B. increased venous return C. increased stroke volume D. increased peripheral resistance E. increased ventricular contractility

D. increased peripheral resistance

The driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit is ________. A. capillary hydrostatic pressure B. central venous pressure C. left ventricular pressure D. mean arterial pressure E. right atrial pressure

D. mean arterial pressure

The elastic nature of the largest blood vessel's (the aorta's) walls allows them to act as a ________, maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole. A. volume reservoir B. non-distensible structure C. non-compliant structure D. pressure reservoir E. resistor

D. pressure reservoir

Congestive heart failure on the left side of the heart results in: A. systemic edema B. decreased net filtration in the capillaries C. increased venous pressure D. pulmonary edema

D. pulmonary edema

Which of the following describes rhythmic changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity that affect heart rate coincident with respiration? A. pulmonary sinus rhythmia B. pulmonary sinus arrhythmia C. respiratory sinus rhythmia D. respiratory sinus arrhythmia E. lung sinus rhythmia

D. respiratory sinus arrhythmia

Any change in the relative distribution of cardiac output to an organ is typically due to changes in ________. A. central venous pressure B. viscosity of the blood moving through that organ's vascular bed C. compliance of that organ's vascular bed D. mean arterial pressure E. resistance of that organ's vascular bed

E. resistance of that organ's vascular bed