CC303 Test 3
Give three characteristics of epic poetry.
-Meter (dactylic hexameter) -musical in purpose (also they typically begin with invocation to the muses) -ascribed to specific figures (e.g. the odyssey = odysseus' journey)
How does Herodorus use Herakles to promote philosophy?
Apples- Morals of philosophy, spreads it Club- beats out illogic Nemean Lion- beats out illogic
What type of danger does Atalanta represent to the Greek heroic world?
Atalanta represents the danger to the Greek heroic world of a woman who is equal to men in strength. Atalanta could not be physically overcome but instead had to be conquered over her mental folly.
Give three examples of how Atalanta is similar to other male Greek heroes.
Atlanta is orphaned as a child (because her father did not want any female children) • Physically similar to male heroes (large, strong woman) • Defeats centaurs (when they try to rape her)
Give three examples from the Odyssey of how females pose a threat to Odysseus' return to Ithaca.
Calypso: enchantress who detains Odysseus on her island and the gods after several years persuade her to release him Sirens, Scylla, Charybdis: all feminine like monsters who pose a threat to Odysseus while on the sea Circe: Goddess who changed Odysseus' men to swine
How does Andron illustrate that Herakles is a bringer of culture?
Cremates body, brings culture of cremation to Greece
How is Atalanta subdued by Melanion or Hippomenes?
Hippomenes must compete with her in a race. He subdues her by throwing Aphrodite's golden apples at her, symbolic for the Greek idea that girls were easily distracted by shiny objects, gold, and jewels.
How does the ambiguity of Theseus' birth helpful to create an Athenian hero-king?
If his father is Aegeus, then he belongs to the lineage of kings and if he is Poseidon's son, then he is a demigod. The uncertainty is beneficial because both attributes, for a king, would be beneficial to Athens.'
What is a parergon? Give two examples of different parerga of Herakles.
Incindental deeds -Caucasian eagle -horn of plenty from river god
Give three examples of intertextual elements in Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica.
Homeric Epic Poetry Euripides, Medea Pindar, Pythian IV He reacts to the old tales of Jason and incorporates Euripides' Medea into his own tale where she is the focus of the romantic tragedy while still using the Jason tale. He creates a diff type of hero, and his success is b/c he is different than what came before him.
How is Jason different from other Greek heroes?
Jason is different from other Greek heroes in that he was not a demigod and he acted indirectly on his Heroic quest. Jason's Argonauts (and Medea) directly defeated the obstacles and Jason led them.
How is Jason similar to other Greek heroes?
Jason is similar to other Greek heroes in that his story follows the Greek heroic test-quest. Pelias rids Iolcus of Jason so he can be the sole ruler, Helios instructs Jason to retrieve the golden fleece, he has the supernatural aid of Athena, Hera, the Argonauts, and the Argos, they defeat many monsters, he is joined with Medea who ultimately leads to their exile and the death of his children, and finally Jason dies unglamorously from a falling piece of his ship.
Give three examples of how the Achaeans met different fates from each other on their journeys home in The Returns (Nostoi).
- Agamemnon gets home then gets killed by Clytemnestra - Neoptolemus goes by land since he warned by Thetis and makes it home successfully - Ajax killed by Zeus and Poseidon on his way sailing out
Give three events that transpired during the fall of Troy that are expressed in Sack of Ilion.
- The Trojan Horse is brought in which leads to the Sack of Troy - The women are subjugated (Rape/Abduction of Cassandra, Helen, etc) - Aeneas the Trojan hero flees Troy due to oracles
Give three events that led to the Trojan war which are expressed in the Cypria.
- Wedding of Peleus and Thetus - Eris is not invited so she throws a golden apple of discord, Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena fight for it - Judgement of Paris - Paris judge the goddesses. He chooses Aphrodite b/c she promised him helen, they go and abduct her. - Gathering of the Leaders - Menelaus, husband of Helen, is mad , and visits Agammenon (informal leader of Greeks) his brother, together they decide to attack Troy with other greek kings.
Give two examples of how Herakles' iconic attributes are linked to specific labors.
------First labor Overcame an invulnerable lion by throttling it The pelt earned from the labor attributed to his iconic attire ------Second Labor He killed the hydra by cutting off the mortal heads and then severing the immortal one and burrying it under a rock He then slit open the body of the hydra and dipped his arrows in it's "death bringing gall"
How does the Farnese Hercules illustrate a Roman understanding Hercules?
-Bath - to regain his strength after his labors -As an athlete - the gymnasium - representative if you will
Give two examples of how excess/extreme behavior is characteristic of Heracles.
1)Rage - killed lyre teacher, Linos, after discipline, and murdered his children in a fit of rage 2)He slept with Thespius 50 daughters 3)His labors take him further and further away from
Give some examples of how Greek story-patterns for quests differ from Campbell's monomyth?
1 - In Greek stories, the heroes face a tragedy when they arrive home or die an "unglamorous death". In Campbell's they receive "Master of Two Worlds"/ Restoration 2 - In Greek stories, the hero has to be an Orphaned Son of Royalty/God. In Campbell's they don't have to be this. 3- In Greek stories, the hero marries a princess. According to Campbell's, a women is only a temptation on a hero's path.
Give three examples from the Odyssey of how xenia affects Odysseus' nostos.
1. Aeolus gives him the bag of wind and treats him as a guest in his castle, the bag of wind should get him back home. This was all due to xenia because they were both greek. 2. There was not good Xenia between Odysseus and Polyphemus which results in some of Odysseus's men being eaten and ultimately, they blind the giant and get out, but he reveals his name and this results in Poseidon being against him, as Polyphemus is his son. 3. phaeacians provide good xenia by taking odysseus in and providing lavish hospitality and wanting to hear about his story and since scheria resembles Penelope and Ithaca so much that it's the most tempting for him to stay but they accept his desire to get home and send him to Ithaca.
Proclus, Chrestomathy
410-485 AD wrote in greek literary handbook summaries of the poems in the epic cycle
What kinds of people are the Greeks referring to when they use the term heros (hero)?
According to Buxton, Greeks use the term "Heroes" to label men who embody certain Greek traditions and characteristics. Typically, these men go through a hero test-quest, a series of events that follow the hero cycle. They are also usually sacrificed to after they die in Hero Cults, like in hero shrine to Perseus. They also existed during a certain time frame and were considered a godly race according to Hesiod. They were demigods, usually had a miraculous birth, and often ended their lives in misery/tragedy. Also, in greece, heroes weren't necessarily good people, they just had to go through a large amount of suffering and overcome extreme adversity.
Give three events that signify the importance of Achilles to the Trojan War that are expressed in the Aithiopis.
Achilles kills the Thracian daughter of Ares. Achilles kills Thersites because he insulted him and attributed to him a supposed love for Penthesileia: Conflict arises among the Greeks over the murder of Thersites; Achilles kills Memnon, the son of Eos who arrives with armor made by Hephaistos to aid the Trojans A conflict breaks out between Odysseus and Ajax over the arms of Achilles
What does the Invocation to the Muses (Book 1:1-9) reveal about Homer's Achilles and the Trojan War?
Achilles' anger is pivotal to understanding the story of the Iliad. The trojans get the upper hand because Achilles prays to his mother since he is angry at Agamemnon for taking his prize/time/wife and therefore dishonoring him. His anger towards Patroclus' death leads him to go back into the war and kill Hector. Achilles anger makes him not want to bury Hector's dead body and drags it around. The Invocation to the Muses reveals the programmatic feature of Achilles and the Trojan war, rage. Apollo is the "source of rage" beginning the war and all of Achilles actions are spurred by anger/rage, such as when he goes after Hector.
How does Achilles' aristeia Books 20-22 differs from Diomedes in Books 5-6?
Achilles' aristeia differs from that of Diomedes in their motivation and association with the gods. Achilles unlike Diomedes is not driven by time and kleos, although he recognizes that he will gather them with battle excellence, instead he is driven by anger and rage. Achilles' returns to war to avenge his brother in arms Patrocolus. Also, although like Diomedes the goddess Athena is on Achilles side, she is not empowering Achilles. Achilles does not lose in his one-on-one battles due to his battle prowess not enhanced strength at the hand of gods.
What does the story of Acrisius' fate reveal about the role of fate in Greek myths about heroes?
Although Acrisius takes extreme measure to make sure that his daughter's son (Perseus) won't kill him, Perseus still kills him. This shows that no matter what you do, you cannot escape fate in Greek myth, it is hard and steadfast. Heroes cannot escape their fate and their lives have lots of tragedy. Even though Acrisius sent Perseus and his daughter away to protect himself, in the end Perseus ended up killing him like the oracle predicted.
What type of danger do Amazons represent to the Greek heroic world?
Amazons represent to the Greek heroic world the danger of what would come if women ran the world, physically and politically dominant through a matriarchy.
How is Hippolyte subdued by Herakles?
Because Hippolyte runs free and wild, untamed by man, Herakles must "go after her belt," as in take her virginity, in order to tame her. The belt is symbolic for sexual dominance. Following Hera's trickery, Herakles kills Hippolyte and takes her war belt (that of Ares given to her), a symbol of power and dominance.
Apples of the Hesperide
Behind back in Farnese Herculues,
Give three examples of Medea transgressing the boundaries of what would be typical of a Greek woman.
Betrays her father: leaves him for Jason and aids Jason with her magic in retrieving the golden fleece • Disrupts her home: kills her children with Jason • Kills own blood: murders her brother and throws pieces of his body overboard
What does Book 1 reveal about the Greek gods and the Trojan war?
Book 1 reveals that the Greek gods act in the Trojan war both directly and in regards to individual honors. Apollo sends a plague upon the Greek camp. Athena holds Achilles back to prevent him from killing Agamemnon. Thetis appeals to Zeus to help the Trojans despite Hera's support for the Greeks.
Give three events that mark the end of the Iliad?
Funeral game for patroclus Priam comes to achillies for hector's body Hector mourned and buried
Essay: Using your primary and secondary sources, explain how the Labors of Heracles contributed to him becoming a Pan-Hellenic hero? Be specific.
HE BECAME A GREAT PAN-HELLENIC HERO BECAUSE ONE 3 REASONS: HIS QUESTS LED HIM TO TRAVEL AROUND THE KNOWN WORLD WHICH GAVE HIM A UNIVERSAL REPUTATION, HE CONQUERED THE UNCIVILIZED/WILDERNESS AND BROUGHT CIVILIZATION, AND HE OVERCAME FORCES OF NATURE. He travels across the known world/universal reputation - Labors mostly start in the Pelipinesse area and then circle out around the known world - Important hero that has been to the ends of the known earth and the underworld - Essentially all Greeks can make references to him due to his universality He civilized the uncivilized/conquered the wilderness - Conquers monsters and allows Greeks to move out to different areas and colonize them - ex. Nemean Lion, Stymphalian birds, cretan bull, the boar etc. - Colonized during his side labors, parergas., e.x., Thessaly conquered/settled, Nereus and Illyria conquered, showing he conquered the sea He overcomes a lot of elements in life (death, for example) - He goes to the underworld and comes back up alive - He kidnaps and drags out Cerberus from the underworld - All heroes are inherently 'excessive' anyways
Give three examples of how the acts of Theseus are similar to Herakles' labors and parerga.
He fought and defeated the centaurs, he also fought and defeated the Amazons, and also went down to the Underworld He also has to use cleverness and strength throughout his labors on his way to Athens, like what Herakles did during his labors. In the end, both heroes were admired for their duties and were seen as great men.
How does Telegony signify the importance of Odysseus to the Trojan Cycle.
He makes a sacrifice and begins a journey where he receives a gift. Then he continues a journey to do what he was set out to do. He gets married, a war breaks out. He eventually is killed by his own son.
Give three examples of how females (mortal and immortal) function as catalysts for Heracles' actions.
Hera- causes Herakles' madness Megara- her death causes him to have to puify himself Iole- he pursues her and killes her brother when he cant have her Deianeira- Catalyst for his death, gives him poisoned clothes Hebe- when Herakles dies, Hera gives him hebe as wife
How does Xenophon use Herakles to promote philosophy?
Herakles chooses vitrue over vice, by chossing philosophy they are choosing virtue
What "talismans" does Perseus receive to complete his quest?
Hermes gives him a sword to fight Medusa, Athena gives him a shield, and he gets winged sandels, a bag, and a cape of Invisibility
Give some examples of the heroic ideals as revealed in Diomedes' aristeia in Book 5-6.
Kleos: Diomedes is given superhuman strength by Athena allowing him to not only battle but defeat the god of war, Ares. Time: due to his controlled nature Diomedes is able to strategically collect armor and horses from the men he slays.
the Krommyon Sow and Phaia
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What type of danger does Medea represent to the Greek heroic world?
Medea represents the danger of foreigners and women of equal wit to men to the Greek heroic world. She is helpful when Jason is trying to retrieve the golden fleece, but upon her their return home Medea's uncivilized wild nature is reviled in her destructive trickery that leads to both Medea and Jason's exile.
How was Medea a source of success and difficulty to Jason's quest?
Medea was a source of success in the quest to retrieve the golden fleece in that her magic and wit allowed Jason to overcome difficulties such as to yoke the oxen and to escape Aietes. However, Medea was a source of difficulty when she kills Jason's children and uses her magic to trick Pelias' daughters into killing their father, consequently driving both her Jason from Iolcos.
Give two different examples of the meaning of the Minotaur in art.
Modernish = violent bestial impulses of man exemplified by George Frederic Watts, The Minotaur, 1885. Less modern = sense of 'otherness' exemplified in vase painting Kylix, London 1850.
How is the term monomyth used in comparative mythology, particularly by Joseph Campbell?
Monomyth as defined by Joseph Campbell is a common structure that depicts several stages that heroes go through, a traditional form of the quest and is ageless and universal 1 - Begins with departure- accepting the call to adventure/ the "ordinary world" 2 - Initiation- victory is won (includes entering unknown, receiving aid and helpers) 3- Return- brought back to normal state, reward + sacrifice
Give three events that led to the fall of Troy that are expressed in the Little Iliad.
Odysseus gets the arms of Achilles in accordance with the will of Athena Odysseus sets an ambush and captures Helenos The Greeks load their best men into a wooden horse and the Trojans bring it into the city by taking down part of the wall
Give three examples from the Odyssey of how Odysseus' men hinder his nostos.
Odysseus' men cannot restrain their curiosity: believe the bag to contain treasure, they open it and the winds burst out and blow the ships back to Aiolos' kingdom and this time the Greeks receive a sour welcome Crew disobediently slaughters and cooks some of the beasts belonging to Helios The meat bellows as if the animals were still alive Zeus' thunderbolt smashes the vessel into pieces - His men eat lotus and Odysseus has to use force to get them to stop
How do the unique abilities of the Argonauts fit into Jason's success on his quest?
Orpheus (power of song) - defeat the sirens with his music Herakles (brute force and duty) - reminds the men of the quest when facing the Lemnian women Kastor and Polydeuces (riding horses and boxing) - beats immortal Amycus Zetes and Calais (sons of the North Wind, have wings -> speed) - save phineus from the Harpies, he in turn provides quest advice
How does Medea's gender affect her choices in Greek myth?
Ovid portrays Medea as acting because of her love for Jason. She betrays her father in order to be with Jason and uses her magic to help Jason complete his quest so that they can return to his home together. Also, she kills Jason's kids and lover because she is distressed by their separation.
Give two examples of how the theme of pathos is evident in the myths of Herakles.
Pathos- experience, misfortune, suffering, passion/emotion -Hera withholds his kingdom from birth -Linos criticizes herakles so he kills him -F*cks all 50 daughers of thespios -Does two extra labors
What are the results of Perseus' quest? What rewards does this quest bring to him and his home?
Perseus is kills the cetos and gets a wife, Andromeda, as well as the head of the Gorgon, Medusa. He is able to save his mother and turn polydectes to stone, but he has a somewhat unfortunate ending because he kills his grandfather and is struck with grief. He ends up ruling another city because he is so ashamed that he does not want to take the throne of his father who he killed. Heroes cannot escape their fate and their lives have lots of tragedy. Even though Acrisius sent Perseus and his daughter away to protect himself, in the end Perseus ended up killing him like the oracle predicted.
Give three examples of the myths of Theseus, which cast a negative light on Crete.
Phaedra lies about being assaulted by Hippolytos Minos did not keep his oath to Poseidon Minos demands young innocent athenians to be fed to his minotaur
What features makes Scylla a mischwesen?
Scylla is a mischwesen because she has the parts of a female torso, dog fore-parts, and a fishtail.
Give two examples of how the reception of the Perseus' myth in changes the meaning/focus of his heroic narrative.
Shows unfavorable outcomes like the death of Perseus' grandfather and Perseus' doesn't want to go on his journey, it's really because of his own stupidty by saying that he will bring back Medusa's head
Essay: To what extent is the concept of the monomyth useful to our understanding of Perseus? Explain using your primary and secondary sources to support your answer.
Story follows the pattern - Archetypal Hero and the Quest Pattern: Departure - The Ordinary world - Son of Zeus but among the mortals. The Call to Adventure - Get the gorgon's head. Polydectes (likes Danae) tells Perseus to get the head to get rid of him. Refusal of the Quest - None. Accepting the Call - Leaves to get the head Initiation - Entering unknown - Gotta find the Gorgon head Supernatural Aid - Hermes and Athena Talisman - Hades' cap of invisibility, Hermes' winged sandals, Sickle that cut Chronos' man jewels (Good enough to cut off a gorgon's head) Allies and Helpers - All by myself~~ Tests - Outsmart the Graia(?) <Takes the eye> Supreme Ordeal - Cutting off the head of Medusa Return - Reward and the journey home - Medusa's head allows Perseus to kill Cetos to save Andromeda (His future wife) The elixir - Turns Polydectes to stone. Master of two worlds/restoration - Dictus gets the throne back, Danae is saved (Pherecydes)
Essay: Explain how the myths of Theseus can be viewed as a "distillation of the city's idealized self-representation".
THESIS: THE MYTHS OF THESEUS CAN BE VIEWED AS A 'DISTILLATION OF THE CITY'S IDEALIZED SELF-REPRESENTATION' BECAUSE OF THE AMBIGUOUS LINEAGE OF THESEUS, THESEUS' LABORS, AND THE CONQUERING OF THE MINOTAUR BY THESEUS. Ambiguous lineage of Theseus - Theseus birth is very ambiguous. He could be the son of Aigus, a king, or Poseidon, since they were both fond of his mother. If his father was Aegeus, this would be good for Athens since Theseus is a direct descendant of the royal bloodline. - If his father was Poseidon, this also good, making him a demigod and father god of the sea, since Athens is a sea power, this makes them powerful and gives a good representation Represents the ideals of Athens - Theseus' tasks have him circling around Athens basically - Most of the places have been under Athenian control or allied - His labors cause him to bring them together under a single Athenian rule, which Athenians like, since their ideals are justice, democracy, etc - His labors have him killing monsters like Procrustes in the same way they killed their prey, an eye for an eye = justice = Athenian ideal Defeat of the Minotaur - Shows Theseus conquering the uncivilized, wilderness, which Athenian ideal = civilization, justice - Theseus also the protector of Athens in this way - Tension between Minoan Crete - Justification for being a sea power bc they conquered the Minotaur and Bull and moving off Minoan Power
Skeiron
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You are a modern bard, for each of the epic poems in the Trojan cycle, provide the title of suitable modern song. Briefly explain the rationale behind each of your choices.
The Cypria: Bad Blood -Taylor Swift (good relationship that turns sour and now they are fighting)
How are the arms related to the hero in Book 18?
The arms are related to the hero as they establish time when taken by the battle winner. Armor is the identification of the man who wears it and the level of time established with armor is not identified by the material but by the quality of the warrior who wears it.. Hektor stole Achille's armor
What do the descriptions of the monoceratus, mantikhoras (manticore), and cynocephali reveal the origins of these legendary creatures and tribes of men?
The descriptions of the monoceratus, manikhoras, and cynocephali reveal that they come from poor understanding of foreign animals such as rhinoceros, lion, and baboons respectively. These animals are from far off lands such as India and Africa that the Greeks know of but do not understand.
What is the golden fleece? Why is it important?
The golden fleece had once belonged to a magical, flying ram, which figured in the fortunes of another branch of Kretheus' family. It is a treasure of the skin of a golden ram that saved Prixos and Helle that is important in its literal being and as it is representative of the right to rule. it was important because it was thought to bring your kingdom good wealth and prosperity if you maintained it
What Greek heroic ideals affect Hector's actions in Book 6? How?
The heroic ideals of time and kleos affect Hector's actions in book 6. Hector knows that if he returns to battle he will die and his wife will become a serf, but if he stays his glory will be lost. With the loss of his glory, his name loses its power disgracing and causing his family to in turn lose glory and honor.
How does the manner in which Theseus kills the malefactors on his journey to Athens differ from Herakles' characteristic behavior?
Theseus kills his malefactors in a less aggressive way. He basically does what the malefactors do to others, but to the malefactors. Heracles does things in excess. kills lion and wears it Sinis - shoots people off pine tree - he is shot off Herakles uses his strength and physical abilities more, and his rage sometimes comes up throughout it.
How do the myths surrounding Theseus make him a decidedly Athenian political figure?
Theseus takes on challenges nobly and bravely, he brought civilization and order by vanquishing foes that were seen as uncivilized. In a way he unified Athens, which was represented in the myths surrounding him. Also, he volunteers as a sacrifice to Minos, and then claims to save the shop, which he does. He serves almost in the sense of a brave knight for Athens. Defeats the other sea power.
Essay: Using the stories of Odysseus' journey home in the Odyssey, why do Greek myths pay so much attention on the nostos of heroes?
Thesis: Greek myths focus so much attention on the nostos of a hero because the process of getting home is fundamental to the idea of a hero and can determine whether a hero was meant to be blessed or cursed (ultimate fate for a hero). The idea of 'nostalgia' has Greek semantic roots that have a harsher edge (nostos means 'return journey' and algos means 'pain') Talk about all the times his nostos was hindered and about xenia (Guest and friendship) and Polytropos (Trickery) Isle of the Lotus Eaters Isle of the Cyclopes (Polyphemus curses Odysseus when he finds out his name) Scylla (Sacrifice six guys) Isle of Calypso (Stays there but eventually wants his nostos) Home is dangerous (Penelope and the Suitors)
Essay: Based on the figures of Medea, Atalanta, and Hippolyte in myth, what role does gender play in Greek myths about heroes?
Thesis: In Greek myths about heroes, the women present in the myths tend to defy traditional gender stereotypes established by the (oftentimes, Ancient Greek) society they live in, displaying unorthodox characteristics that either come with struggles or benefits in the tales of heroes' journeys. Important to note that despite their characteristics which would be seen as cunning or admirable if they were men, they either carry a sort of negative social stigma (Medea), they end up being subdued by men (Atalanta), or they get ****ed over and die at the hands of men (Hippolyte) Medea A crazy sorceress bitch Betrays/kills own father for her lover Kills her brother indirectly Kills a huge monster, Talos, a creature made of metal that men couldn't even kill Allows Jason to take the fleece Kills own children, defying matriarchal role, to make Jason suffer Perceived as insane and manipulative Atalanta Equal in size and stature to men Grew up wild, hunting, was humongous and muscular Able to beat men on foot race Got hoed by Melanion, who tricked her, then got turned into a lion when they had sex on Zeus' altar Hippolyte Queen of Amazons; remarkable leader, huntress, warrior Given the war belt of Ares as a symbol of her power and leadership Herakles freaked out when he thought her people were trying to attack him so he killed her and stole the belt then fled
What are some of the tragedies Jason experienced after his quest?
Upon returning from his quest Jason discovers that Pelias had killed his father. Medea then tricks Pelias' daughters into killing their father, which leads to the exile of Jason and Medea. When in Corinth, Jason decided to marry the king of Corinth's daughter and set aside Medea. Consequently, she killed Jason's fiancée and their children.
Give three examples from the Odyssey of how Odysseus' actions reveal he is truly polytropos.
Wise and creative, Polyphemus "Nobody is killing me" forgiving in that he spares Apollo's priest cautious, not revealing his name first upon returning home
How does Jason overcome Aietes' treachery?
With the aid of Medea he steals the golden fleece to overcome Aietes' treachery.
What specifically made Herakles an attractive mythological character for Alexander to link himself to?
Worshipped as a god after death, like rulers want to be
Give two examples of how Herakles labors unintentionally benefit humankind.
a. Heracles killing the Erymanthian boar was straightforward, and helped society by getting rid of an animal which threatened people's way of living. b. Another infestation problem was taken care of when Heracles cleared out the birds of Stymphalian lake. c. And one of the most beneficial tasks for mankind was the killing of the Caucasian eagle, which also freed Prometheus (a benefactor to mankind) from his punishment.
Give three different examples of how Scylla's parentage is linked to her characteristics in respect to the sea.
• Crataeis - crags, she is a part of the shoreline - shipwreck danger • Phorcys and Cetos - combination of surface and sea monster, hybrid creature, dogs and fishtail • Lamia - shark, sea dogs -> dogs and her fishtail, also huntress
Give three different reasons for why a dog is associated with Scylla.
• In the Odyssey she is said to yelp hideously (puppy/dog like) • In Classical art she is portrayed with a cluster of dog foreparts at her waist • The etymology of her name, skylax, has to do with dogs and sharks which are viewed as sea dogs
Give three different examples of how Scylla's form and actions represents Greek anxieties about women.
• Uncivilized & wild - untamed monster, she represents the anxiety of wild women in Greek society. In Antiquity, Greek women were supposed to be tamed by a man. • Voracious pathway - an opening to something else in how above the water she looks inviting (naked torso), but below the water she is dangerous (dogs), symbolic for a woman's genitalia. • Upset of power between man and woman because she is a female killing males, fisherwoman who eats men; women as destroyers/untamed
Give three examples of how Amazons transgress the boundaries of what would be typical of a Greek woman.
• Warriors- in the Amazon cities, young girls are trained to fight and be brave and courageous (also hunt) • Masculine appearance- wear short chiton (like men and Artemis) and cauterize right breast so that their spear/archery abilities are not hindered • Conquer and rule over others- conquer the areas around them, are politically important- queenship is passed down daughters
