CCC Chapter 12, & 13 review for a & p
Outline how synapses work
- When an action potential reaches the end of a neurone it causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. - They diffuse across to the postsynaptic membrane (the one after the synapse) and bind to specific receptors. - When neurotransmitters bind to receptors they might trigger an action potential (in a neurone), cause muscle contraction (in a muscle cell), or cause a hormone to be secreted (from a gland cell) How Synapses Work -- Events at a Synapse [Synaptic response to an action potential] Left to right: 1.)An action potential arrives at the synaptic terminal, 2.) calcium channels open,and calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal., 3.) Vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the plasma membrane of the sending neuron,4.) Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft., 5.) The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron, causing ion channels there to open.
Proprocepters
Proprioceptors somatic sensations Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles Inform the brain of one's movements Found in muscles, joint capsules, tendons
15, *****Meninges that make up the CNS, what and where remember: PAD
Three layers of the meninges are? dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)
Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) periods of ischemia that temporarily produce the same symptoms as a stroke Without tissue death
anterior median fissure and posterior medial sulcus
Two deep longitudinal grooves that divide the cord into right and left halves.
Ventral Horn
Ventral Horn Description: part of gray matter, contains somatic motor nuclei function: transmission of neural signals
Two branches of spinal nerves
Ventral root: contains axons of motor neurons Dorsal root: contains axons of sensory neurons
Folia
Very fine parallel folds that are much narrower than the gyri of the cerebrum. (leaves) covers the white matter
38. *****visual centers, auditory centers
Visual - occipital lobe auditory centers - temporal lobe
4. *****Which system controls which
autonomic SNS entric
Efferent same as motor composed of somatic and Autonomic nervous systems
away form
cauda equine
description: collection of spinal nerves located at the inferior end of vertebral canal function: bundle of nerves that send messages throughout the body Lower lumbar & sacral nerves travel down vertebral canal & come out at different levels, nerves of spinal cord travel down to form this cluster of nerves (roots)
Temporal Lobe
hearing, long term memory, verbal and written recognition memory, receptive memory, music, initiation of verbal. auditory
16. ******spinal cord fissures, roots, horns, dorsal roots, etc.
http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter03.html ends between L1 & L2
6. *****Understand how a synapse works, all the steps, i.e., pre and postsynapic vesicles (how they work) ACH, ACHe (every part, post, motor, ACH, vesicle, mylin sheath, Salutatory Production missing/short curcuit
https://quizlet.com/17288310/how-synapse-works-flash-cards/
synapse - (parts)
junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell; it's where the action is
Parkinsons disease
lack of dopamine
left hemisphere of brain
left hemisphere of brain controls right side of the body and is logical, contains mathamatics, lauguage, & speech
myelin sheath what is the myelin sheath composed of
lipids and proteins
shingles
viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and caused blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves
what are the 6 types of neuroglial cells?
what are the 6 types of neuroglial cells? 1. oligodendrocytes 2. astrocyes 3. ependymal cells 4. microglia 5. schwann cells 6. satellite cells Which 4 neuroglia cells are found in the CNS? - oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal, astrocytes which 2 nueroglia cells are in the PNS? - Schwann cells and satellite cells
25. ******blood brain barrier Blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function only allows certain things through
what do astrocytes do for the blood brain barrier? gives rise to blood-brain barrier to... 1. limits permeability of number of blood-borne substances 2. define what blood-borne components can enter CNS function of blood-brain barrier 1. protects cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from blood-born toxins and drugs 2. allows exchange of gases and nutrients 3. removes wastes
reciprocal reflex
when components of a neural circuit simultaneously cause contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist
Pons
• A bulge in the brainstem between the midbrain and medulla oblongata • Pons forms a ventral bridge between the brainstem and the cerebellum. left side crosses over the the right side. Regulate the rate and depth of breathing.
Brain - function
• Average adult brain- 1500 grams • Performs the most complex neural functions: - Intelligence, Consciousness, Memory, Sensory-motor integration - Cranial nerves involved in innervation of the head • Brain also controls and maintains: - Autonomic nervous system, Endocrine system
Functions of Hypothalamus
• Control of the endocrine system-controls secretion of hormones by the pituitary • Control of the autonomic nervous system-relays its instructions through the periaqueductal gray matter and the medulla's reticular center • Regulation of body temperature- • Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations • Control of emotional responses • Control of motivational behavior • Formation of memory -brain nucleus in mammillary body receives abundant inputs from the hippocampal formation (memoryprocessing structure of the cerebrum) • Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
Chemical Synapse Chemical is most common synapes
* Has more stages of activity (3 components) and is more complicated than electrical synapse 3 components of Chemical Synapse (synapse) 1. Presynaptic component or stage 2. Posynaptic component or stage 3. Inbetween these two components or stages is a cleft called synaptic cleft Advantages of chemical synapses Amplification of current flow, can be inhibitory, integration of many signals, always one-way communication, greater plasticity STEP 1 - Action potential reaches the axon terminal (pre synaptic membrane) STEP 2 - Calcium ions enter cell and stimulates vesicle (containing neurotransmitter) to move to cell membrane. STEP 3 - Exocytosis occurs and neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse STEP 4 - Neurotransmitter binds to specific receptors on the post synaptic membrane stimulating sodium channels to open (allows sodium to move in to target cell) STEP 5 - Enzymes break down neurotransmitter from receptor to release transmitter, which then diffuses back to axon terminal and is repackaged via endocytosis
What are the basic structures of a neuron?
1. Cell Body or Soma - contains the nuclues, processing center 2. Dendrite - receiving portion (afferent) contains receptors 3. Axon - transmitting portion (efferent)
39. ****medula - what does it control
1. cardiovascular center 2. Respiratory centers 3. various other centers
Presynaptic Stage (chemical synapse)
1. invasion of the synaptic terminal by an action potential 2. depolarization of the terminal(cell) - this depolarization results in influx(increase) of calcium ions into the cell 3. Ca++ influx (opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels) 4. neurotransmitter release (Ca++ dependent, exocytosis of vesicles) 5. diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft (from the cell membrane) Explain the presynaptic process of neurotransmitter transmission - An action potential arrives at the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neurone. - The action potential stimulates the voltage gated calcium ion channels in the presynaptic neurone to open. - Calcium ions diffuse into the synaptic knob (and they are pumped out afterwards by active transport) - The influx of calcium ions into the synaptic knob causes the synaptic vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane. - They then fuse with the membrane and the vesicles release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft through exocytosis.
function of somatic sensory system
1. receives sensory info from skin, fascia,joints, skeletal muscle, and special senses and brings it to CNS
function of visceral sensory system
1. receives sensory info from viscera (organs) and brings it to CNS
42. Reflex ARC, know the 5 steps
1. sensory receptor propagates an AP on a 2. sensory neuron to an 3. intergrating center of grey matter 4. motor neuron propagates an AP out of the CNS to an 5. effector muscle of gland A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls an action reflex. In higher animals, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This characteristic allows reflex actions to occur relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain, although the brain will receive sensory input while the reflex action occurs. There are two types of reflex arc: autonomic reflex arc (affecting inner organs) and somatic reflex arc (affecting muscles)
what are the two parts of the sensory nervous system in the PNS?
1. somatic sensory 2. visceral sensory (smell, feel)
motor nervous system 1
1. transmits info from CNS to the rest of the body 2. sends motor information to its effectors
B
1/2 fast Group B nerve fibers are nerve fibers which are moderately myelinated, which means less myelinated than group A fibers and more myelinated than C fibers. Their conduction velocity is 3 to 14 m/s. They are generally visceral sensory fibers and preganglionic autonomic fibers.
Postsynaptic stage (chemical synapse)
6. binding of the neurotransmitter to postsynaptic receptors of the cell membrane 7. Binding of neurotransmitters result in the opening of postsynaptic ion channels 8. entrance of the neurotransmitter to postsynaptic neuron 9. changes in postsynaptic membrane potential 10. re-uptake or break down of neurotransmitter to presynaptic, postsynaptic, or other neurons Explain the postsynaptic process of neurotransmitter transmission - The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. - This causes sodium ion channels in the postsynaptic neurone to open. - The influx of sodium ions into the postsynaptic membrane causes depolarisation. - An action potential on the postsynaptic membrane is generated if the threshold is reached. - The neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft so the response doesn't keep happening
Each spinal nerve connects to spinal cord by __.
A dorsal & ventral root.
ganglia
A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. In neurological contexts, ganglia are composed mainly of somata and dendritic structures which are bundled or connected. Ganglia often interconnect with other ganglia to form a complex system of ganglia known as a plexus. Ganglia provide relay points and intermediary connections between different neurological structures in the body, such as the peripheral and central nervous systems. Among vertebrates there are three major groups of ganglia: Dorsal root ganglia (also known as the spinal ganglia) contain the cell bodies of sensory (afferent) nerves. Cranial nerve ganglia, contain neurons of the cranial nerves. Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves. In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers, while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers.
Limbic system
A group of neural structures at the base of the cerebral hemispheres that is associated with emotion and motivation
35. ****Where are the neural cortex found
A neural cortex is found on the surface of the Cerebrum and cerebellum only. covers both sides of the cerebral hemispheres outer gray matter which is a neuron rich calculator that smooths out body movements
MS - multiple sclerosis
A progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath. This scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses who gets affected by multiple sclerosis - women alternates between relapses and remissions PNS damage limited ability to repair damage CNS damage no repairs happen a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS in which immune cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve cell axon
synapse
A synapse is the junction between a neurone and another neurone or between neurone and an effector cell e.g. a muscle or gland - The gap between the cells at a synapse is called the synaptic cleft. - The presynaptic neurone (the one before the synapse) has a swelling called the synaptic knob. - This contains synaptic vesicles filled with chemicals called neurotransmitters
22. ******ACH vs ACHe
Acteylcholine contracts skeletal muscles released in the neuromuscular junction Acetylcholinesterase protein enzyme that breaks down ACh into Acetate and Choline Where is acetylcholine used? it is released from the vagus nerve and also at all neuromuscular junctions What is acetylcholine made of? acetyl coA and choline what do all somatic motor neurons release? - acetylcholine (ACh)
5. *****Understand the terms:
Afferent efferent somatic autonomic motor nissle bodies neurofibrils
4. What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - and what structures does it include?
All neural structures outside the brain: 1. Sensory receptors 2. Peripheral nerves and associated ganglia 3. Motor endings parsympathetic & sympathetic
anterior median fissure
Anterior Median Fissure Description: the more open ventral fissure of white matter in spinal cord
neurofibrils
Any of the long, thin, microscopic fibrils that run through the body of a neuron and extend into the axon and dendrites, giving the neuron support and shape. bundles of neurofilaments
What make up the CNS
CNS- brain and spinal cord Neuroglia of the CNS consist of: 1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Microglia 4. Ependymal Cells
Enlargement of the spinal cord Why?
Caused by Amount of gray matter in segment
Cerebrospinal fluid CFS - where does it go? he said this when he was going over the review guide) ependymal cells - these make cerebrospinal fluid carries dissolved gasses, nutrients & wastes made in the ventricles pushed down the central canal & then comes back up through ventricles to center of canal of spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spine. It is produced in the choroid plexus of the brain. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain's cortex, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull, and it serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. The CSF occupies the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. what does CSF do? cushions the tissue and creates a chemically controlled environment CSF circulates through the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid space of the meninges. CSF is returned to the venous system via the arachnoid granulations connecting the subrachnoid space with the superior sagittal sinus at the superior portion of the neurocranium
Enlargement of the spinal cord Where?
Cervical enlargement Nerves of shoulders and upper limbs Lumbar enlargement Nerves of pelvis and lower limbs
muscle contraction how does it work
Contraction Cycle: Step 1 EXPOSURE OF ACTIVE SITES a) Ca2+ ions bind to troponin, weaking the bond between troponin and tropomyosin. b) Troponin molecule changes position, rolling tropomyosin molecule away from active sites on actin allowing interaction w/ myosin heads. Contraction Cycle: Step 2 FORMATION OF CROSS-BRIDGES a) The active sites on actin are exposed and myosin heads bind to them, forming cross bridges. Contraction Cycle: Step 3 PIVOTING OF MYOSIN HEADS a) Myosin heads, which were formerly pointed away from the M-Line, pivot towards it releasing ADP & P. [action known as power stroke] This requires energy in the form of ATP. Contraction Cycle: Step 4 DETACHMENT OF CROSS-BRIDGES a) Another ATP binds to the myosin heads, breaking the link between myosin and actin. The active site is exposed and able to form another cross bridge. Contraction Cycle: Step 5 REACTIVATION OF MYOSIN a)Myosin reactivates when the free myosin head splits ATP into ADP and a phosphate. The energy released is used to recock the myosin head and the process starts all over again.
Dura Mater like leather
Description: Part of the spinal meninges, outermost covering of spinal cord Function: keeping in cerebrospinal fluid
Lateral Horn
Description: lateral side of gray matter on spinal cord Function: transmission of neural signals
Pia mater thin & delicate
Description: part of the spinal meninges, intermost layer of menigeal Function: protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid mater spider web
Description: part of the spinal meninges, middle meningeal layer Function: protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
Dorsal Root
Description: sensory root of spinal nerve Function: where the interneurons and sensory fibers enter the spinal cord what does each dorsal root of the spinal nerve carry? incoming sensory information
conus medullaris
Description: tapered, cone-shaped portion of spinal cord; inferior to lumbar enlargement Function: gives rise to the filum terminale
Electrical and chemical synapses operational differences
ELECTRICAL - CHEMICAL Operational Differences 1. no delay 1. delay 2. bidirectional 2. unidirectional 3. no amplification 3. amplification 4. no sensitivity to 4. sensitivity to metabolic rate, metabolic rate, pharmacology, pharmacology, and temperature and temperature 5. needs size match 5. no size match needed 6. direct connection 6. synaptic cleft 7. gap junction 7. vesicles 8. no receptors 8. receptors
Electrical synapse
Electrical synapse (synapse) * simple synapses-cells have direct connections with each other * Neurons are connected via gap junction-simplest type of cell to cell communication *No Delay-very fast synapse of exchange of ions between the neurons Electrical synapses can transmit a signal in Two directions Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
14. ******Enlargement of the spinal cord, where and why, makeup of the cord, ie, cauda equine, terminal, etc. (where does it end, horns, everything)
Enlargements of the Spinal Cord Caused by Amount of gray matter in segment Involvement with sensory and motor nerves of limbs The Distal End Conus medullaris: thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement Filum terminale: thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris attaches to coccygeal ligament Cauda equina: nerve roots extending below conus medullaris
31. ****Reflex arc A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls an action reflex. In higher animals, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This characteristic allows reflex actions to occur relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain, although the brain will receive sensory input while the reflex action occurs. There are two types of reflex arc: autonomic reflex arc (affecting inner organs) and somatic reflex arc (affecting muscles).
Explains it with examples http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_5/103am-pns.html http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/anatomy-and-physiology/the-nervous-system/reflexes example: sequence:
Filum terminal
Filum terminale Description: slender strand of fibrous tissue below conus medullaris function: provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord
Ventral roots contain __.
Motor (efferent) fibers - arise from dorsal root ganglia. What do ventral roots carry? information from the CNS to muscles and glands
Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe motor strip location, impulsivity, short term memory, emotion, voluntary movement, social functioning, creativity, expressive language. Frontal Lobe (left side) speech control, expressive speech, memory for verbal information. Frontal Lobe (right side) Visual memory
horns
Gray matter is divided into right and left wings of gray matter called what? Between posterior and anterior horns is a protrusion of gray matter called what? lateral horn
Grey matter unmyelinated surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord has projections called grey horns
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astroglia and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter, in that grey matter contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts and contains relatively very few cell bodies.[1] The color difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey color with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies
vermis
Groups of folia Connects the two major lobes of the cerebellum. Resembles a worm between butterfly wings.
mechanical synapse
Has Channels ionotropic synapse receptor molecule responds to recognition of a transmitter by opening an ion channel within its own structure.
Huntington's chorea
Huntington's chorea an inherited neurological disease characterized by rapid, jerky, involuntary movements and increasing dementia due to the effects of the basal ganglia on the neurons
stretch reflexes
Knee jerk causes contraction of skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle
Medulla oblongata mission control allows spin & brain to communicate grey matter regulates autonomic functions Portion of the brain between the pons and the spinal cord.
Medula oblongota -also involved with homeostasis with hypothalamus, but medula oblongota carries the orders out Function: All nerve fibers connected to the brain and spine must pass through it. It's covered by white matter. Nuclei in it control vital visceral activities like the cardiac center, vasomotor, and respiratory centers. Reflex center that controls: 1.cardiovascular center 2.Respiratory centers 3.various other centers
Interneurons
Nerve cells that relay impulses from sensory nerve cells to motor nerve cells are called ________. **from the receptor, afferent neurons go into the inter neurons and Efferent ones carry the signal out to the Effector
Neuroglia
Neuroglia: 1. These are supporting cells of nervous tissue. (cleanup, protect, no memory) 2. Nissl's granules and Axons are absent. 3. They form packaging media between nerve cells in brain and spinal cord. They provide nutrition to neuron 4. ½ volume of nervous system 1. satellite cell - takes care of environment 2. Schwann - are the myolin sheath for PNS Neuroglia cells smaller cells in the nervous system that help neurons what percent of neuroglia cells make up the nervous system - HALF which neuroglia cell is the only cell that is found in the PNS? - schwann cell what are neuroglia cells? - considered accessory cells of the nervous system that are smaller and outnumbers neurons what are the functions of neuroglia cells? - support, nourish, protect neurons What are schwann cells? - neuroglia cells that are found in the PNS and they form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers around the PNS What are oligodendrocytes? - neuroglia cells that are found in the CNS, it forms the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the neurons of the CNS Neuroglial Cells are often refered to as _____, which literally translates to _______. Glial cells meaning "nerve glue" What are the 5 functions of a Neuroglial Cell? 1. To brace and protect neruon 2. Act as phagocytes 3. Myelinate the neuron 4. Help in capilary-neuron exchange 5. Control the chemical environment around the neuron
Motor (efferent) neurons Same as Efferent Composed of somatic & autonomic
Neurons that communicate information from the nervous system to muscles and glands.
Neurons
Neurons: 1. These are structural and functional units of nervous tissue. (basic elements) 2. They contain Nissl's granules & axons. 3. They are responsible for transmission. Dendrites - info in Axons- info out Dendrites & axons send & receive signals 1. Ependylmal - makes CNS 2. Astocytes - deals with BBB 3. Oligodendrocytes - makes myolin 4. Microglia - goes through brain & cleans up what are neurons? - very specialized cells that are the main structural and functional units of the nervous system and responds to stimuli what do neurons do? - they convert a stimulus into an action potential and conduct an electrochemical impulse, they release neurotransmitters what are the 3 distinct parts of a neuron? - cell body, dendrites and axon
Nissl body what is it?
Nissl bodies/chromatophilic substance the rough ER in a neuron (it produces ribosomes that make proteins) Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called: Nissl bodies Grey matter is made up of nissl bodies Nissl body areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm of the neuron cell body; primary site of protein synthesis in neuron
40. ***Cranial nerves, names, numbers, what they do on other quizlet too
Olfactory nerve (I) - Action: smelling Function: sensory Optic nerve (II) - Action: vision Function: sensory Oculomotor nerve (III) - Action: eyeball movement, pupillary constriction Function: motor Trochlear nerve (IV) - Action: eyeball movement Function: motor Trigeminal nerver (V) - Action: Sensations from ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas Function: sensory & motor Abducens nerve (VI) - Action: eyeball movement Function: motor Facial nerve (VII) - Action: taste, facial expression, salivation Function: sensory & motor Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) - Action: equilibrium and hearing Function: sensory Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - Action: taste, swallowing, speech, saliva excretion Function: sensory & motor Vagus nerve (X) - Action: taste and sensation, swallowing, coughing, speaking, slows heart rate Function: sensory & motor Accessory nerve (XI) - Action: swallowing, head and shoulder movement Function: motor Hypoglossal nerve (XII) - Action: speech and swallowing Function: motor
Brain - 4 major regions
Olfactory nerve (I) - Action: smelling Function: sensory Optic nerve (II) - Action: vision Function: sensory Oculomotor nerve (III) - Action: eyeball movement, pupillary constriction Function: motor Trochlear nerve (IV) - Action: eyeball movement Function: motor Trigeminal nerver (V) - Action: Sensations from ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas Function: sensory & motor Abducens nerve (VI) - Action: eyeball movement Function: motor Facial nerve (VII) - Action: taste, facial expression, salivation Function: sensory & motor Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) - Action: equilibrium and hearing Function: sensory Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - Action: taste, swallowing, speech, saliva excretion Function: sensory & motor Vagus nerve (X) - Action: taste and sensation, swallowing, coughing, speaking, slows heart rate Function: sensory & motor Accessory nerve (XI) - Action: swallowing, head and shoulder movement Function: motor Hypoglossal nerve (XII) - Action: speech and swallowing Function: motor Olfactory nerve (I) - Action: smelling Function: sensory Optic nerve (II) - Action: vision Function: sensory Oculomotor nerve (III) - Action: eyeball movement, pupillary constriction Function: motor Trochlear nerve (IV) - Action: eyeball movement Function: motor Trigeminal nerver (V) - Action: Sensations from ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular areas Function: sensory & motor Abducens nerve (VI) - Action: eyeball movement Function: motor Facial nerve (VII) - Action: taste, facial expression, salivation Function: sensory & motor Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) - Action: equilibrium and hearing Function: sensory Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - Action: taste, swallowing, speech, saliva excretion Function: sensory & motor Vagus nerve (X) - Action: taste and sensation, swallowing, coughing, speaking, slows heart rate Function: sensory & motor Accessory nerve (XI) - Action: swallowing, head and shoulder movement Function: motor Hypoglossal nerve (XII) - Action: speech and swallowing Function: motor
What makes up the PNS
PNS - all nerves outside of the CNS (everything else) Neuroglia of the PNS consistes of: 1. Schwan cells 2. Satellite cells ● sensory & motor neurons somatic nervous system ● motor neurons to skeletal system autonomic nervous system - ● Nerves from internal receptors ●Nerves to smooth muscle ● parasympathetic division ● sympathetic division
34. ****ANS - autonomic nervous system reactions to each
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Parasympathetic Division
Parasympathetic division "resting and digesting" D division: digestion, defacation, diuresis. Housekeeping system keeps body energy use low Parasympathetic Division Acts to calm the body after an emergency situation has engaged the sympathetic division; provides a means for the body to maintain storage of energy resources. parasympathetic nervous system this is mainly involved with digestion and brings the body back to a resting state (its neurons are only found in the head, neck, and body cavities) parasympathetic nervous system this lowers blood pressure, decreases heart rate, constricts the airway, constricts the pupils, constricts GI smooth muscle (perstalsis), and glandular secretion
exteroceptors
Receptor based on location that responds to stimuli arising outside body; ex) skin for touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vision, hearing, taste, and smell. Recieve sensory information from outside of the body. Examples: Visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory Most special sense organs are__
mechanareceptors
Receptor that respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch. Mechanoreceptors—respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch bug landed on you
interceptors
Respond to stimuli inside the body such as the internal viscera and blood vessels; they monitor a variety of stimuli like chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes. Interceptors •produces feeling of pain, nausea, stretch, pressure, discomfort, hunger, or thirst
Sciatic nerve injury is called spinal stenosis should know where it is
Sciatic nerve injury (spinal stenosis) pathologic condition brought by trauma, degeneration, or rupture of the nucleus pulposus from L4 through S3; causes sciatic pain
9. ****know the different types of nerve fibers, what they are made of, how they function
See # Threadlike extension of a nerve cell. Consist of a axon and a myelin sheath
Dorsal roots contain __.
Sensory (afferent) fibers - arise from dorsal root ganglia. The dorsal root of a spinal nerve is the site for ___ neurons, while the ventral root is the site of ___ neurons. Sensory, Motor
Somatic same as Afferent
Somatic Division (voluntary) Specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs. Skeletal
Sympathetic Division Acts
Sympathetic Division Acts to prepare the body in stressful emergency situations engaging resources to respond to a threat. "Fight or Flight" E division: exersize, excitement, emergency, embarrasement. Promotes optimal conditions for appropriate response to threats. Much broader, longer lasting effects. sympathetic nervous system this prepares the body for exertion because its primary action is the control of arterial blood flow sympathetic nervous system raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, dilates the airway, and dilates the pupils sweat glands
What are the basic functions of the sympathetic v. parasympathetic nervous systems?
Sympathetic= energy expending, stress, emergency, exercise, excitement, embarrassment Parasympathetic = Basics = Ordinary, restful situations. Supports activities involved in increasing the body's stored Energy Digesting, defecating, dieresis
crossed extensor
Tack when body weight is shifted to contralateral side of body in response to flexor reflex what type of reflex is the contraction of the extesnor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn? Frequently, the crossed-extensor reflex accompanies the flexor reflex when weight bearing limbs are involved because it is important to maintain balance while avoiding the painful stimulus.
Diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus • composed of gray matter
Purpose of the nervous system help to remember: SAP into CNS: sensory afferent In PNS goes into the CNS _________ MEC into PNS: motor efferent in CNS goes into the PNS
The Nervous System continuously...... monitors and processes sensory information from both internal and external sources. Responds to stimuli Coordinates activity Fast acting The Nervous System is the master integrating and coordinating system in the body. How do spinal nerves function? -like a two-lane highway -impulses travel on the spinal nerve in two directions (to and from the central nervous system) -contains axons of sensory and motor neurons -sensory neurons carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system -motor neurons carry impulses in the opposite direction (from the central nervous system to the body)
Autonomic Division (involuntary)
The autonomic nervous system controls vital functions like blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, sweating, and other things beyond our direct conscious control it controls involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
autonomic
The autonomic nervous system controls vital functions like blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, sweating, and other things beyond our direct conscious control. function of autonomic motor system involuntary Autonomic nervous system consists of these two systems: ● Sympathetic (fight or flight) ● Parasympathetic ( rest & relax) motor to: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands contains two neurons in sequence from CNS to target tissues/organs
21. *****Epi, Peri, endoneurium what where
The endoneurium (also called endoneurial channel, endoneurial sheath, endoneurial tube, or Henle's sheath) is a layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each myelinated nerve fiber. Its component cells are called endoneurial cells.[1] The endoneuria with their enclosed nerve fibers are bundled into groups called nerve fascicles, each fascicle within its own protective sheath called a perineurium. In sufficiently large nerves multiple fascicles, each with its blood supply and fatty tissue, may be bundled within yet another sheath, the epineurium.
enteric
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that directly controls the gastrointestinal system What is the function of eneteric sensory neurons? - Detect change in chemical composition of digestivetract / detect mechanical changes (ex: stretch of digestive tract wall) What is the ENS capable of controlling? - Complex movements Secretions Blood flow of GI tract w/ out outside influence
which is most numerous Interneurons / association neurons
The most common structural type of neurons are unipolar neurons. In the CNS, has the structure of a motor neuron, but it is called a interneuron or a association neuron) most common type of neuron; found in the brain and spinal cord; involved in learning and memory interneurons (association neurons)
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals. [Yes! The myelin sheath increases the velocity of conduction by two mechanisms. First, myelin insulates the axon, reducing the loss of depolarizing current across the plasma membrane. Second, the myelin insulation allows the voltage across the membrane to change much faster. Because of these two mechanisms, regeneration only needs to happen at the widely spaced nodes of Ranvier, so the action potential appears to jump.]
Afferent same as sensory
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carrier sensory information to the CNS Sensory neuron - form the different divisions of the PNS. They deliver information from sensory receptors to the CNS the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in peripheral sensory ganglia ( a ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS) **somatic sensory neurons monitor the outside world **visceral sensory neurons monitor internal conditions
afferent of the PNS
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carrier sensory information to the CNS is designated: afferent Sensory neuron - form the different divisions of the PNS. They deliver information from sensory receptors to the CNS the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in peripheral sensory ganglia ( a ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS) Sensory neurons are unpolar neurons with processes, known as afferent fibers, that extend between a sensory receptor and the CNS. Types of Afferent Stimuli 1. Visceral Afferent 2. Sensory Afferent Visceral Afferent Incoming pathway for information from internal viscera (organs in body cavatis) (internal environment) Sensory Afferent 1. Somatic sensation 2. Special senses Somatic sensation Sensation arising from body surface and propioception Propioception Body's sense of where it is in space Special senses Vision, hearing, taste, smell
SNS - Somatic - Skeletal
The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the portion of the nervous system responsible for voluntary body movement and for sensing external stimu SNS - function of somatic motor system 1. "voluntary" nervous system 2. innervates skeletal muscle
19. ****spinal cord verses vertebral column
The spinal cord is the thick cable of nervous tissue attached the brain. The vertebral column is the stack of bones (vertebrae) that protect it
Differences between Neurons & Neuroglia
What is the difference between Neurons and Neuroglia? • Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system whereas neuroglia are the supporting cells. • Neurons pass nerve pulses in the form of both electrical and chemical but neuroglia do not pass these pulses. • Neurons contain Nissl's granules but not in Neuroglia. • Neuron has an axon but, not in neuroglia. • Neuroglia form myelin but those are present and functional in the axon of neurons. • Neuroglia form packaging media between nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord and but not the neurons. • Neuroglia are able to undergo through cell division with age, but most of the neurons keep to the original form until the death of the animal as those are not renewable.
white matter myelinated
White matter is a component of the central nervous system, in the brain and superficial spinal cord, and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color in prepared specimens is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde. White matter, long thought to be passive tissue, actively affects how the brain learns and functions. While grey matter is primarily associated with processing and cognition, white matter modulates the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain region
Multipolar
_________neurons have several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches. _________neurons are the most common type of neuron in the CNS. For example, all of the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are _________neurons with myelinated axons.
fissures
a deep sulcus longitudinal fissue - separates the parietal lobe lateral sulcus- large fissure that divides temporal lobe
Stroke Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke
brain attack shuts off blood to portion of the brain neurons die a sudden impairment in cerebral circulation in one or more of the blood vessels supplying the brain; interrupts or ↓ O₂ supply; results in serious damage or necrosis in the brain tissue
gyrus
bumps. ridges of the brain a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain a convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves (elevation in the surface of the brain) precentral gyrus primary motor cortex (voluntary movements) toward frontal postcentral gyrus somatosensory cortex (receives tactile info) toward occipital
tendon reflex
causes muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that the tendons might be damaged what is a tendon reflex? A reflexive contraction of a muscle when its tendon is tapped.
cervical enlargement due to increased neural information coming from and going to the upper extremities increase in grey matter
description: spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord function: provide room for dorsal and ventral roots What is the thickening in the spinal cord in the neck region that supplies nerves to upper limbs
lumbar enlargement
description: spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord function: provide room for dorsal and ventral roots what id the thickening of the spinal cord in the lower back that gives off nerves to lower limbs?
synaptic knobs
end of the telodendria axon terminal
29. *****Proprocepters, exteroceptors, interceptors, mechanareceptors -
example of what they are
A
fat, myelinated , fast, Motor myelinated nerve fibers are in somatic nerves What are A fibers for? Innervate extrafusal muscles (voluntary skeletal muscle) Skelomotor, ski Which axons have the largest diameter?
27. ****Different lobes/parts of the brain and what they do
four lobes of the brain: Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital
30. ****Parts and function of the neuron
function: Sensory neurons relay information from sense organs, motor neurons carry impulses to muscles and glands, and inter-neurons transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons. Dendrite - the receiving or input portions of a neuron. neurofibrill - nucleous nissl bodies cytoplasm axon hillock axon collateral axon - propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell. myelin sheath - a multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction node of ranvier - Gaps in the myelin sheath that appear at intervals along the axon axon terminal - aka telodendria, many fine processes where the axon and its collaterals end. synaptic end bulb - The tips of some axon terminals swell into these bulb-shaped structures
Mylin sheath nodes Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheaths are called neurofibril nodes or nodes of ranvier neurofibril nodes or nodes of ranvier are nerve impulse jumps from one node to the next which speeds up the nerve impulse What are the nodes of Ranvier? sites of no myelin, lots of Na+ channels, saltatory conduction white mater - myelinated grey mater - nonmyelinated (nissl bodies)
What is the difference between gray matter and white matter?
grey = cell body, dendrites, glia, outer most cortex, 24 mm thick White = fibers covered in myelin, most of cerebrum The white matter of the spinal cord contains: Large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons The area of the spinal cord that surrounds the central canal and is dominated by the cell bodies of neurons and glial cells is the: White matter white matter regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collection of myelinated fibers
Sample questions
https://quizlet.com/1974736/the-nervous-system-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/15436687/cnspns-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/7971136/ch-12-nervous-system-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/12376786/ch-14-the-brain-and-cranial-nerves-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/6121069/chapter-15-the-autonomic-nervous-system-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/31350876/ch-13-practice-test-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/4847092/chapter-13-nervous-sys-flash-cards/
18. ****stretch reflexes, tendon reflexes, reciprocal, crossed extensor, etc. pg 382
https://quizlet.com/21738845/exam-4-lab-11-flash-cards/
anatomy & physiology martini chapter lectures
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAaoq769jKofMCnzFCYT-N-U_gPy4WIC9
Meningitis
infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection Meningitis is an inflammation of the ____. meninges, membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
28. ****Arbor Vitae
internal white matter rich in axons which carry information to and from the cortex In the cerebellum
arbor vitae
internal white matter rich in axons which carry information to and from the cortex In the cerebellum
Midbrain
is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
23. ******Salatory conduction
is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials. The uninsulated nodes of Ranvier are the only places along the axon where ions are exchanged across the axon membrane, regenerating the action potential between regions of the axon that are insulated by myelin, unlike electrical conduction in a simple circuit. Kahn Academy video -https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/saltatory-conduction-neurons
32. *****Major parts of the brain stem
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata midbrain, contains nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes pons connects the cerebellum to the brain stem. They contain nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control medulla oblongata where the spinal cord connects to the brain. relays sensory info to the thalamus and to centers in other portions, and they contain major centers that regulate autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digeston
myelin sheath how does it help myelinated fibers axons with a myelin sheath that conduct nerve impulses rapidly unmyelinated fibers axon with myelin that conduct nerve impulses slowly white matter regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collection of myelinated fibers
myelin sheaths function insulates an axon and increases the speed of a nerve impulse what are myelin sheaths produced by? neurolemmocytes/ schwann cells and oligodendrocytes myelin sheath whitish, fatty, segmented sheath that protects and electically insulates fibers form one another and increases the speed of nerve transmission myelinated fibers- conduct nerve impulses rapidly unmyelinated fibers - conduct nerve impulses slowly
motor (efferent neurons)
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
C
no mylenation, slow dorsal root and sympathetic They include Postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and nerve fibers at the dorsal roots (IV fiber). These fibers carry sensory information.
interneurons about 20 billion - is the most numerous
only located in CNS & connect between motor and sensory neurons. "neurons" specialized nerve cells within the brain and spinal cord that acts as a link betweek the sensory neurons and motor neurons
Occipital Lobe
perception, vision Occipital Lobe (left side) object recognition, visual recognition, reading numbers and letters, memory for written information. Occipital Lobe (right side) attending to left visual field.
Acetylcholine Synapse Process
positive membrane potential in the action terminal triggers Ca2+v channels on the plasma membrane to open - allows Ca2+ into the plasma membrane - Ca2+ binds to membrane proteins on the secretory vesicles that contain NTM (acetylcholine) - secretory vesicles bind towards the plasma membrane of the axon terminal where the NTMS are released through exocytosis and being diffused to the neuromuscular junction (synapse) - ACH binds to ACh receptors on the potsynaptic neuron - allows ion channels of the ACh to open - permits the entry or exit of Na+ and K+ - this elicits muscle contraction - Acetylcholinesterase in the junction breaks down ACh to stop flow of ions and stop contraction
posetcentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus somatosensory cortex (receives tactile info) toward occipital the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch.
precentral gyrus
precentral gyrus primary motor cortex (voluntary movements) toward frontal The precentral gyrus (a.k.a. motor strip) is a prominent structure on the surface of the posterior frontal lobe. It is the site of the primary motor cortex
sensory
receive information from both external (through the senses) and internal (from muscles, organs and glands) environment. carries messages from the body's tissues and sensory organs and send them to the spinal cord for processing.
right hemisphere of brain
right hemisphere of brain controls left side of the body and contains creativity and the arts
41. *** Interceptors, exterreceptors, properceptors
see # 29
17. *** spinal nerves verses mixed nerves
sensory nerves Nerves that conduct impulses into the brain and spinal cord motor nerves nerves that carry impulses to muscles or glands mixed nerves nerves that include both sensory and motor
12. ******Know the various types of neurons (sensory, motor, etc,) and which most numerous
sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from a peripheral part of the body to the CNS motor neurons carry nerve impulses from the CNS to parts of the body capable of responding association neurons located within the CNS; form links between neurons and provide a means of relaying impulses from one region of the brain or spinal cord to the other
Parietal Lobe
sensory strip location, perception, touch(pain & temperature), ability to draw, reading and writing, calculations. Parietal Lobe (left side) smooth speech, writing skills, understanding math, reading skills, naming of objects, verbal memory. Parietal Lobe (right side) drawing skills
telodendria
series of fine, terminal extensions branching from the axon tip ending in a synaptic knob
sulcus
shallow groves lateral sulcus separates temporal lobe from other lobes transverse sulcus separates cerebrum from cerebellum parietooccipital sulcus separates occipital lobe from temporal and parietal lobes
vesicles
store thousands of neurotransmitters molecules and release them in active zones on the membrane; neurotransmitters are released by calcium-dependent exocytosi Synaptic Vesicles store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
Epineurium
the c.t. sheath enveloping the entire nerve connective tissue
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS; consists of cranial and spinal nerves Everything else PNS damage limited ability to repair damage
central nervous system (CNS)
the integrating and command center of the nervous system; consists of the brain and spinal cord CNS damage no repairs happen
13. *****Properties of the CNS, where it is, where its made, what it does
the integrating and command center of the nervous system; consists of the brain and spinal cord The following are characteristics of which branch of the nervous system? the brain and spinal cord, integration, command center
pineal gland
this is responsible for day and night / circadian rhythm, endocrine gland in brain that produces seratonin and melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms
Endoneurium
this is the delicate c.t. that surrounds each individual neuron and its Schwann cell neurilemma
Perineurium
this surrounds groups of neurons, produces collagen, has tight junctions with each other, and have contractile filaments Faccilie
the Cerebellar Cortex receives 3 types of information
• Information on equilibrium: relayed from receptors in the inner ear through the vestibular nuclei in the medulla to the flocculonodular lobe • Information on current movements of the limbs and trunk: travels from proprioceptors up the spinal cord through olivary nuclei in the medulla to the medial portions of anterior and posterior lobes • Information from the cerebral cortex: from cerebral cortex through pontine nuclei in the pons to the lateral portions of anterior and posterior lobes
Cerebellum Makes up 11% of brain mass cordination & balance
• Located dorsal to the pons and medulla from which it is separated by the 4th ventricle • Makes up 11% of brain mass • Smoothes and coordinates body movements directed by other brain regions; maintain posture and equilibrium • Two cerebellar hemispheres; connected medially by the vermis • Surface folded into ridges called folia; separated by fissures • Each hemisphere is subdivided into -Anterior lobe -Posterior lobe -Flocculonodular lobe (tiny) This is the part of the brain that interprets impulses from the senses, stores memory, and controls movements.
Thalamus (of diencephalon)
• Paired structure that makes up 80% of diencephalon • Contains a dozen major brain nuclei each of which send axons to regions of the cerebral cortex • Thalamic nuclei act as relay stations for incoming sensory messages • Every part of brain communicating with cerebral cortex relays signals through thalamic nuclei
Brain Stem: Functions
• Passageway for fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord • Heavily involved with the innervation of the face and head • 10 out of 12 pairs of cranial nerves associated with brain stem • Generates automatic behaviors
Hypothalamus (of diencephalon)
• Position is below thalamus • Pituitary gland projects inferiorly from hypothalamus • a dozen brain nuclei • main visceral control center of the body
Higher cognitive functions of cerebellum
• Refines movements when learning a new motor skill and establish a motor memory • Participates in cognition of language, problem solving, task planning
