CCJ 4701 test 1

Both explanatory and evaluation research studies are concerned with the causes and effects of social phenomena. The difference between them is that evaluation research focuses on the ______. A. effect of particular policies or programs B. meanings that people give their actions C. description of the social phenomena of interest D. consideration of the impact of social context

A. Effect of particular policies or programs

Research that seeks to discover the meanings people give to their actions would be conducting which type of research? A. exploratory B. descriptive C. explanatory D. evaluation

A. Exploratory

A variable with no mathematical interpretation is at the: A) Nominal level of measurement B) Ordinal level of measurement C) Interval level of measurement D) Ratio level of measurement

A. Nominal level of measurment

Deductive theory begins with which element of the research circle? A) Social theory B) Hypothesis testing C) Empirical generalization D) Descriptive research

A. Social Theory

Which of the following comes closest to describing the purpose of an IRB? A) to determine if adequate safeguards for protection of subjects is in place B) to determine if the proposed research is worthy of study C) to turn violators of ethical principles over to the police D) to make it difficult for any social science research to be completed

A. To determine if adequate safeguards for protection of subjects is in place

The type of validity that is achieved when a measure measures what it is presumed to measure is: A) Presumption validity B) Measurement validity C) Achievement validity D) All of the above are correct

B. Measurement Validity

Milgram's experimenters dealt with "harm" to participants through after the fact: A) Tense emotional manipulation of individuals B) Debriefing of participants C) Friendships cultivated with participants D) Avoidance

B, Debriefing of participants

Dr. Petranek is testing whether an individual's attitudes about homosexuality vary by frequency of attendance at religious services. The dependent variable is: A) Individual B) Attitudes about homosexuality C) Frequency of attendance at religious services D) Inverse (negative)

B. Attitudes about homosexuality

According to federal regulations, which of the following represents a special population for purposes of criminal justice research? A) police officers B) children C) corrections officers D) judges

B. Children

"Compared with other campuses with which you are familiar, this campus's use of alcohol is ... (choose one): 1) Greater than for other campuses, 2) Less than for other campuses, 3) About the same as for other campuses." This is which type of question? A) Open-ended B) Closed-ended C) Exhaustive D) Other

B. Closed ended

The process of specifying what we mean by a term is known as: A) Operationalization B) Conceptualization C) Devising operations D) Defining it

B. Conceptualization

The first step in formulating a criminal justice research question is to ___________ it. A) Refine B) Identify C) Evaluate D) Determine its role in research

B. Identify

If a woman says she is hungry and we think she said "hunted," we have made a(n) ______. A. selective observation B. inaccurate observation C. assumption error D. selective observation

B. Inaccurate observation

The variable that is hypothesized to cause or lead to variation in another variable is known as the _____________________ variable. A) Inductive B) Independent C) Deductive D) Dependent

B. Independent

When the data for all seven sites in the Esbensen et al. (2013) study, there were ______. A. several differences found which supported gang affiliation as the root cause of violent offending between the experimental and control group students B. no differences in violent offending between the experimental and control group students over the 4-year period C. very few differences in the groups over the 6-year period D. findings to suggest that students who participated in the G.R.E.A.T. program were more likely to become members of gangs

B. No differences in violent offending between the experimental and control group students over the 4-year period

When we conclude what we have observed or what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases, we have committed this error in reasoning. A. inaccurate observation B. overgeneralization C. resistance to change D. illogical reasoning

B. Overgeneralization

When a research study is conducted again using the same research methods to answer the same question to determine if the original findings occur again is called: A) Repeatedness B) Replication C) Unnecessary D) None of the above

B. Replication

Developing valid knowledge about how society is organized does not tell us how society ______. A. may be organized at some point B. should be organized C. interprets its organization D. judges empirical data

B. Should be organized

Social science is best defined as ______. A. a set of logical, systematic, documented methods for investigating nature and natural processes B. the application of scientific methods to study humanity C. systematic selection of social objects D. the assumption that social phenomena resemble biological and chemical phenomena

B. The application of scientific methods to study humanity

When we prematurely jump to conclusions, we are using ______. A. the exploratory method B. illogical reasoning C. vague reasoning D. all of these

B. illogical reasoning

A variable has measurement validity when: A) It can be reproduced B) It measures what we think it does C) It covers the full range of the concept's meaning D) An inspection of the items used to measure it makes sense

B. it measures what we think it does

Researchers with a belief that an objective reality exists apart from the perceptions of those who observe it, are conducting research with this philosophy. A. feminism B. positivism C. postpositivism D. interpretivism

B. positivism

An indicator of the variable "binge drinking" is an answer to a question such as: A) "What is your age?" B) "Do you consider yourself to be poor?" C) "How often within the past two weeks did you consume 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row? D) None of the above

C. "How often within the past two weeks did you consume 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row?"

The _________ Report (1979) from the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare established three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects. ( A) Milgram B) Nuremberg C) Belmont D) Humphreys

C. Belmont

A variable's level of measurement has important implications for: A) The type of mathematical precision with which the values of a variable can be expressed B) The types of statistics that can be used with the variable C) Both A and B are true D) Neither A nor B are true

C. Both A and B are true

Which of the following is not an important goal of social research? A. exploration B. evaluation C. causation D. description

C. Causation

A mental image that summarizes a set of observations, feelings or ideas is a: A) Definition B) Variable C) Concept D) Subconcept

C. Concept

. ______________ reasoning begins from the general and moves to the specific. A) Inductive B) Generalizable C) Deductive D) Strategic

C. Deductive

When we want to understand the direct relationship between two or more things, we are using which type of research? A. exploratory B. descriptive C. explanatory D. qualitative

C. Explanatory

The generalizability of a study is the: A) Information about the persons, places, or events in our study B) Usefulness a current study can provide in discovering how to better serve our clients C) Extent to which it can be used to inform us about persons, places, or events that were not studied D) None of the above

C. Extent to which it can be used to inform us about persons, places, or events that were not studied

When a respondent is offered explicit responses from which to choose an answer to a question, they are answering a(n): A) Open-ended question B) A poorly constructed question C) A fixed-choice question D) An observational question

C. Fixed-choice question

The everyday error in reasoning that involves prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumption is known as ______. A. overgeneralization B. selective observation C. illogical reasoning D. resistance to change

C. Illogical reasoning

Measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicate a variable's values represent fixed measurement units but with no absolute, fixed zero point: A) Nominal level of measurement B) Ordinal level of measurement C) Interval level of measurement D) Ratio level of measurement

C. Interval level of measurement

Zimbardo's devised his Stanford prison experiment so that: A) It would show the effects of being a prison guard around the world realistically B) Very similar to a college dorm experience and therefore not groundbreaking at all C) It would seem realistic to the participants and yet allow careful measurement of variables D) None of the above

C. It would seem realistic to the participant and yet allow careful measurement of variables

When the range of responses to a question cannot be adequately anticipated, _____________ questions are preferable. A) Observational B) Closed-ended C) Open-ended D) Fixed-choice

C. Open-ended

A question with no explicit responses choices is known as a(n): A) Fixed-choice question B) Closed ended question C) Open-ended question D) Unanswerable question

C. Open-ended Question

Milgram was concerned about the phenomenon of obedience because of its implications for: A) His reputation B) Explaining past atrocities C) People's welfare D) All of the above

C. People's welfare

A social scientist who conducts research on youth violence after first volunteering in an organization dealing with at-risk youth may be said to have ______ motivations. A. policy B. academic C. personal D. egotistic

C. Personal

If a social service agency seeks better assessment of youth violence so they can identify needs and allocate responsibility among agencies that can meet those needs, we would say that they have ______ motivations to do research. A. personal B. academic C. policy D. epistemological

C. Policy

The use of multiple methods to study one research question is called: A) Statistical divergence B) Measurement interrelationship C) Triangulation D) Combination of operations

C. Triangulation

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we are accepting ______. A. wisdom and understanding B. ego-based commitment C. uncritical agreement with authority D. none of these

C. Uncritical agreement with authority

When a researcher collects data about individuals or groups without their direct knowledge or participation, he/she is using which technique? A) Obtrusive measure B) Inobtrusive measure C) Unobtrusive measure D) Operationalized measure

C. Unobtrusive measure

What famous prison simulation raised questions about the ethical treatment of subjects? A) Harvard University Jail Study B) Milgram's obedience study C) Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study D) Humphreys Tearoom Trade

C. Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

When information is gathered by researchers and there are no identifying characteristics which would allow the researchers to match up results to individual subjects, this illustrates: A) confidentiality B) the absence of deception C) anonymity D) assurance of voluntary participation

C. anonymity

The scientific method is a way of knowing that relies on empirical investigation, known as ______. A. pseudoscience B. methodology C. epistemology D. transparency

C. epistemology

Social science overcomes the reliance on tradition or unquestioning respect for authority by ______. A. using systematic procedures for selecting individuals to study that are representative for the groups to which we hope to generalize B. using explicit criteria for establishing causality C. requiring systematic methods to answer questions D. answering questions from an ego-based commitment

C. requiring systematic methods to answer questions

Available criminal justice data includes official data, such as: A) Government statistics B) U. S. Census Bureau statistics C) Uniform Crime Reports D) All of the above

D. All of the above

Consent may only be given by a person who is: A) Competent to consent B) Fully informed about the research C) Able to comprehend what they have been told D) All of the above

D. All of the above

The ACJS Code of Ethics stipulates that: A) Research should expose participants to no more than minimal risk of harm. B) Researchers should fully disclose the purposes of their research. C) Confidentiality must be maintained for individual research participants unless it is voluntarily and explicitly waived D) All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is one of the guidelines that are particularly useful to criminologists? A) Plan and carry out investigations systematically B) Document all procedures and disclose them publicly C) Replicate research and accumulate knowledge D) All of the above

D. All of the above

Zimbardo devised his experiment to that the situation would seem very realistic to participants and yet allow: A) Careful measurement of important variables B) Careful observation of behavior at all times C) Interviews with participants as the research proceeded D) All of the above

D. All of the above

There are special protections for certain segments of the population including: A) Children B) Wives C) Prisoners D) Both A and C

D. Both A and C

Inductive reasoning often enters into deductive research when unexpected findings in the data are found. These unexpected patterns are called: A) Systematic differences B) Anomalous findings C) Serendipitous findings D) Both B and C

D. Both S and C

When someone doesn't critically evaluate the ideas of those in positions of authority, they are committing this error in reasoning. A. illogical reasoning B. overgeneralization C. selective observation D. resistance to change

D. Resistance to change

Variables with only two values are known as: A) Composites B) Comparison C) Anomalies D) Dichotomies

D. Dichotomies

When an inspection of the items used to measure a concept suggests they are appropriate, the researcher can feel confident in the __________ validity. A) Construct B) Criterion C) Content D) Face

D. Face

"If self-control is higher, then the number of delinquent acts is lower" is a(n): A) Independent variable B) Dependent variable C) Feminist conjecture D) Hypothesis

D. Hypothesis

Consistency of ratings by an observer of an unchanging phenomenon at two or more points in time shows: A) Interobserver reliability B) Alternate-forms reliability C) Split-halves reliability D) Intra-observer reliability

D. Intra- Observer reliability

Most surveys of a large number of people contain primarily closed-ended questions because? A) The answers are easy to process with computers B) Computers can easily be used to analyze statistics C) The answers in closed-ended questions often obscure what people really think D) Only A and B are correct

D. Only A and B are correct

A variable measured that has fixed measuring units and an absolute zero point is: A) Nominal level of measurement B) Ordinal level of measurement C) Interval level of measurement D) Ratio level of measurement

D. Ratio level of measurement

If students are given arithmetic tests covering roughly the same information, this Friday and next Friday, and scored approximately the same on both tests, it is said to have: A) Validity B) Inter-item probability C) Split-halves probability D) Reliability

D. Reliability

The everyday error that involves the reluctance to change ideas even in light of new information is called ______. A. overgeneralization B. inaccurate observation C. illogical reasoning D. resistance to change

D. Resistance to change

A researcher believes girls are more preoccupied with the way they dress than boys. Due to this assumption, he focuses his observations only on girls and their interactions with their friends, neglecting how boys present themselves to others. This is an example of ______. A. assumption error B. overgeneralization C. illogical reasoning D. selective observation

D. Selective observation

Operationalization is the process of: A) A procedure for identifying or indicating the value of cases on a variable B) The question or other operation used to indicate the value of a case on a variable C) The use of rich and readily accessible sources of criminal justice data D) Specifying the operations that will indicate the value of a variable for each case

D. Specifying the operations that will indicate the value of a variable for each case

A logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality is a: A) construct B) mediating interaction C) deterrent strategy D) theory

D. Theory

The process of conducting research using the deductive process begins with ____________. A) Hypotheses B) Empirical generalizations C) Data D) Theory

D. Theory

Observations can be used to measure characteristics of: A) Individuals B) Events C) Places D) All of the above

D. all of the above

A variable at this level of measurement in which the numbers specify only ''greater than' and 'less than' distinctions is at the: A) Nominal level of measurement B) Ordinal level of measurement C) Interval level of measurement D) Ratio level of measurement

D. ratio level of measurement

Research that uses human subjects is: A) subject to international review board review B) considered to be unethical C) considered unreliable D) subject to institutional review board review

D. subject to institutional review board review